Carrier Acquisition in Suppressed

Carrier Schemes

Lesson 09
EEE 352 Analog Communication Systems
Mansoor Khan
EE Dept.
CIIT Islamabad Campus
 Carrier Acquisition

• In SC transmissions, we have to generate a carrier with the

same frequency and phase that the carrier at the transmitter.
• Consider the case of DSB-SC where a received signal is

 DSBSC (t )  m(t ) cos ct

• and the local carrier is

2 cosc   t   
• therefore we have errors in frequency and phase
 Carrier Acquisition (cont)

• The product of the received signal and the local carrier is

e(t )  m(t ) cos ct  2 cosc   t   

 m(t )cos t     cos2c   t   

• After the LPF we have

eo (t )  m(t )cos t   
 Carrier Acquisition (cont)
• Let’s consider two cases. First   0

• In this case eo (t )  m(t )cos 

• The output is proportional to m(t) because the factor is a

constant

• The output is maximum when δ=0 and minimum (zero) when

δ=±π/2 Thus, this kind of phenomenon only attenuates the
output without adding distortion

• Unfortunately delta is not constant. This may occur for

example because of variations in the propagation path.
 Carrier Acquisition (cont)
• Now consider the second case   0,   0

• In this case eo (t )  m(t ) cos t

• The output is distorted as well, the output is m(t) multiplied

by a low frequency oscillation.

• This beating is catastrophic even for a small frequency

 Carrier Acquisition (cont)

• To ensure identical carrier frequencies at the emitter and

receiver we can use crystal oscillators

• Other method is to send a carrier or pilot at a reduced level

along with the sidebands. Then is filtered at the receiver with
a very narrow filter
 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
• The PLL can be used to track the phase and frequency of the
carrier component of an incoming signal.

• It is then useful for synchronous demodulation of AM signals

with suppressed carrier or with a pilot

• PLL has three basic components:

– A VCO or Voltage Controlled Oscillator
– A multiplier, serving as a phase detector or a phase comparator
– a loop filter H(s)
Phase Locked Loop (cont)
 Phase Locked Loop (cont)

• PLL works just like feedback system, the signal fed back tends
to follow the input signal to minimize the error. The quantity
to compare is the phase in this case

• The VCO oscillates linearly with the input voltage

 (t )  c  ceo (t )
• Where “c” is a constant and wc is the free running frequency
of the VCO. This is the one when the input signal is zero
 PLL Operation

• Let the input to the PLL be A sinc t   i 

• Let the output of VCO be B cosc t   o 

• The multiplier output x(t) will be

x(t )  AB sin(c t   i ) cosc t   o 


AB
sin( i   o )  sin(2c t   i   o )
2
 PLL Operation (cont)

• The filter is a low pass narrow filter therefore the

error signal is
eo (t ) 
AB
sin( i   o )
2
AB
 sin( e )
2

• Where θe is the phase error, which is linear for small

error
 PLL Operation (cont)

• We have two cases: Input frequency changes or phase

changes

• If input frequency is increased, the input changes to

A sin c  k t   i  
 A sin ct  ˆi 
• Where ˆi  kt   i
• Thus the increase in frequency causes θi to increase thereby
increasing θe which in turn increases input voltage to the VCO
 PLL Operation (cont)

• The VCO increases the frequency because the input voltage

increased to match the increase in the input frequency

• If the input frequency decreases the same reasoning applies

• The PLL tracks the input sinusoid. The two signals are said to
be phase coherent or in phase lock
 PLL Operation (cont)

• A PLL tracks the incoming frequency only over a finite range of

frequency shift. This range is called the hold-in or locks range

• The frequency range over which the input will cause the loop
to lock is called the Pull-in or Capture range
 Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC

• Signal Squaring Method

• Costas Loop
 Signal Squaring Method

• This method is explained in the following block diagram

xt   mt  cos wct   m t   m 2 t  cos 2wct

2 1 2 1
2 2

• The squarer output will be

xt   mt  cos wct   m t   m t  cos 2wct

2 1 2 1 2
2 2
• Now m2(t) is a non negative signal and therefore has non zero
average value in contrast to m(t)
 Signal Squaring Method (cont)

• Let the average value, which is the dc component of m2(t)/2,

be k then

m t   k   (t )
1 2
2

• Where  t is a zero mean baseband signal minus its dc
component

xt   m t   m t  cos 2wct

1 2 1 2
2 2

m t   k cos 2wct   t  cos 2wct

1 2

2
 Signal Squaring Method (cont)


• Where  t is a zero mean baseband signal minus its dc
component
 m t   k cos 2wct   t  cos 2wct
1 2
2
• First term of x(t) is suppressed by Narrow BPF centered at 2ωc
• Third term has zero dc value at 2ωc thus only residue of third term
passes through Narrow BPF having pass band << 4B.
• x(t) consists of pulses of k located at ωc which are passed along
with the residue of third term which will be suppressed by the PLL
which tracks kcos2 ωc t.
• PLL output after passing through frequency divider yields the
desired carrier.
Costas Loop
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Multiplexing Principles

