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Contents
Contents
NEWS
Toshiba starts H2One independent energy supply
HES solid-fuel system for small electric UAVs
1
1
ROAD VEHICLES
UK consortium targets range-extended van fleets
Symbio FCell powers DHL fleet of vans in Lyon
Hydrogenics in projects for fuel cell truck, bus
PowerCell to cut diesel use at Norway grocery
Intelligent Energy high-performance architecture
2
2
3
3
4
MOBILE APPLICATIONS
Plugs GenKey for FreezPak freezer warehouse
Alstom, German district to develop fuel cell train
China produces first fuel cell tram, Ballard power
EnergyOrs world-first fuel cell multirotor UAV
4
5
5
5
SMALL STATIONARY
Altergy units in Caribbean telecom deployment
Convion C50 validated in distributed generation
SFC EFOY Pro 12000 Duo for industrial power
6
6
6
LARGE STATIONARY
SA Chamber of Mines installs 100 kW fuel cell
Bloom units for IKEA, ASP, and Japan market
Doosan, ABB extend production partnership
FCE MCFCs in large-scale carbon reduction role
Implats deploys 1.8 MW at refinery, 20 MW plan
7
7
8
8
8
FUELING
UK funds new hydrogen stations, upgrades
Air Liquide station for forklifts at FM Logistic
CEP partner Shell opens new Hamburg station
Air Products dispenser first at UK supermarket
9
10
10
10
ENERGY STORAGE
Scottish community project with green hydrogen
11
COMMERCIALISATION
UQM first order for new fuel cell compressor
Greenlight robotic automated parts production
JCB takes strategic stake in ITM Power
12
12
12
RESEARCH
DOE awards for hydrogen production, FCEVs
German project on SOFC degradation processes
SiEnergy wins Massachusetts follow-up grant
12
13
13
FEATURE
Study on commercialisation of energy storage
in European market to 2030 and beyond
1416
REGULARS
Editorial
2015 Fuel Cell Seminar: Call for Abstracts
News In Brief
Patents
Events Calendar
3
5
11, 13
1719
20
ISSN 1464-2859/15
1464-2859/10 2015
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NEWS
ROAD VEHICLES
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12977
Digitally Produced by
Mayfield Press (Oxford) LImited
UK consortium targets
range-extended van
fleets using fuel cells
April 2015
NEWS / EDITORIAL
into a wide range of applications for passenger or
goods transportation. The companys hydrogen
fuel cell range-extender offers a significant increase
in battery capacity, as well as maximum reduction
of the carbon footprint.
Symbio FCell recently delivered five Renault
Kangoo ZE-H2 vans as part of a fleet of 40
vehicles for the Conseil Gnral de la Manche
(Manche regional council) in northwestern
France [FCB, February 2015, p2]. And La Poste
(the French postal service) has been testing these
vehicles in the Franche-Comt region in eastern
France for more than a year [FCB, December
2013, p1]. The Symbio FCell fuel cell rangeextender is also being demonstrated with La Poste
in a Renault electric truck [FCB, March 2015, p2].
Symbio FCell, Grenoble, France. Tel: +33 1 5679 1506,
www.symbiofcell.com
Tenerrdis energy cluster, HyWay project:
www.tenerrdis.fr/en/News/hyway-project.html
Hydrogenics wins
California projects for
fuel cell truck, bus
April 2015
PowerCell PowerPac
to cut diesel use at
Norway grocery firm
EDITORIAL
NEWS
A pilot project showed that use of a PowerPac
reduced CO2 emissions by up to 90%, while
emissions of CO, NOx, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter smaller
than 10 m (PM10) were almost eliminated.
As PowerPac for transportation is not part of
our development and product realisation today,
this project will give us invaluable information
about the benefits, which then could be the
basis for future product development decisions,
says Andreas Bodn, marketing and sales
manager for PowerCell.
ASKO has currently got 600 distribution
vehicles on the road every day, so the phasing of
a PowerPac on our vehicles will be an important
part to be able to reduce our emissions, adds
Jrn Arvid Endresen, director of ASKO Midt
Norway. We look forward to start the project
and we see several great opportunities to use fuel
cell technology in our operations in the future.
