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ST.

PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

THE TEN LEADING CASES IN THE HEMAONCOLOGY OF PERPETUAL SUCCOUR


HOSPITAL (PSH)
ADULT & CHILD
Advanced Adult Health Nursing IV
Intensive Field Practicum
Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science in Nursing
Major in Advance Adult Health
Submitted to:
RICHARD PASCUA, RN, MAN, Ed.D
Instructor
Submitted by:
PERTHA MARIE S. ALVARICO, BSN-RN
JESSA MAE T. ALVIOLA, BSN-RN
ADRIENNE VERNICE C. BAGAFORO, BSN-RN
MARYDEL C. CADIENTE, BSN-RN
MARIA ANGELICA T. FERNANDEZ, BSN-RN
JORE L. ROCO, BSN-RN
NOEL RYAN P. RUBI, BSN-RN
CLINT ARTHUR A. TIU BSN-RN
SYRA M. TROPEZADO, BSN-RN
HANNAH VENT FAYE L. WOO, BSN-RN

July 5, 2015
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ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

INTRODUCTION
Nursing, as an integral part of the health care system, encompasses the
promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of physically ill, mentally ill, and
disabled people of all ages, in all health care and other community settings. Within this
broad spectrum of health care, the phenomena of particular concern to nurses are
individual, family, and group responses to actual or potential health problems. These
human responses range broadly from health restoring reactions to an episode of illness
to the development of policy in promoting the long-term health of a population
(International Council of Nurses, 1999).
Nursing knowledge is derived from biological, social, behavioral and physical
sciences. Knowledge is advanced through research findings and the integration of
theoretical models applied to nursing practice. Research and utilization of the nursing
process support clinical decision-making. Nursing interventions and interactions are
directed at influencing a change in health status and quality of life. Nurses develop the
ability to deliver therapeutic nursing interventions through formalized education
combined with guided clinical experience (Buchanan, 1994).
The evolving health care system and new technologies require new approaches
to oncology nursing education. On-going advances in cancer and nursing research and
treatment and care require continual revision of specialty content. There needs to be
greater focus on the impact of cancer genetics, risk analysis and prevention, palliative
care, long-term survivorship, cancer in the aged, psychosocial counseling and
interventions and pediatric oncology nursing. Key to the educational preparation of
oncology nurses is the skill in understanding, use and application of an evolving
knowledge base. In addition to knowledge application skills, oncology nurses need
increasing knowledge and competence in influencing the direction of care.
BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
PERPETUAL SUCCOUR HOSPITAL is a Regional Tertiary, Training and
Education Health Care facility, equipped with state of the art equipment and technology.
It has installed a software package from Visual Medsys to address the hospital
management information system.

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

With the establishment of the CEBU HEART INSTITUTE in February 1994,


PERPETUAL SUCCOUR HOSPITAL has pioneered significant medical advances in
education and service. It has become the first hospital outside of Metro Manila with
state of the art diagnostic and interventional facilities in Non-invasive Diagnostic
procedures. Today, it is acknowledged as a leader in Surgical Heart procedures and
Vascular Studies, being the first again, outside of Metro Manila to have performed the
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in 1994, by a team of cardiovascular surgeonsDr. Florante Lomibao, Dr. Jaime Nuevo, Dr. Monico Perez, Dr. Romarico Suarez, and
Dr. Florian Nuevo; and to have acquired the latest technology (Medasonics) to do
Vascular Studies.
The Cebu Heart Institute, Services, & Treatment, Incorporated, or CHRISTI
FOUNDATION, which was organized by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres, the
Cardiologists of PSH, and other concerned individuals - Patrons and Sponsors, with His
Eminence Ricardo J. Cardinal Vidal, as the Honorary Chairman, is subsidizing the
annual open-heart surgeries of indigent patients, in cooperation with PERPETUAL
SUCOUR HOSPITAL.
In the dawn of the new millennium, waves of innovations swept PERPETUAL
SUCCOUR HOSPITAL to unprecedented heights.
On March 19, 2001, the ground breaking of the SPC Medical Arts building took
place in the lot adjacent to the Cebu Heart Institute that the administration had recently
purchased. This 7-storey building will house the Cebu Cancer Institute, the Advanced
Care Rehab, the Eye Center and Doctors Clinics.
The PERPETUAL SUCCOUR HOSPITAL, CEBU CANCER INSTITUTE, is an
holistic, state of the art and cutting edge health care facility, with an utmost concern that
quality care is delivered with sensitivity. This is competitiveness on a global scale.
The Radiation Therapy equipment of PSH, is a package of the following: Linear
Accelerator with multi leaf collimator, Simulator, Treatment Planning System, and
Stereotatic Body Frame; Brachytherapy HDR after Loading System, Quality Assurance
and Mould Room equipment. The system will be upgraded in the future to the following:
Intra-cranial Stereotatic Radiography, Intra-cranial Stereotatic Radiosurgery.