Needs Multiplexing – Process of transmitting two or

more signals simultaneously
Multiplexing Principles
 Multiplexing : Applications
 Four communication applications that would be prohibitively
expensive or impossible without multiplexing are:
 Telephone systems
 Telemetry
 Satellites
 Broadcasting (radio and TV)
 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
The current techniques that can
accomplish this include
 frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
 time division multiplexing (TDM)
Synchronous vs statistical TDM
 wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM)
 code division multiplexing (CDM)
 Types of Multiplexing
 The two most common types of multiplexing are
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
 Generally used for analog information.
 Individual signals to be transmitted are assigned a different frequency
within a common bandwidth.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM)
 Generally used for digital information.
 Multiple signals are transmitted in different time slots on a single
channel.
These two basic methods are illustrated below.
TDM: messages occupy all the
FDM: all signals are transmitted channel bandwidth but for short
at the same time (all the time) time intervals of time
but in different frequency bands
time

time
M1
M2 BL
BL M3 M5
M4 M3 M4
B M5 M1 M2

BH t
BH
freq freq

t
BH
BL
M1

M2

B M3 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

M4

M5
BL
BH
t t
FDM TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM: all signals are
transmitted at the
same time (all the
time) but in different
frequency bands
Frequency Division Multiplexing
 FDM
 FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
 is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link
(useful bandwidth of the medium excess) is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted

BW signal << BWmedium

 FDM signal generation
 FDM process
 each telephone generates a signal of a similar frequency range
 these signals are modulated onto different carrier frequencies(f1, f2, f3)
 FDM signal generation
FDM multiplexing process, time-domain modulated onto different carrier
frequencies
Requires its own carrier frequency

Composite
signal
 FDM signal generation
 FDM multiplexing process, frequency-domain
 FDM signal generation
 Demultiplexing
 separates the individual signals from their carries and passes them to the
waiting receivers.
 FDM signal generation
 FDM demultiplexing process, time-domain
 FDM signal generation
 FDM demultiplexing, frequency-domain
FDM: Composite signal spectrum
WHY???? BW signal << BWmedium
 FDM: Composite signal spectrum
For telephony, the physical line is divided (notionally) into 4kHz bands or channels, i.e.
the channel spacing is 4kHz. Thus we now have:

Guard Bands

Bandlimited
Speech
f

4kHz

guard bands - to reduce adjacent channel crosstalk.

 Frequency Division Multiplex
• Advantages: Channels
 no dynamic coordination needed ki
• Disadvantages: k3 k4 k5 k6
 waste of bandwidth
if traffic distributed unevenly c
f
 guard spaces

t
Frequency Division Multiplexing
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
 Example : Cable Television
 coaxial cable has a bandwidth of approximately 500Mhz
 individual television channel require about 6Mhz of bandwidth for
transmission
 How many channels it will carry??

can carry 83 channels theoretically

 Frequency Division Multiplexing

Each broadcast stations carries an information Impossible to differentiate or

signal (voice & music ) which occupies bandwidth separate one station’s transmission
between 0Hz ~5kHz from another
Example 1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4
KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show
the configuration using the frequency domain without the
use of guard bands.

Solution
Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth
Example 1
Example 2
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz
Example 2
Multiplexing Hierarchy
Example: analogue carrier system for
telephony
 Analog Carrier Systems
• Hierarchy of FDM schemes
• Group
— 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
— Range 60kHz to 108kHz
• Supergroup
— 60 channel
— FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz
• Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups
Time Division Multiplexing
 Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing

• The original time division multiplexing.

• The multiplexor accepts input from attached devices in a

round-robin fashion and transmit the data in a never ending
pattern.

• T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples of

synchronous time division multiplexing.
 Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
• If one device generates data at a faster rate than other
devices, then the multiplexor must either sample the incoming
data stream from that device more often than it samples the
other devices, or buffer the faster incoming stream.

• If a device has nothing to transmit, the multiplexor must

still insert a piece of data from that device into the
multiplexed stream.
STDM
 Synchronous TDM

• Very popular
• Line will require as much bandwidth as all
the bandwidths of the sources
 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
• A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active
workstations (or why work when you don’t have to).

• If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on the

multiplexed stream.

• A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams

and creates a frame containing only the data to be transmitted.
Statistical TDM is useful for applications in which
the low-bit-rate streams have speeds that vary in
time.
 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

• A statistical multiplexor does not require a line over as high

a speed line as synchronous time division multiplexing since
STDM does not assume all sources will transmit all of the
time!

• Good for low bandwidth lines (used for LANs)

Much more efficient use of bandwidth!

 TDM(cont’d)
 Inverse Multiplexing
 takes the data stream from one high-speed line and breaks it into portion
that can be sent across several lower speed lines simultaneously, with no
loss in the collective data rate
 TDM(cont’d)
 Multiplexing
and inverse
multiplexing

high-speed breaks it into

portion
 TDM(cont’d)
 Why do we need inverse multiplexing ?
 wants to send data, voice, and video each of which requires a different data
rate.

• [example]
 voice - 64 Kbps link
 data - 128 Kbps link
 video - 1,544 Mbps link