PowerCell a spinout from the Volvo
Group [FCB, July 2005, p1] has combined
its PEM fuel cell and autothermal reactor
(ATR) reforming technology to develop
a fuel cell system that converts diesel fuel
to electricity in an energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly manner, with
minimal emissions and quiet operation. The
fuel cell system is initially adapted to supply
electric power to the telecom industry [FCB,
February 2015, p5], with the transport
industry another focus.
PowerCell Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Tel: +46 31 720 3620, www.powercell.se
SINTEF, Renewable Energy:
www.sintef.no/home/topics/renewable-energy
ASKO: www.asko.no (in Norwegian)
ThermoKing Norge:
www.thermoking.no (in Norwegian)
Intelligent Energy
for high-performance
100 kW automotive
fuel cell architecture
MOBILE APPLICATIONS
April 2015
April 2015
anadian-based EnergyOr
Technologies, a leading developer
of advanced PEM fuel cell systems,
recently demonstrated what it believes
is the first flight of a fuel cell powered
NEWS
multirotor vertical takeoff and landing
(VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
This demonstration which lasted for 2 h,
12 min, 46 s was performed to highlight
EnergyOrs improvements in overall fuel
cell system specific power (W/kg), a critical
requirement for multirotor UAVs, while
maintaining an exceptional specific energy
(Wh/kg), allowing flight times that are two
to three times longer than those possible with
state-of-the-art, rechargeable lithium polymer
(LiPo) batteries.
A conventional, commercial heavy lifting
Quadrotor airframe was used to ensure versatility
for a wide range of applications, with an
aircraft gross (total) weight of 9.5 kg and with
payloads up to 1 kg. Further optimisation will be
performed in the coming months, and EnergyOr
expects to extend the flight endurance with
similar payloads to as long as 4 h.
The commercial market for multirotor UAVs
used in civil applications is expected to increase
dramatically in the coming years, for applications
such as hydroelectric and rail line inspections,
precision agriculture, search and rescue missions,
and film production. Battery-powered multirotor
UAVs have very limited flight times with existing
rechargeable battery technologies.
Montreal-based EnergyOr Technologies is
developing lightweight, compact PEM fuel
cell systems for high value-added premium
niche markets. Its proprietary technology is
well suited for aerospace, portable, and mobile
power applications. The company first flew a
fuel cell powered UAV in Canada in May 2007,
and in Israel that December. In March 2009,
EnergyOr integrated a fuel cell system into the
Bird Eye 650 developed by Israel Aerospace
Industries (IAI), and demonstrated longendurance flight. In Canada in 2011, EnergyOr
achieved a flight of more than 10 h with its fuel
cell powered operational UAV, the FAUCON
H2, followed by an autonomous landing [FCB,
September 2011, p4].
In late 2009 researchers at the United
Technologies Research Center in Connecticut
flew a remote-controlled model electric
helicopter powered by a custom-made PEM
fuel cell, with at least one flight lasting for
20 minutes [FCB, January 2010, p4]. Several
companies are working on aircraft-shaped fuel
cell powered UAVs [see the feature on military
UAVs in FCB, December 2007], including Neah
Power Systems [FCB, November 2014, p6],
Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies [FCB, March
2014, p3, and see page 1], Ultra Electronics
AMI [FCB, July 2013, p4], and Protonex
Technology [FCB, June 2013, p5].
EnergyOr Technologies Inc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Tel: +1 514 744 6122, www.energyor.com
SMALL STATIONARY
April 2015
NEWS
generators is the companys most
powerful fuel cell to date. The EFOY Pro
12000 Duo is a 500 W direct methanol
fuel cell for professional and industrial
applications, and is available now for
beta testing, with sales starting in Q4.
The EFOY Pro 12000 Duo integrates the
German-based companys proven DMFC
technology with maximum scalability and
application flexibility, offering a nominal power of
500 W and power capacity of 12 kWh per day. If
required, several units can be clustered to satisfy
higher energy demands; up to five units can be
integrated into one cabinet to deliver 60 kWh per
day, and cabinets can be combined if required.
The new product offers fully automatic, remotecontrolled, maintenance-free power 24/7, in any
weather and season, requiring no user intervention
over very long periods of time. One or two 28 litre
fuel cartridges can be connected, which would
allow a 500 W application to run continuously
for five days fully autonomously. The EFOY Pro
12000 Duo is already in trials for several wind
energy and oil & gas applications.