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Besides, employing modern technology through Radiation Therapy, the Cebu


Cancer Institute will also advocate Chemotherapy treatment. A pain Clinic and Hospice
Care will be provided as added services. To top all of these, psychological, emotional
and spiritual supports are being organized through the Pastoral Care Services that will
provide venues for counseling, prayer and healing sessions among others, to help the
patients and their families cope and live with this deadly disease (Cebu Heart of the
Philippines, 2013).
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
This is a data gathering of incidence cases compiled by the MSN Proponents of
MS IV Group on the eight leading cancer cases in the Hema-Oncology Unit of Perpetual
Succour Hospital, Cebu City. For the 3 days exposure at the clinical setting of Hemaonco Unit, data covering from January to June 2015 were obtained from the
departments official logbook which recorded all the details of cancer cases which reflect
the patients specific diagnosis and/impression, gender and age. Herewith, are the
tables and graphs that present, compare and interpret the information that was collated.

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The bar graph above shows the top 10 leading cases in the Oncology
Department. The illustration shows a graph consisting of a series of vertical bars that
represents the total number of cancer cases prevalent in the oncology department. As
the bar shows, the ranking is as follows: 1 st- Breast Cancer, 2nd-Cervical Cancer, 3rdOvarian Cancer, 4th-Endometrial Cancer, 5th-Non-Hodgkins L. and Multiple Myeloma,
6th-Colon Cancer, and 7th-Lung Cancer, 8th Prostate Cancer and Palm CA, 9th Pancreatic
Cancer, 10th SLE.
The evaluation of incidence/occurrence is from the past 6 months (January-June 2015)
from which clients of Perpetual Succour Hospital came in with cancer for treatment. This
will provide as to which advocacy and effort should ponder upon and be guided into
establishing strategic plans in performing treatment interventions to cancer survival.

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph illustrates the top 10 leading number of cases prevalent in the
oncology department through evaluating the incidence to both male and female
genders. The male representation is presented by a blue bar while the female
representation is presented by the red bar. This chart shows of which disease condition
is of greater occurrence to a specific gender that warranted treatment to Perpetual
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ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Succour Hospital Oncology unit for the past 6 months (January-June 2015). Breast
cancer is the leading cancer case for both male and female. On the other hand, Cervical
CA, ovarian CA, endometrial CA, and SLE is the lowest case for males having no
incident of admission For female, the lowest is prostate cancer having no admission.

Breast Cancer:

9MALE < FEMALE 66

Cervical Cancer:

0 MALE < FEMALE 54

Ovarian Cancer:

0 MALE <FEMALE 23

Endometrial Cancer:

0MALE <FEMALE 20

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

7MALE = FEMALE 7

Multiple Myeloma:

7MALE = FEMALE 7

Colon Cancer:

4MALE<FEMALE 9

Lung Cancer:

7 MALE > FEMALE3

Prostate Cancer:

6MALE > FEMALE0

Palm Cancer:

2 MALE < FEMALE 4

Pancreatic Cancer:

1 MALE < FEMALE 4

SLE:

0 MALE < FEMALE 4

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The pie graph shows a clear presentation of each disease condition according
to percentage of their incidence from the total/overall leading cancer cases
undergoing treatment in the Oncology Unit of Perpetual Succour Hospital for the
past 4 months (January-April 2014). This will provide a brief overview of which cases
are prevalent in the ward.

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The pie illustrates the number of female and male cancer patients in
Oncology unit. The divisionentails the number of female and male clients. The male
representation is presented by a blue pie while the female representation is
presented by the red pie. This diagram shows which gender preference has greater
prevalence to Perpetual Succour Hospital Oncology Department for the past 4
months (January-April 2014). The occurrence of male cancer patients to Perpetual
Succour Hospital Oncology Unit for the past 4 months (January-April 2014) is 21%
out of 115 total cancer cases while on the other half is 94% femaleclients.

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The illustration depicts a clear contrast between occurrences of different age


brackets. The leading age bracket is 55-64; 2 nd is age 45-54; 3 rd is ages 65-74; 4 th is
ages 35-44; 5th is age 25-34; 6th is 75 and above; lastly, 15-24.

