Geotechnical Engineering Practices&development

QIP-Short Term Course
QIPGeotechnical Engineering Practices and Developments

6th 10th January, 2014, IIT Guwahati
Arindam Dey
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering Division
IIT Guwahati
1/16/2014
QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014
Mother Earth is Ultimate Support
1/16/2014
Soil Quotes
Another one bites the dust
The phoenix rises from its own ashes

Ashes are not really soils, but today we have fly-ash
1/16/2014
Geotechnical Engineering
First, foremost and basic course

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Soil Mechanics
Soil formation and characterization
Soil phase relationships, index properties and

classifications
Soil permeability and seepage
Effective stress and pore-water pressure
Stress distribution
Compressibility and consolidation
Shear strength of soils
Soil exploration
Slope stability
Lateral earth pressures
Foundation Engineering
Shallow foundations
Ultimate bearing capacity
Settlement
Isolated footings
Combined and Mat footings
Deep foundations
Pile foundations
Pile Groups
Vertically and laterally loaded

piles
Retaining walls
Sheet pile walls and braced excavations
1/16/2014
What Engineers are we ???
Civil Engineering
Structural
Engineering
Geotechnical
Engineering
Water
Resources
Engineering
RealReal-life
Problem
Transportation
Engineering
Environmental
Engineering
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Mixed-Breed Engineers
Geotechnical Engineering
Much more than solely Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Geotechnical engineers are Shadowcats

Have a separate identity
Can blend as per requirement and necessity
We are MIXED-BREED ENGINEERS
1/16/2014
Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)

Blending of structural and geotechnical engineering

Contributory Parameters
Static and Dynamic strength and stiffness properties of soils
Footing/Foundation design
Identify the structural load transferred from column to soil
Estimate the safe bearing capacity of the soil
Determine footing dimensions
Estimate the settlement and check against permissible value
If the design fails, go for another trial or change the footing type
As simple as that
Is It????
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Foundations on Difficult Subsoils

Conventional foundation design fails under difficult subsoil

conditions
Local erosion
Underground defects
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conditions
Unconsolidated filled up soil
Expansive soils
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10


conditions
Frost action
Desiccation
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Sometimes it may be a Disaster, at time it may be a Marvel
11
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Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (SFSI)

Minimum spacing of footings
Interference of pressure bulbs
12
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Static interaction of adjacent structures
13
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14

Dynamic/Seismic interaction of adjacent structures (Iguchi et

al., 2009)
Front view of BRI annex building (left)

and main building (right). These two
buildings are connected by passage ways
Multi-mass model of a soilstructure system
1/16/2014
15

Aspects of SSI (Liam Finn, 2010)
Schematic drawing of model of 54 storey

building with several basement levels
Most accurate model of 54 storey
building
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16

Aspects of SSI (Liam Finn, 2010)
Model with no foundation

interaction
Rigid base with passive

lateral restraint
Building rigidly fixed to the

soil even along the
basement walls
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Aspects of SFSI (Liam Finn, 2010)
Computational model of bridge

bent including pile foundation
Computational model of
bridge superstructure
17
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18

Dynamic
soil-foundation-structure
(Moghaddasi et al., 2010)
interaction
model
Dynamic soil-shallow
foundation-structure model
for horizontal and rocking
foundation motions
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19
Geo-Hydrology
Blending of Geotechnical and Water Resources engineering

Contributory parameters
Hydraulic head, porosity, water content, hydraulic conductivity, specific

storage and specific yield, contaminant transport properties,
Confined and Unconfined Aquifers
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20
Geo-Hydrology
Blending of Geotechnical and Water Resources engineering

Contributory parameters
Hydraulic head, porosity, water content, hydraulic conductivity, specific

storage and specific yield, contaminant transport properties,
Groundwater flow estimation
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21
Geo-Transportation: Pavement Geotechnology

Blending of Geotechnical and Transportation engineering
Paved and Unpaved roads
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22

Blending of Geotechnical and Transportation engineering

Geotechnical issues leading to pavement failures
Insufficient subgrade stiffness/strength
Moisture/Drainage problems
Cycles of freezing and thawing
Swelling soils
Contamination problem
Erosion
Spatial variability of soils
1/16/2014
23