In EFOY fuel cell generators the fuel cell is
connected to the batteries, whose charge state is
continuously monitored. As soon as this drops below
a predefined level, the fuel cell automatically switches
into operating mode and recharges the batteries.
When they are fully charged, the fuel cell returns to
standby mode, in which no fuel is consumed.
The EFOY Pro 12000 Duo was specifically
developed for easy integration into weatherproof
cabinets as a robust off-grid and backup power
source for industrial applications in demanding
environmental scenarios. It will reliably operate
from 20C to +40C. Development of the
EFOY Pro 12000 Duo was in part funded by
the German National Organisation Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW GmbH).
SFC Energy is a leading provider of hybrid
stationary and portable power solutions [see the
SFC feature in FCB, January 2013], serving a
range of applications in the oil & gas [FCB, July
2014, p4], security and industry [FCB, March
2015, p1], military [FCB, April 2014, p7], and
consumer markets [FCB, May 2013, p3].
SFC Energy, Brunnthal/Munich, Germany.
Tel: +49 89 673 5920, www.sfc.com or www.efoy-pro.com
NOW GmbH: www.now-gmbh.de
LARGE STATIONARY
SA Chamber of Mines
installs 100 kW fuel
cell at HQ building
April 2015
NEWS
Ibaraki City, Osaka Prefecture. This 1.2 MW
power plant can provide 50% of the buildings
overall electricity needs.
This is the first Bloom Energy Server
installation in the Kansai region, and also the
first commercialised SOFC generating system
over 1 MW in Japan. To contribute to Osaka
Prefectures disaster preparedness policy, Bloom
Energy Japan will supply electricity generated by
Bloom Energy Servers to the important facilities
of the Osaka Prefectural Central Wholesale
Market. Osaka Prefecture and Bloom Energy
Japan will also report on resulting CO2 emission
reductions as an advanced model case.
Bloom and Japanese telecom/internet
company SoftBank established their Bloom
Energy Japan joint venture in 2013 [FCB,
August 2013, p4], with 200 kW Bloom Energy
Servers now installed at SoftBanks M-Tower
facility in Fukuoka City [FCB, December
2013, p6] and at the Tokyo Shiodome Building
[FCB, July 2014, p6].
Bloom Energy Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, USA.
Tel: +1 408 543 1500, www.bloomenergy.com
IKEA in the US: www.IKEA-USA.com
Advanced Sterilization Products: www.aspjj.com/us
Bloom Energy Japan: www.bloomenergy.co.jp
April 2015
NEWS
will see the mining company install systems
using phosphoric acid fuel cell technology
from Fuji Electric in Japan, running on excess
hydrogen piped in for the metal reduction
process by Sasol and Air Products. The only
emissions will be pure water, which can be
utilised within the plant.
The second phase is expected to deliver
8 MW of fuel cell power from a natural gas
source, with the final phase delivering in excess
of 10 MW, enabling Implats refineries to
operate off the increasingly unreliable national
electricity grid.
Implats is also working to convert its
underground load, haul, dump (LHD)
machines from diesel to fuel cell hybrid
configurations [and see the Anglo American
news feature in FCB, May 2012, p12]. This
collaboration with local mobile mining
equipment manufacturers, Mitochondria, and
its Danish fuel cell partner SerEnergy, aims to
integrate solutions that offer a superior cost
and carbon solution for underground mining.
Implats is also working with the Department of
Trade & Industry and international technology
partners to understand the potential of
downstream beneficiation in the market [FCB,
November 2012, p10].
Mitochondria Energy is also partnering with
the SA Chamber of Mines, to deploy what
they say is Africas first building baseload fuel
cell system running on natural gas [see page
7], and recently signed a Letter of Intent with
PowerCell Sweden to collaborate on developing
diesel-fueled power solutions for African
telecom towers [FCB, February 2015, p5].
Impala Platinum: www.implats.co.za
Mitochondria Energy Company:
www.mitochondria.co.za
April 2015
FUELING
UK government funds
new hydrogen stations,
upgrades
NEWS
UK H2Mobility: www.ukh2mobility.co.uk
HyFive project: www.hyfive.eu
Ricardo-AEA, hydrogen refueling stations grants:
http://tinyurl.com/ricardo-aea-hrs-grants
ITM Power: www.itm-power.com
Air Products, Hydrogen Energy:
www.airproducts.co.uk/h2energy
Fuel Cell Systems Ltd: www.fuelcellsystems.co.uk
University of South Wales, Baglan Hydrogen Centre:
http://tinyurl.com/baglan-h2-centre
Honda of the UK Manufacturing:
www.hondamanufacturing.co.uk/about-us
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking: www.fch-ju.eu
10
April 2015
NEWS / IN BRIEF
of hydrogen-powered fleets, ranging from taxis
to delivery vans operated by Commercial Group
[FCB, June 2014, p11], and a number of Hyundai
ix35 Fuel Cell cars [FCB, November 2014, p2].
