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Culture Documents
ABBR
ITU
band
frequency
wavelength
< 3 Hz
> 100,000 km
100,000 km 10,000
km
10,000 km 1000 km
1000 km 100 km
100 km 10 km
10 km 1 km
1 km 100 m
100 m 10 m
10 m 1 m
1 m 100 mm
100 mm 10 mm
10 mm 1 mm
< 1 mm
ELF
330 Hz
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
THF
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
30300 Hz
3003000 Hz
330 kHz
30300 kHz
3003000 kHz
330 MHz
30300 MHz
3003000 MHz
330 GHz
30300 GHz
300 GHz 3000GHZ
propagation
mode
Ground Wave
Ground Wave
Ground Wave
Sky Wave
Space Wave
Space Wave
Space Wave
Space Wave
Satellites
Orbit Height
Orbital velocity
Orbital time (period)
Satellite Availability
Operating Frequency
100 - 300 mi
17,500 mph
1.5 hours
15 min per orbit
1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz
6,000 - 12,000 mi
9580 mph
5-12 mph
2 - 4 hours per orbit
1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz
GPS, NAVSTAR
Mass
> 1,000 kg
500 - 1,000 kg
100 - 500 kg
10 - 100 kg
< 10 kg
Loudness level
Cost
> $ 100 M
$ 50 - 100 M
$ 5 - 20 M
$2-3M
<$1M
Geostationary /
Geosynchronous (GEO)
22,300 mi
6879 mph
24 hours
24 hours per orbit
2 GHz - 18 GHz
Frequency in GHz
1-2
2-4
4-8
8-12
12-18
18-27
27-40
40-300
>300
0 - 15 dB
15 - 30 dB
30 - 60 dB
60 - 80 dB
80 - 130 dB
130 dB
very faint
faint
moderate
loud
very loud
deafening
20 - 40 Hz
40 - 80 Hz
80 - 160 Hz
160 - 320 Hz
320 - 640 Hz
640 - 1280 Hz
1280 - 2560 Hz
2560 - 5120 Hz
5120 - 10240 Hz
10th octave
10240 - 20480 Hz
Lower Bass
Upper Base
Lower Midrange
Upper midrange
Treble
Type of Hall
concert halls
Italian-type opera
houses
churches
cinemas
Rooms for speech
4.2 - 5.2
7.1 - 9.9
3.1
2.8
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.5 - 1.6
1.4 - 3.4
Source
faintest audible sound
whisper
Quiet residence
Soft stereo in residence
Speech range
cafeteria
Pneumatic jack hammer
Loud crowd noise
Accelerating motorcycle
Rock concert
Jet Engine (75 feet away)
SPL (dB)
0
20
30
40
50-70
90
90
100
100
120
140
U600 Mastergroup
Supergroup
Carrier
frequency
(kHz)
Supergroup
Carrier
frequency
(kHz)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
612
Direct
1116
1364
1612
1860
2108
2356
2724
3100
13
14
15
16
17
18
D25
D26
D27
D28
1116
1364
1612
1860
2108
2356
2652
2900
3148
3396
VB channels
12
60
600
3600
10800
Groups
5
50
300
900
supergroups
10
60
180
mastergroups
6
18
jumbogroups
3
VB channels
12
60
300
900
Groups
5
25
75
Level
1
2
3
4
5
Channel Capacity
24
92
480
1140
7680
European standard
Data Rate
(Mbps)
2.048
8.448
34.368
139.264
565.992
Level
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
Channel
Capacity
30
120
480
1920
7680
time
slots
32
128
512
2048
8192
ELECTRONICS
Summary for all 2-input gates
Inputs
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
NAND
OR
NOR
EX-OR
EX-NOR
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
X1
L
C
C
C
X2
L
C
C
C
X3
C
L
Series LC (net L)
Crystal (net L)
Fan Out
Power
Dissipation (mW)
Propagation
Delay (ns)
Noise
margin (V)
Standard TTL
Schottky TTL
Low power Schottky
TTL
ECL
CMOS
10
10
10
22
10
3
0.4
0.4
20
10
0.4
25
50
25
0.1
2
25
0.2
3
Motors
Level of Integration
Level Of Integration
Small Scale Integration (SSI)
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
Large Scale Integration (LSI)
Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI)
Ultra Large Scale Integration
(ULSI)
efficiency
50%
51-99%
78%
85%
A
B
F
H
max
temperature
(0C)
105
130
155
180
100,000 or more
Amplifier
Amplifier
class
A
AB
B
C
Motor
class
conduction
angle
360
181 to 359
180
0 to 179
input signal
used
100%
> 50% < 100%
50%
50%
CN2
Mode
The
good you do toResistor
others will alwaysBistable
come back to you
Resistor
pay it forward!!
Resistor
Capacitor
Capacitor
Capacitor
Monostable
Astable