Pavement distresses from geotechnical issues
Excessive rutting
Normal rutting
Aggregate contamination
or degeneration
1/16/2014
24

Drainage problems
Subgrade pumping
Frost action
1/16/2014
25

Differential settlement
Swelling soils
Collapsing soils, Karst

condition or Liquefaction
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26
Geo-Transportation: Railway Track Geotechnology

Ballasted railway track section
Contributory geotechnical properties

Strength and stiffness of ballast and subgrade
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27

Railway track distresses from geotechnical issues
Ballast degradation
Fouled Ballast
Differential settlement
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28

Improper drainage
Water ponding
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29

Clay pumping
Dried slurry
Track buckling due to less lateral confinement
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30
Environmental Geotechnology
Blending of Geotechnical and Environmental engineering

Contributory geotechnical parameters
Permeability and hydraulic conductivity, Chemical characteristics of soils
Landfill cover and waste containment system
1/16/2014
31
Ground Engineering and Improvement

Blending Geotechnical and Mechanical/Hydraulic engineering
Objective of ground improvement

Modify and improve the soil characteristics
Increase in density and shear strength to aid problems in stability
Reduction of soil compressibility
Influence permeability to reduce or control ground water flow or to increase

the rate of consolidation
Improve soil homogeneity
1/16/2014
32

Ground improvement techniques

Preloading with Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs)
Preloading arrest post-construction settlement
PVD aids in quick dissipation of pore water pressure and accelerated

consolidation
A typical band drain with

core and filter sleeve
1/16/2014


Vibrocompaction and Vibro-replacement techniques
Vibrocompaction is used in granular soils
Vibro-replacement is mostly used in cohesive soils
Vibrocompaction
Vibro-replacement
33
1/16/2014
34


Grouting and Hydraulic Fracturing
Grouting is used to fill up the existing cavities in the subsoil
Hydraulic fracturing creates a web of cavities which is subsequently filled up

to enhance subsoil strength
Jet Grouting
Hydraulic Fracturing
1/16/2014
35


Lime/Cement columns and In-situ soil mixing
Lime/Cement column used to stabilize soft clay and silt as well as organic
soils
In situ soil mixing mainly used for soil stabilization and column-type
reinforcement of soft soils
Lime/Cement column
In-situ soil mixing
1/16/2014
36
Reinforced Soil Structures

Objective of reinforced soil structures

Strengthening the existing soil structures
Construction of strengthened soil structures
Various forms of reinforced soil structures
Geosynthetics form a major

group of reinforcement elements
1/16/2014

Reinforced retaining walls

Reinforced embankments
37
1/16/2014

Reinforced foundation beds

Reinforced pavement and
railway subgrades
38
1/16/2014
39

Fiber reinforcement
Rock bolting
1/16/2014
40

Soil nailing
Earth anchors
1/16/2014
41
Forensic Geotechnical Investigation

Forensic geotechnical engineering

Involves analysis of a project, site conditions, or construction form a
geotechnical standpoint
Domain of forensic geotechnical investigation
Expansive and collapsible soils
Settlement of shallow and deep compacted fill soils
Moisture intrusion below slabs
Soil corrosion and sulfate exposure
Site runoff and drainage
Roadway and parking area pavement failures
Slope stability, foundation and excavation failures
Site quality analysis
Underground pipeline failures
1/16/2014
42
Forensic Geotechnical Investigation

Forensic investigation of failure of Sadd-el-Kafara: Worlds

oldest dam (Kumar and Dey, ISFGE, 2012)
Involved slope stability failure analysis (using GeoStudio v2012) of the
dam under static and impact hydrodynamic forces

0.639
1/16/2014
43
Reliability based Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering

Bearing Capacity of Single Pile in Sand: Reliability Analysis

using Monte-Carlo Simulation (Dey and Kudmetha, IGC, 2013)
Assess the reliability of the usage of several empirical expression
commonly in pratice to determine corrected N-value and subsequently the

bearing capacity of single pile foundation
1/16/2014
44
Advanced Foundation System Analysis

Compensated Raft Foundation on a Preloaded Soil Improved

by Vertical Drains (Reddy and Dey, ICGE, 2014)
Assess the possibility of using compensated raft resting on preloaded
soil improved by PVDs as an better alternative to the pile foundation for