Encouraging people to consider and
ultimately choose hydrogen as a transport fuel
is an important part of Londons progression
towards a low-carbon future, says Diana
Raine, LHNE coordinator and Air Products
hydrogen energy business manager. By working
with responsible partners such as Sainsburys
and providing networks of fueling stations in
convenient locations, we will be able to offer
the public a real alternative to petrol.
Hydrogen fueling technology can play an
integral role in reducing CO2 emissions, as well
as improving air quality and combating climate
change. Drivers benefit from a quieter and more
comfortable driving experience, because of the
quiet operation and smooth acceleration of
hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. Refueling takes
less than three minutes, and FCEVs offer the
same range and speed as conventional vehicles.
The 700 bar (10 000 psi) SmartFuel station at
Hendon is being delivered as part of the London
Hydrogen Network Expansion (LHNE) project,
which aims to create the UKs initial hydrogen
transport system. The project is backed by the
UK government, and co-funded by Innovate UK
(formerly the Technology Strategy Board).
The LHNE consortium, led by Air Products,
is delivering a publicly accessible, state-of-the-art,
fast-fill 350 and 700 bar hydrogen fueling station
network over a three-year period. The creation of
this network is particularly important, because the
hydrogen FCEVs now coming to market require
a 700 bar fueling system.
Air Products has recently won two funding
awards, to upgrade the Hendon and Heathrow
stations as part of the London Hydrogen
Network Upgrade, and to upgrade a mobile
refueling station to support conferences and
FCEV test drives [see page 9].
Air Products, Hydrogen Energy:
www.airproducts.co.uk/h2energy
Cenex, LHNE project:
www.cenex.co.uk/research/hydrogen/lhne
Innovate UK: www.innovateuk.org
ENERGY STORAGE
Scottish community
energy project targets
use of green hydrogen
April 2015
IN BRIEF
World added 17 hydrogen stations in 2014
The seventh annual assessment by www.
H2stations.org, a website of Ludwig-BlkowSystemtechnik (LBST) and TV SD in
Germany, reports that 17 new hydrogen refueling
stations were opened throughout the world in
2014. About one-third of the newly operational
stations are supplied by green hydrogen, i.e.
hydrogen produced using renewable energy.
As of March 2015, the total number of
hydrogen stations in operation is 184. Several
countries are prioritising hydrogen refueling
infrastructure development, which will see a
rapid increase in the number of public stations.
In North America two stations were
inaugurated in 2014, three in Asia, and 12 in
Europe. Based on information available to LBST,
a total of 82 stations are currently operated in
Europe, 63 in North America, one in South
America, and 38 in Asia. Worldwide, 74 of
these have public access, including 17 of the 29
stations in Germany.
Some older stations, operated within specific
projects which came to an end, were taken out
of service last year. But Germany, California and
Japan have ambitious programmes to extend
their hydrogen infrastructure, so some of the
currently closed stations will be reopened with
upgraded technology. There are 129 planned
stations with already determined locations: 55
in North America, two in South America, one
in Australia, 18 in Asia, and 53 in Europe (34
of which are in Germany).
Distributed generation fuel cells: FCH JU
A new study (http://tinyurl.com/fchju-DGreport) published by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Joint Undertaking (FCH JU, www.fch-ju.
eu) outlines a pathway for commercialising
stationary fuel cells in Europe. It analyses the
current and future market potential for fuel
cell distributed energy generation in Europe,
benchmarks stationary fuel cell technologies
against competing conventional technologies in
a variety of applications, and assesses potential
business models for commercialisation.
The study, Advancing Europes energy systems:
Stationary fuel cells in distributed generation,
was sponsored by FCH JU and compiled
by Roland Berger Strategy Consultants. It
builds on an interactive approach involving
more than 30 companies, institutions and
associations from the stakeholder community
of the European stationary fuel cell industry. By
considering the results of the technological and
commercial analysis, the study pinpoints focus
areas for further R&D to sustain innovation,
and provides recommendations for supportive
policy frameworks.