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ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The illustration depicts a clear contrast between occurrences to both genders.


Obviously,breast cancer is more prevalent in middle adulthood. The occurrence of
the disease condition is greater in females (presented with a red bar) than in males
(presented with a blue bar) from age brackets 18-25, 26-35, 36-45, 46-55,56-65, 6675, 76-85 and 86& above; but the bar shows that breast cancer cases are
predominant in females aging 46-55than of males of same age bracket.

11

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The bar graph illustrates that incidence on female is greater than in males
because obviously males do not have cervix. The case is more predominant in
females aging 36-65 od during middle adulthood stage.

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ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

As the 3rd prevalent case in the hema-oncology department, Ovarian Cancer


has affected 23 patients; such cases are mostly from age rank of 46-55 and 56-65.
According to centers for Disease Control and prevention, ovarian cancer causes
more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system.

13

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The 4th prevalent case in the Hema-oncology Unit department is Endometrian


Cancer with a total of 22 patients. The age ranks with high incidences include 46-55
and 56-65 respectively. Endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
cells form in the tissues of the endometrium. Obesity, high blood pressure, and
diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

14

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

According to Smeltzer, et. al. (2010), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is more


common than the other general type of lymphoma like Hodgkin lymphoma. The
figure above illustrates the prevalence of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, the 5 th most
prevalent cancer case, in both female and male. It evidently depicts the variability
of occurrence in some age group brackets specified, although, total incident rate are
equal both female and male, accounting 7 in each gender.

15

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

MALE
FEMALE

The illustration depicts a clear contrast between occurrences of


Multiple Myeloma to both genders. Multiple Myeloma is more prevalent in
female patients in age group 36-46 year old, of which accounts 4 out of 14
patients affected, as illustrated in the bar graph. Although, total incidence
rate are equal to both gender.

16

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

OF COLON
CANCER

The 7th prevalent case in the Hema-oncology Unit department is Colon


Cancer. The graph presents with a total of 13 patients. A total of 4 come from
male and 9 comes from female. Colon cancer is the development of cancer in
the colon or rectum parts of the large intestine. Risk factors for colorectal
cancer include lifestyle, older age, and inherited genetic disorders. Other risk
factors include diet, smoking, alcohol, lack of physical activity, family history
of colon cancer and colon polyps, presence of colon polyps, race, exposure to
radiation, and even other diseases such as diabetes and obesity.

17

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph shows the 8th prevalent case in the Hema-Oncology Unit,
Lung cancer with a total of 10 incidences. Smoking may precipitate the
disease, such lung cancer incidences is more on men with 7 cases and 3
cases from women.

18

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph shows the 9th prevalent case in the Hema-Oncology Unit is
prostate cancer with a total of 6 incidences. Prostate cancer, also known as
carcinoma of the prostate, is the development of cancer in the prostate, a
gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow
growing; however, some grow relatively fast. Factors that increase the risk of
prostate cancer include: older age, a family history of the disease, and race.
About 99% of cases occur in those over the age of 50.

19

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph shows the 10th prevalent case in the Hema-Oncology Unit is Palm
Cancer with a total of 6 incidences. The incidence is lower in females having 2
incidences than males with 4 incidences.

20

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph shows the 11th prevalent case in the Hema-Oncology Unit is
Pancreatic Cancer with a total of 5 incidences. One incident come from female and 4
comes from male. Pancreatic cancer rarely occurs before the age of 40, and more
than half of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma occur in those over 70. Risk factors
for pancreatic cancer include tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare
genetic conditions. Cases are linked to smoking and inherited genes.

21

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph shows the last prevalent case in the Hema-Oncology Unit is SLE.
Such incidents come from women in a child-bearing years having 2 total of incidents
and represents a total of 4 incidents overall. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
a chronic inflammatory disease that has protean manifestations and follows a
relapsing and remitting course. More than 90% of cases of SLE occur in women,
frequently starting at childbearing age.

