Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mutation
The process that
produces an alteration
in DNA or chromosome
structure
Mutagenic agents:
1.Radiation
A. Ionizing radiation
1.X-rays (wavelength 10
2.y rays (wavelenght
3.cosmic rays (wavelenght
B. Nonionizing radiation (e.g. ultraviolet,
wavelength about
Classification of mutation
2.Chemicals
A. Reactants with purines and pyrimidines
1.Nitrous acid
2.Formaldehyde
B. Acridine dyes
C. Akylating agents
D. Carcinogens
E. Acids
1.
Spontaneous mutation
Not induced by mutagenic agent
No specific agent other than natural forces
associated with their occurrence and they
are generally to be changed in the
nucleotide sequence of gene that occurs at
random sites.
Causes
2. Induced Mutation
A result of an influence of any artificial
factors
Causes:
Chemical Agents
Physical Agents
12/9/2014
1.
2.
3.
4.
Morphological trait
Nutritional or biochemical variations
Behavioral mutation
Regulatory mutation
4.
12/9/2014
a.
b.
HUMAN DISORDER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TYPES
Trisomic
Triploid tetrasome
Tetrasomic
Monosomic
Nullisomic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FORMULA
2n+1
3n+1
2n+2
2n-1
2n-2
12/9/2014
4. Turner syndrome
-45X
-ratio 1:3,000
-charaterized by aberrant sexual development.
-has a female genitalia and internal duct but the
ovaries are rudimentary.
-with short stature (under5 ft), short, webbed neck
and broad shield chest.
5. Klinefelter
-47XXY
-characterized by aberrant sexual
development syndrome
-have genitalia and internal duct that are
usually male but their testes are
undeveloped and fail to produce sperm.
12/9/2014
SEX DETERMINATION
2.
Sex chromosome
1.
Diploid organism
a) XX-XO system
-half the species of certain insect contained an
external nuclear structure, the x, body (e.x
grasshopper)
female- XX
male-XO
b) XX-XY system
Ex. Drosophila, mammals, some plants.
female-XX
male-XY
c) ZZ-ZW system
Ex. Birds, butterflies, some fishes.
female-ZW(heterogametic)
male-ZZ(homogametic)
12/9/2014
2. Monoploid organism.
Ex. Livewroth (bryophyte)
-sexually reproducing phase or generation.
Sexual gametophyte;
asexual sporophyt;
Female-X male-Y
XY
Characteristic
1.
External genitalia are ambiguous but often more or
less masculinized; clitoris is enlarge
2.
Secondary sex characteristic vary more or less
male or less female
3.
Sterile because of rudimentary ovaries