The FCH JU has also just published a report on
the commercialisation of energy storage in Europe
[summarised in this issues feature, on pages 1416].
11
NEWS
COMMERCIALISATION
12
RESEARCH
April 2015
NEWS / IN BRIEF
U 6
> (www.gvdcorp.com)
in Cambridge, Massachusetts will develop
improved plastic and elastomer seal coatings
to enable reliable performance of hydrogen
systems to support FCEVs.
U i (www.ginerinc.com) of Newton,
Massachusetts will address the high capital
and operating costs of electrolysis, by working
to commercialise advanced water electrolysis
catalysts that are more active and require significantly less precious metal than those used
in conventional PEM electrolysers.
DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program:
http://energy.gov/eere/transportation/hydrogen-andfuel-cells
April 2015
IN BRIEF
Tokyo opens first mobile hydrogen station
The first commercial-use mobile hydrogen
refueling station for fuel cell electric vehicles in
Japan has entered service in Tokyo. The new
station, based on a truck carrying a hydrogen
tank, is operated by Nippon Mobile Hydrogen
Station Services LLC, a joint venture between
Toyota Tsusho, Iwatani and Taiyo Nippon Sanso.
The operator anticipates opening a second
mobile station in Tokyo and two in the central
Aichi Prefecture this summer. It says that
the mobile station costs 200300 million
(US$1.72.5 million), about half the 500
million ($4.2 million) cost of setting up a
fixed station.
The mobile station, located in Tokyos
Chiyoda ward, is open weekdays from 9am
to 1pm. Japan Real Time reported that there
was only one customer on the opening day.
The mobile unit carries sufficient hydrogen to
refuel about five FCEVs, taking about 3 min
to fill a tank, with 1 kg of hydrogen retailing
for 1200 ($10).
Mercedes-Benz plant focuses on fuel cells
Daimler is comprehensively modernising
the huge Mercedes-Benz plant in StuttgartUntertrkheim, Germany, and transforming
the location into a centre of competence for
production technologies ranging from highly
efficient conventional engines to alternative
drive systems, including fuel cells.
From 1 June, Untertrkheim will assume
responsibility for a facility in Nabern, about
25 km (16 miles) to the southeast, where
assembly of the fuel cell systems will take
place. The Nabern facility will remain the
centre of competence for overall development
of fuel cell drive systems under the direction of
Daimler AG. Nabern is the base of NuCellSys
GmbH, originally part of the Fuel Cell
Alliance between Daimler, Ford and AFCC
(Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation), which
became a 100% subsidiary of Daimler in 2009
[FCB, August 2009, p10].
Alternative drive systems are an important
element of our future mobility, says Markus
Schfer, member of the divisional board for
Mercedes-Benz Cars, Manufacturing and
Supply Chain Management. Their share of
automotive production is set to steadily rise
over the next few years, complementing our
highly efficient engines within the portfolio.
Daimler (http://tinyurl.com/daimler-fcevs)
already offers a wide range of battery-electric
vehicles and hybrids around the world, and is
developing a fuel cell drivetrain in cooperation
with Ford and Nissan [FCB, February
2013, p2]. Last autumn it announced that a
Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL car from its
current fleet had been driven continuously for
more than 300 000 km (186 000 miles).
13
FEATURE
Study on commercialisation
of energy storage in European
market to 2030 and beyond
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batteries (lead-acid, lithium-ion, flow and
NaS), pumped hydroelectric, compressed
air energy storage, liquid air energy storage,
and electrolytic hydrogen production and
re-electrification (e.g. in gas turbines).
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storage of heat for later use.
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outside the electric power sector, e.g. Power14
Europe-wide input
The compilation of the report has been
supported by the European Commission,
with financial support by the Fuel Cells and
Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU),
and analytical support from management
consultancy McKinsey & Company.
