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TELECOMUNICACIONES
TRANSFORMADA DE FOURIER
EN TIEMPO DISCRETO
Teorema
Teorema de
de muestreo
muestreo
Tiene un profundo significado en la teora de la comunicacin:
G()
.g(t)
gs (t ) g (t ) (t nTs )
-2B
gs (t )
Gs ( )
g(t)e
T(t)
1
Ts
2B
W(w)
jnst
t
G()
.gs(t)
1
Ts
G( n )
s 4B
2
Ts
Ts 21B
s 2(2B)
Intervalo
de Nyquist
Velocidad de
muestreo
Muestreo Prctico
1
Ts
2B
gs (t ) g (t ).k (t )
Gs ( )
gs (t ) Kn g(t )e
n
K G( n )
jst
MUESTREO PRCTICO
Muestreo
C/D
conversor C/D
X[n]
Cont.
seal continua
Y que
Cont.
Resulta la relacin:
Observamos que
es a la vez:
* Repeticin peridica de
.
* Un escalado por un factor
de
en
corresponde con el que toma
continuacin
Podemos escribir la relacin directa entre
.
. ver figura.
Muestreo periodico
s(t) (t nT )
xs (t ) xc (t )s(t )
xs (t ) xc (t ) (t nT )
xs (t ) xc (nT ) (t nT )
n
No contiene informacin de la
frecuencia de muestreo.
Tomando la T.F.
2
S ( j)
( ks )
T
X s ( j)
1
X c ( j) * S ( j)
2
1
X s ( j) X c ( j( ks ))
T k
s 2 N
s 2 N
. X r ( j) H r ( j) X s ( j)
xc (t )
s 2 N
xs (t )
N c (s N )
X r ( j) X c ( j)
xc (t )
cos 0t
s 20
s 20
cos 0t
cos(s 0 )t
cos 0t
T
. eorema de Nyquist:
2
2 N
T
Sabemos que
xs (t )
La T.F.
Como x[n] x (nT )
c
Y
X (e j )
X (e j )
X c ( j)
de la
x (nT ) (t nT )
X s ( j) xc (nT )e jTn
jn
x
[
n
]
e
X s ( j) X (e j ) | T X (e jT )
X (e
jT
1
) X c ( j( ks ))
;
T k
O de forma equivalente
1
2k
X (e ) X c ( j(
))
T k
T T
j
2
12000
T
X c ( j) ( 4000 ) ( 4000)
Solapamiento de
xc (t ) cos 4000t
2 / T 3000 2 8000
s
xn
jk ( 2 / N ) n
a
e
k
k N
1
ak
N
N2
x[n]e
jk ( 2 / N ) n
n N1
Definiendo la funcin
Vemos que
x(e
jk ( 2 / N ) n
x
[
n
]
e
jn
x
[
n
]
e
1
X (e jk0 )
Combinando la 1era yNla ltima ecuacin:
ak
Ya que
reescribir:
2
N
~
o
1
N
2
1
x[n]
2
x[n]
k N
1
X (e jk0 )e jk0n
N
jk0
jk0 n
X
(
e
)
e
0
k N
Cont...TFTD
A medida que
1
j
jn
x[n]
X
(
e
)
e
d
2 2
x[n] x[n]
X (e j )
jn
x
[
n
]
e
X (e j ) es peridica con
Dada la funcin:
x[n] 21 X (e j )e jn d
2
X (e ) n x[n]e jn
t
-N1
N2
5.5
5
4.5
4
Ejemplo:
x[n] a [n]......| a | 1
n
3.5
3
2.5
x(e ) (ae )
j
n 0
j n
1
1ae j
1.5
1
0.5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Si a=0.8
10
1.25
1.2
1.8
1.15
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.05
1
1.2
0.95
0.9
0.8
0.85
0.8
-10
0.6
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Si a=0.2
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
Si a=0.5
10
Cont......TFD
Dado:
x[n] a ........| a | 1 X (e
La transf.Discreta de Fourier: m n
|n|
X (e
j
) a e
) (a e
n
a
X (e ) 12a1cos
a 2
X (e
n 0
n 0
jn
) (ae j ) m
n
m1
1
ae j
)
1 ae j
1 ae j
9
8
7
6
5
.a=0.8
4
3
2
1
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
e jn
10
Cont.....TFD
Ejemplo:
X (e j )
1........
|n|N1
0........
|n| N1
x[n] {
X[n]
1
N1
jn
e
n N1
-N1
N1
sen (1/ 2 N1 )
X (e )
sen( / 2)
j
Si N1=2
-1
-2
-15
-10
-5
10
15
Cont...TDF
10
Si N1= 4
-2
-4
-15
-10
-5
10
15
16
14
12
10
8
N1=7
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-15
-10
-5
10
15
Dado el diagrama:
G()
H(
R( ) G( )H ( | G( ) || H ( ) | e
R()
j[Gg ( )h ( )]
| H () | K
Cont....
