Two Phase Flow Pattern and Flow Pattern

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE
Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Describe two-phase flow patterns for flows inside

horizontal and vertical tubes.
Show some videos of two-phase flows.
Present flow pattern maps for vertical tubes.
Present flow pattern maps for horizontal tubes.
Describe two-phase flows on the outside of tube
bundles.
Show flow pattern map for horizontal tube
bundles.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Fig. 12.1. Missing Mist Flow, which is numerous small

liquid droplets dispersed in continous vapor phase.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Bubbly flow. Numerous bubbles are observable as the gas is dispersed in the form of
discrete bubbles in the continuous liquid phase. The bubbles may vary widely in size and
shape but they are typically nearly spherical and are much smaller than the diameter of
the tube itself.
Slug flow. With increasing gas void fraction, the proximity of the bubbles is very close
such that bubbles collide and coalesce to form larger bubbles, which are similar in size
to the tube diameter and have a characteristic shape similar to a bullet with a
hemispherical nose and a blunt tail. They are commonly referred to as Taylor bubbles.
These bubbles are separated by slugs of liquid, which may include small entrained
bubbles. Taylor bubbles have a thin liquid film between them and the tube wall, which
may flow downward due to gravity, even though the net flow of fluid is upward.
Churn flow. Increasing the velocity of the flow, the structure of the flow becomes
unstable with the fluid travelling up and down in an oscillatory fashion but with a net
upward flow. The instability is the result of the relative parity of the gravity and shear
forces acting in opposing direction on the thin liquid film surrounding Taylor bubbles.
This flow pattern is in fact an intermediate regime between the slug flow and annular
flow regimes. Churn flow is typically a flow regime to be avoided in two-phase transfer
lines, such as those from a reboiler back to a distillation column or in refrigerant piping
networks, because the slugs may have a destructive consequence on the piping system.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Annular flow. Once the interfacial shear of the high velocity gas on the liquid film
becomes dominant over gravity force, the liquid is expelled from the center of the tube
and flows as a thin film on the wall (forming an annular ring of liquid) while the gas
flows as a continuous phase up the center of the tube. The interface is disturbed by high
frequency waves and ripples. In addition, liquid may be entrained in the gas core as
small droplets, so much so that the fraction of liquid entrained may become similar to
that in the film. This flow regime is particularly stable and is the desired flow pattern for
two-phase pipe flows.
Wispy annular flow. When the flow rate is further increased, the entrained droplets may
form transient coherent structures as clouds or wisps of liquid in the central vapor core.
Mist flow. At very high gas flow rates, the annular film is thinned by the shear of the gas
core on the interface until it becomes unstable and is destroyed, such that all the liquid
in entrained as droplets in the continuous gas phase, analogous to the inverse of the
bubbly flow regime. Impinging liquid droplets intermittently wet the tube wall locally.
The droplets in the mist are often too small to be seen without special lighting and/or
magnification.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Mist
Flow
Fig. 12.3. Not all flow regimes are

necessarily encountered depending
on flow conditions.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
& = lb ft 2 s
m
1
x
0 .9
Fig. 12.4. Note that it is presented in U.S. units.

0 .5
0 .5
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Example Calculation: A two-phase fluid is flowing upwards in a vertical

pipe of internal diameter of 1.0 in. The fluid properties are as follows: liquid
density = 60 lb/ft3; vapor density = 2 lb/ft3; liquid viscosity = 0.4 cp; vapor
viscosity = 0.01 cp. If the vapor quality is 0.2 and the total flow rate of
liquid and vapor is 3600 lb/h, using the Fair flow pattern map, what is the
local flow pattern expected to be?
Solution: The mass flow rate of 3600 lb/h is equivalent to 1.0 lb/s. The
internal diameter is 1 in. = 1/12 ft. The mass velocity is then obtained by
dividing the mass flow rate by the internal cross-sectional area of the tube,
such that the mass velocity = 183.3 lb/ft2s. The parameter on the x-axis of
the Fair map is: x 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.9 60 0.5 0.01 0.1
L G
1 x G L

1
0
.
2
2
0
.
4
= 1.09
Thus, using the values of 183.3 and 1.09 on the map, the flow regime is
identified to be annular flow.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Fig. 12.5. Dual units shown.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Note: plug and slug flows are

often regrouped into one
category: intermittent flow
Fig. 12.2. Missing Mist Flow, which

is numerous small liquid droplets
dispersed in continous vapor phase.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Two-phase flow patterns in horizontal tubes are similar to those

in vertical flows but the distribution of the liquid is influenced by
gravity that acts to stratify the liquid to the bottom of the tube
and the gas to the top. Flow patterns for co-current flow of gas
and liquid in a horizontal tube are shown in Fig. 12.2 and are
categorized as follows:
Bubbly flow. The gas bubbles are dispersed in the liquid with a
high concentration of bubbles in the upper half of the tube due to
their buoyancy. When shear forces are dominant, the bubbles
tend to disperse uniformly in the tube. In horizontal flows, the
regime typically only occurs at high mass flow rates.
Stratified flow. At low liquid and gas velocities, complete
separation of the two phases occurs. The gas goes to the top and
the liquid to the bottom of the tube, separated by an undisturbed
horizontal interface. Hence the liquid and gas are fully stratified
in this regime.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Intermittent flow. Further increasing the gas velocity, these