It incorporates contributions from Abengoa
Hidrogeno, Air Liquide, AkzoNobel,
Alstom, ECN Energy research Centre of the
Netherlands, Element Energy, Eurogas industry
association, GERG (European Gas Research
Group), HEDNO (Hellenic Electricity
Distribution Network Operator), Hellenic
Petroleum, HIA (Hydrogen Implementing
Agreement of the International Energy
Agency), Hydrogenics, Inabensa SA (Abengoa
business unit), ITM Power, The Linde
Group, Moixa Technology, NEL Hydrogen,
Northern Power Grid, NOW GmbH (National
Organisation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell
Technology), Proton OnSite, PAE RAE (Greek
Regulatory Authority for Energy), REDT
Energy Storage, RES Americas (Renewable
Energy Systems Ltd), Shell, Siemens, Statkraft,
Statoil, sunfire gmbh, Tata Chemicals, Vanadis
Power, Vattenfall, and Voith.
Renewables variability
The report aims to provide a deeper
understanding of the role and commercial
viability of energy storage, in enabling increasing
levels of intermittent renewable power
generation. It also highlights the actions required
to ensure that energy storage is allowed to
compete fairly with the other flexibility options.
April 2015
FEATURE
integrating renewable energy sources. The
new report therefore focuses on the question:
to what extent can current and new energy
storage technologies contribute to better
integration of renewables in the long term,
and play additional roles in the short term?
Storage technologies
Energy storage fulfils three functions: to charge,
hold, and discharge energy. The FCH JU
study considers Power-to-Power (P2P) storage,
where the energy carrier that is charged and
discharged is electricity, as well as conversion
to other carriers (heat and hydrogen), where
electricity is charged and the energy is released
from storage outside the electric power system
in the form of hydrogen or heat. In particular,
as highlighted in the Scope section above,
three types of energy storage technologies are
considered: Power-to-Power (P2), conversion of
power to heat and heat storage, and conversion
of power to hydrogen for use outside the power
industry.
Figure 1. The FCH JU study focuses on energy storage, one of the four main technological options
for the integration of variable renewable energy (VRE). RES = renewable energy source.
the role it can play in the integration of different parts of the broader energy sector (electric
power, heating, gas grid).
April 2015
FEATURE
Even with a 10-fold increase in installed
P2P storage capacities, a significant amount
of backup non-renewable generation and large
installed non-renewable power plant capacity
would still be required for prolonged periods
(several days) with low wind and sunshine. At
the same time, in the high-renewables scenario,
there would still be periods with large amounts
of excess renewable energy that could not be
used in the electric power system directly or
through P2P storage.
3. Demand for storage is largest in island systems,
and smallest in countries with large reservoir
hydroelectric capacity.
Demand for energy storage differs significantly between countries with different generation profiles. In particular, large reservoir
hydroelectric capacity such as in Sweden is a
carbon-free option to integrate renewables and
eliminate the need for further storage. By contrast, non-interconnected islands, or markets
that behave as such, are a suitable early market
for storage driven by emerging renewable curtailment and very high fossil generation costs.
Depending on the island characteristics, there
may already be economic demand for storage
reaching tens of percent of installed power generation capacity.
4. Ability of conversion of power to heat to integrate variable renewable energy: conversion of
power to heat can contribute to its integration,
but its potential is limited by heating-related
electricity demand.
Conversion of electricity to heat and heat
storage is a proven and relatively low-cost option
for providing flexibility in the power system.
As increasing penetration of variable renewable
energy sources and higher fuel and CO2 costs
will drive higher volatility in electricity prices,
the business case for and penetration of heat
storage will improve further. Conversion to heat
and heat storage will be able to utilise some
of the excess renewable energy, and reduce the
required non-renewable generation. However,
the potential of conversion to heat to integrate
variable renewable energy is limited by the share
of electricity demand used for heating and by its
seasonality.
5. Ability of conversion to hydrogen to integrate
variable renewable energy: conversion of electricity to hydrogen for use outside the power
sector has the potential to productively utilise
nearly all excess renewable electricity that would
be curtailed.
Conversion of electricity to hydrogen
through water electrolysis, and use of this
16
U *>ivV>iii>Li
energy producers, removing an incentive for
productive use of the curtailed electricity.
Acknowledgment
This article has been compiled from the
Executive Summary of the report, the full
version of which can be downloaded from
the FCH JU website.
Full report (4.2 MB):
http://tinyurl.com/fchju-energystorage
European Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking:
www.fch-ju.eu
April 2015
PATENTS
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April 2015
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17
PATENTS
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18
Corrosion-resistant PEMFC
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April 2015
PATENTS
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April 2015
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19