22

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

LIST OF TABLES

Disease
Condition

1524

2534

3544

45-54 55-64 65-74

TOTA
L

4
4
2
1

75
abov
e
1
0
0
0

BREAST
CERVIX
ENDOMETRIAL
COLON
SKIN, LUNG,
OVARY
BONE, RECTAL,
THYROID
KIDNEY, BLOOD
PROSTATE,
ESOPHARYNGE
AL,
NASOPHARYNG
EAL,
OROPHARYNGE
AL, LYMPH,
TONGUE

0
0
0
0

2
1
2
1

5
2
2
1

11
8
4
3

11
9
2
2

18

34
24
12
8

SUMMARY
In conclusion, it is clearly evident that breast cancer has the highest
incidence of cases in the Oncology Department of Perpetual Succour
Hospital. It has a peak occurence in middle adulthood and is greater in
females than in males. The second leading case is the cervical cancer which
obviously occurs only in females and also common in middle adulthood. The
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ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

third is endometrial cancer in females which is more prevalent in older adults


but has no cases reported at age 86 and above. The fourth is endometrial
cancer in females from age brackets 46-55 and 56- 65. The fifth is Hodgkins
lymphoma and multiple myeloma, hodgkins has a high incidence in male
with age bracket of 26- 35 and has no case reported in age backets 66-75
and 86 and above while multiple myeloma has peak occurrence at age 36-45
in the female population and low incidence rate in other age brackets. The
summation of incidence for skin, lung, and ovarian cancer which is in
fifth rank, is predominant in females that fall within the age brackets 15-24,
25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, at the same time as parallel in age 75 and
above compared to male cancer patients whose cases fall in 45-54, 55-64,
and 75 & above. the summation of cases of bone, rectal, & thyroid cancers.
There are equal cases in of male and female in age 25-34; greater incidence
in male than in female at age 45-54; male incidence than in female at age
65-74; and equal cases in male and female at age 75 & above. It is clearly
evident that the highest incidence of bone, rectal, & thyroid cancer is
predominant in males at the age group of 45-54 and 65-74. The seventh
leading condition, which is the summation of cases of kidney and blood
cancer. It is highest for males in age 45-54 and highest in females at age 3544. Lastly, the top eighth disease, is summation of cases of prostate,
esopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, tongue, and lymphatic
cancer. Highest incidence in females at age 55-64 is higher than in males.
Incidence is highest for males at age 65-74 than in females and incidence is
higher in females than in males at age 75 & above.
With this information that we obtained, we can undeniably observe
that females are more predisposed to having malignancy than males maybe
because of their physiologic structure. Some may also be due to hormonal
reasons. Early detection and screening is really necessary especially at a
young age. For instance, women can begin practicing Breast SelfExamination at about age 20 and continue the practice throughout their lives
even during pregnancy and after menopause. Then schedule a
mammogram every two years from age 50 to 74 years old. A pap smear for
every 2-3 years or colorectal screening tests for men and women.
As health care professionals, we are responsible for promoting health
to our clients and we should clearly emphasize this for the fact that early
detection can really help stop the progression of the disease into an advance
and less curable stage. This study will basically provide as to which advocacy
and effort should we considerprioritizing and be guided into establishing
strategic plans in performing treatment interventions to cancer survival.
24

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

THE TEN LEADING CASES IN THE HEMA-ONCOLOGY


OF PERPETUAL SUCCOUR HOSPITAL (PSH)
ADULT & CHILD
INTRODUCTION
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
This is a data gathering of incidence cases compiled by the MSN Proponents of
MS IV Group on the eight leading cancer cases in the Pediatric Hema-Oncology Unit of
Perpetual Succour Hospital, Cebu City. For the 2 days exposure at the clinical setting of
PHOU, data covering from January to June 2015 were obtained from the departments
official logbook which recorded all the details of cancer cases that reflect the patients
specific diagnosis and impression, gender and age. Herewith, are the tables and graphs
that present, compare and interpret the collated information.

25

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The bar graph above shows the top 8 leading cases in the Pediatric HemaOncology Department. The illustration shows a graph consisting of a series of vertical
bars that represents the total number of pediatric cases prevalent in the HemaOncology Department. As the bar shows, the ranking is as follows: 1 st- No Diagnosis
Indicated, 2nd- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, 3rd- Hemophilia, 4th-Osteosarcona, 5thOsteosarcoma, 6th- Langerhans Cell Histocytosis, 7 th- Hepatoblastoma, and 8thThalassemia.
The evaluation of incidence/occurrence is from the past 6 months (January-June
2015) from which clients of Perpetual Succour Hospital came in with cancer for
treatment. This will provide as to which advocacy and effort should ponder upon and be
guided into establishing strategic plans in performing treatment interventions to cancer
survival.