IITG hostels Application of PLAXIS FE modeling
1/16/2014
45
Scour Effect Analysis

Lateral Load Capacity of Piles in Stratified Deposits Subjected

to Scour (Yadav and Dey, IGC, 2013)
Calibrate the degradation of lateral load capacity of a single pile
embedded in stratified deposit with the scour phenomenon using OASYS

ALP
1/16/2014
46
Ambient Vibration Monitoring

A full scale instrumented embedded retaining wall: First

interpretation of the measurements using numerical tools (Dey
et al., ICEGE, 2011; Rainieri et al., IGC, 2013)
Estimate the vibration signatures of an embedded retaining sheet pile
wall using in-situ instrumentations and long-term monitoring and

analysis of recorded acceleration signatures by modeling in PLAXIS 2D
1/16/2014
47
Dam-Reservoir-Foundation Hydrodynamic Interaction

Seismic Response of Concrete Gravity Dams considering

Hydrodynamic Effects (Dey and Sawant, ISCM, 2013)
Assess the hydrodynamic effect on the seismic response of concrete
gravity dam through numerical modeling using GeoStudio
1/16/2014
48
Advanced Retaining System Analysis

Rotational stability of rigid cantilever sheet pile walls (Kumar

and Dey, NESG, 2013)
Assess the rotational stability of rigid cantilever sheet pile wall
considering partial mobilization of passive pressure
1/16/2014
49
Unpaved Road Geotechnology

Quasi-Static Analysis of Geotextile Reinforced Unpaved Roads

Resting on c- Subgrade (Meena et al., PSBS, Elsevier, 2013)
Assess the thickness of the aggregate cover required fro an unpaved
road reinforced using a geotextile at the aggregate-subgrade interface
1/16/2014
50
MASW and Subsurface Characterization

Subsurface Characterization using MASW: Preliminary

Experimentation and analysis (Taipodia and Dey, NCRACE,
2013)
Assess the applicability of NDT method through MASW to identify the
subsurface shear wave velocity profile through signal processing and

inversion phenomenon
1/16/2014
51
Summary
Geotechnical engineering is much more than simply Soil

Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Several novel and inter-disciplinary avenues exist which

require the aid and blend of geotechnical engineers
Geotechnical Engineering is a Science,

But its Practice is an Art
Karl Terzaghi
1/16/2014
52
Thank You for Patient Hearing

Geotechnical Engineering Practices&development

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QIP-Short Term Course

QIPGeotechnical Engineering Practices and Developments

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Mother Earth is Ultimate Support

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Another one bites the dust

The phoenix rises from its own ashes

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

First, foremost and basic course

Soil formation and characterization

Soil phase relationships, index properties and

Soil permeability and seepage

Effective stress and pore-water pressure

Compressibility and consolidation

Shear strength of soils

Lateral earth pressures

Ultimate bearing capacity

Combined and Mat footings

Vertically and laterally loaded

Sheet pile walls and braced excavations

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

What Engineers are we ???

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Geotechnical engineers are Shadowcats

We are MIXED-BREED ENGINEERS

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI)

Blending of structural and geotechnical engineering

Static and Dynamic strength and stiffness properties of soils

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Foundations on Difficult Subsoils

Conventional foundation design fails under difficult subsoil

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Foundations on Difficult Subsoils

Conventional foundation design fails under difficult subsoil

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Foundations on Difficult Subsoils

Conventional foundation design fails under difficult subsoil

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Foundations on Difficult Subsoils

Sometimes it may be a Disaster, at time it may be a Marvel

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (SFSI)

Minimum spacing of footings

Interference of pressure bulbs

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (SFSI)

Static interaction of adjacent structures

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (SFSI)

Dynamic/Seismic interaction of adjacent structures (Iguchi et

Front view of BRI annex building (left)

Multi-mass model of a soilstructure system

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (SFSI)

Aspects of SSI (Liam Finn, 2010)

Schematic drawing of model of 54 storey

QIPQIP-STC GEPD 2014

Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (SFSI)

Aspects of SSI (Liam Finn, 2010)

Model with no foundation

Rigid base with passive

Building rigidly fixed to the