Tambien pata Tx sin distorsin, el atraso en la fase que ocasiona
H(w) en cada componente de frecuencia debe ser proporcional a
la frecuencia de cada componente.
h ( ) td
r (t ) kg (t t d )
R( ) [ Kg(t td )] KG( )e
|H(w)|
h(w)
jtd
Cont.......
En el ckto:
R=1000
g(t )
c 109 f
r(t)
1/ jc
1
a
H ( )
a
si
....
a
| H ( ) | 2
1
2
a
Eg (t ) g (t )dt 1
2
2
| G( ) |2 d
Eg g ( )df 2 g ( )df
En un sistema lineal invariante en el tiempo:
H(w)
G(w)
R(w)
r () | R() | | H ()G() | | H () | g ()
2
DEE de un exponencial
DEE:
2
2
g () T sin c (T / 2 )
Eg g (t )dt 1dt T
T /2
.g(t)
T / 2
F.P.Bajo
.r(t)
T
Er 2 T sin c ( )df
0
2
fc
f cT
Er
2
2 T sin c ( fT )d ( fT )
0
Eg
g(t )
( ) [G( 0 ) G( 0 )]
g ( ) (
)
2
2B
K
1
2
( ) | G( 0 ) G( 0 ) |
4
1
1
( ) g ( 0 ) g ( 0 )
4
4
( )
K/4
-0
Pg lim T1
T
g (t )dt
cuadrado de
la seal
T / 2
t
.gT(t)
t
-T/2
T/2
Conforme T
ET
gT (t )dt
Pero:
Pg lim
T
ET
T
gT (t ) GT ( )
1
2
Cont......DEP
| GT ( ) |2 d
gT (t )dt
T /2
T / 2
g (t )dt
lim T1 [ 21 | GT ( ) |2 d
T ET | GT ( ) |2
Pg lim
T
ET
T
Sg ( ) lim
T
|GT ( )|2
1
2
T
T
|GT ( )|2
T
lim
Densidad espectral de
Potencia ( DEP ).
Cont....DEP
Remplazando en la ecuacin anterior:
Pg
Pg 2 Sg (2f )df
1
2 g
S ( )d
La autocorrelacin:
T /2
1
T T / 2
T
g1g2 ( ) lim
g ( ) lim T1
T /2
Se deduce
g ( ) g ( )
T / 2
g1(t ) g2 (t )dt
g (t ) g (t )dt
Cont......de autocorrelacin
Cont....
g ( ) lim
g (t ) gT (t )dt lim
1
T
T
T
g ( )
T
T
T
{g ( )} lim {
g ( ) lim
T
|GT ( )|2
T
Pg g (0)
Sg ( )
g ( ) lim
T
A2
2
lim {
1
T
g ( )
T
T
T /2
g (t ) A cos(0t )
T / 2
T /2
T / 2
cos 0dt
g ( )
T /2
T / 2
A2
2
cos(20t 0 2 )dt
cos(0 ) 0
Cont.......Autocorrelacin.
A
Si: S g ( ) {g ( )}
{ ( 0 ) ( 0 )}
2
2
2
A
Pg g (0)
2
Hallar la DEP de
(t ) g (t ) cos 0t
1
( ) g ( ) cos 0
2
1
S ( ) Sg ( 0 ) Sg ( 0 )
4
Hallar:
g ( )
, Sg ( ) , Pg de la funcin
g (t ) A1 cos(1t 1 ) A2 cos(2t 2 )
g (t ) g1 (t ) g 2 (t )
lim 1
g ( )
{ g1(t ) g1(t )dt g2 (t ) g2 (t )dt g1(t ) g2 (t )dt g2 (t ) g1(t )dt
T T
g ( ) g1 ( ) g2 ( ) g1g2 ( ) g2g1 ( )
Evaluando:
Finalmente
g1g2 ( ) g2g1 ( ) 0
g ( ) g1 ( ) g2 ( )
2
A
g1 ( ) 1 cos 1
2
A2
g2 ( )
cos 2
2
2
2
g ( ) {A1 [ ( 1) ( 1)] A2 [ ( 2 ) ( 1)]
2