26

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The graph illustrates the top 8 leading number of cases prevalent in the oncology
department through evaluating the incidence to both male and female genders. The
male representation is presented by a blue bar while the female representation is
presented by the red bar. This chart shows of which disease condition is of greater
occurrence to a specific gender that warranted treatment to Perpetual Succour Hospital
Oncology unit for the past 6 months (January- June 2014).

CASES
No Dx Indicated
ALL
Hemophilia
Nasopharyngeal CA
Osteosarcoma
Langerhan's Cell
Histocytosis
Hepatoblastoma
Thalassemia
TOTAL
27

Male
8
3
3
1
0

Female
7
4
0
0
1

1
1
0
17

0
0
1
13

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

28

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The pie graph shows a clear presentation of each disease condition according to
percentage of their incidence from the total/overall leading cancer cases undergoing
treatment in the Pediatric Oncology Unit of Perpetual Succour Hospital for the past 6
months (January-June 2015). This will provide a brief overview of which cases are
prevalent in the ward.

29

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The pie illustrates the number of female and male cancer patients in Pediatric
Oncology unit. The division entails the number of female and male clients. The male
representation is presented by a blue pie while the female representation is presented
by the red pie. This diagram shows which gender preference has greater prevalence to
Perpetual Succour Hospital Pediatric Oncology Department for the past 6 months
(January-June 2015). The occurrence of male pediatric cancer patients to Perpetual
Succour Hospital Oncology Unit for the past 6 months (January-June 2015) is 57% out
of 30 total cancer cases while on the other half is 43% female clients.

30

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The illustration depicts a clear contrast between occurrences of different age


brackets. The leading age bracket is 1-3 y/o; 2 nd are 3-6 y/o and 6-12 y/o; 3 rd is age
12-18 y/o; 4th is0-1 y/o.

The illustration depicts a clear contrast between occurrences to both genders.


Cancer is more prevalent in age group 6-12 y/o followed by 1-3 y/o. The occurrence of
the disease condition is greater in males (presented with a blue bar) than in females
31

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

(presented with a red bar). There is a total of 15 unlisted diagnosis/case from the
period of January June 2015.

The bar graph illustrates that incidence on female is greater than in males. The
case is more predominant in females aging 6 12 y/o. According to the 2014 American
Cancer Society, Inc. study, acute lymphocytic leukemia ranked first as the most
common type of cancer among children ages between 0-14 years old. The condition is
32

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

more common in boys with higher incidence and mortality rates (Cancer Facts &
Figures, 2014).

The bar graph illustrates that the incidence on female is greater than in males
Hemophilia are inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The genes associated with
these conditions are located on the X chromosome. In males (who have only one X
chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the
33

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation would have to occur
in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. It is unlikely for females to have two
altered copies of mutated X gene, therefore, it is very rare for females to have
hemophilia (Genetics Home Reference, 2015).

The bar graph illustrates the incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer on male under
12-18 y/o. There is only 1 recorded case from the month of January to June 2015.
International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC)classified nasopharyngeal
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ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

cancer as one of the rare cancer cases accounting for about 4% of cancers diagnosed
in children aged 0 to 14 years (National Cancer Institute, 2015).

The bar graph illustrates the incidence of Osteosarcoma on female under 12-18
y/o. There is only one recorded case from the month of January to June 2015. Although
it is considered as the most common type of bone cancer in children and teens, it

35

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

usually occurs in children and young adults typically after age 10 (St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, 2015).

The bar graph illustrates the incidence of Langerhans Cell Histocytosis on male
under 1-3 y/o. There is only 1 recorded case from the month of January to June
2015.Langerhan's Cell Histiocytosis is believed to occur in 1:200,000 children, but any
age group can be affected, from infancy through adulthood. In newborns and very
36

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

young children (usually between 2-3 years old), it occurs in 1-2 per million
(HistiocytosisAsssociation, 2014).

The bar graph illustrates the incidence of Hepatoblastoma on male under 1-3 y/o.
There is only 1 recorded case from the month of January to June 2015.
Hepatoblastoma is a common primary liver tumor in children, accounting for just over
1% of pediatric cancers. The etiology is unknown and affects both genders (The
Oncologist, 2000)

37

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE


6200 Dumaguete City
Philippines
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The bar graph illustrates the incidence of Thalassemia on female under 3-6 y/o.
There is only 1 recorded case from the month of January to June 2015.According to the
US Census Bureau, Population Estimates 2004, there is a total of 317 diagnosed cases
of thalassemia from the 86,241,697 population in the Philippines and patients are
diagnosed from birth (Right Diagnosis, 2015).

38

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