interfacial waves become large enough to wash the top of the tube.
This regime is characterized by large amplitude waves
intermittently washing the top of the tube with smaller amplitude
waves in between. Large amplitude waves often contain entrained
bubbles. The top wall is nearly continuously wetted by the large
amplitude waves and the thin liquid films left behind. Intermittent
flow is also a composite of the plug and slug flow regimes. These
subcategories are characterized as follows:
Plug flow. This flow regime has liquid plugs that are separated by
elongated gas bubbles. The diameters of the elongated bubbles
are smaller than the tube such that the liquid phase is continuous
along the bottom of the tube below the elongated bubbles. Plug
flow is also sometimes referred to as elongated bubble flow.
Slug flow. At higher gas velocities, the diameters of elongated
bubbles become similar in size to the channel height. The liquid
slugs separating such elongated bubbles can also be described as
large amplitude waves.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Stratified-wavy flow. Increasing the gas velocity in a stratified

flow, waves are formed on the interface and travel in the
direction of flow. The amplitude of the waves is notable and
depends on the relative velocity of the two phases; however,
their crests do not reach the top of the tube. The waves climb up
the sides of the tube, leaving thin films of liquid on the wall after
the passage of the wave.
Annular flow. At even larger gas flow rates, the liquid forms a
continuous annular film around the perimeter of the tube,
similar to that in vertical flow but the liquid film is thicker at the
bottom than the top. The interface between the liquid annulus
and the vapor core is disturbed by small amplitude waves and
droplets may be dispersed in the gas core. At high gas fractions,
the top of the tube with its thinner film becomes dry first, so that
the annular film covers only part of the tube perimeter and thus
this is then classified as stratified-wavy flow.
Mist flow. Similar to vertical flow, at very high gas velocities, all
the liquid may be stripped from the wall and entrained as small
droplets in the now continuous gas phase.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
G L
=
air water
= water

L

water
water
1/ 2
2 1/ 3
water = 1000 kg/m3;

air = 1.23 kg/m3;
water = 0.001 Ns/m2;
water = 0.072 N/m.
Fig. 12.6. Note that it is presented in dual units.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Fig. 12.7. Use following Eqs.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
(dp / dz )L
X=
(
)
dp
/
dz
G
1/ 2
m& G
FrG =
1/ 2
[ G ( L G ) d i g ]
(dp / dz )L
T =
g ( L G )
1/ 2
K = FrG Re1L/ 2
& Ld i
m
Re L =
L
& d
m
Re G = G i
G
(dp / dz )k
k =
2 k m& k2
=
k di
16
Re k
0.079
k =
Re1k/ 4
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Example 12.3: Determine the local flow pattern at the following qualities (0.05,
0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95) for a fluid flowing in a horizontal tube of 22 mm internal
diameter whose flow rate is 0.1 kg/s. Physical properties: liquid density is 1200
kg/m3, gas density is 20 kg/m3, surface tension is 0.012 N/m and the liquid and
vapor dynamic viscosities are 0.0003 Ns/m2 and 0.00001 Ns/m2.
=x
&G
m
0.05
13.16
0.25
65.79
0.50
131.6
0.75
197.4
0.95
250.0
&L
m
ReG
G
(dp/dz)G
ReL
L
(dp/dz)L
X
FrG
T
K
Pattern
250.0
28952
0.00606
-4.77
18336
0.00679
-32.1
2.60
0.184
0.053
Intermittent
197.4
144760
0.00405
-79.68
14476
0.00720
-21.3
0.516
0.922
Annular
131.6
289520
0.00341
-268.4
9651
0.00797
-10.5
0.197
1.84
Annular
65.79
434280
0.00308
-545.5
4825
0.00948
-3.11
0.0755
2.77
Annular
13.16
550088
0.00290
-823.9
965
0.01660
-0.218
0.0163
3.50
Annular
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Fig. 12.8. Not all flow regimes are necessarily encountered.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Existing Map for Adiabatic and Evaporating Flows.

700
R 1 3 4 a D =1 2 mm Tsa t= 1 0 C
G m is t
600
500
MF
XIA
400
q =15 kW /m
300
Gwavy
200
G s t ra t
100
q =0 kW /m
SW
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
V a por qua lity

0.8
1.0
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
History of this map:

Work began in 1992 to get flow pattern data;
Objective was to obtain an accurate but user friendly map;
We modified Steiner VDI adiabatic map, who used R-12 & R-22
data to modify Taitel-Dukler map;
Our map is based on our data for R-134a, R-123, R-502, R-402A
and R-404A for 100<G<500 kg/m2s;
Map published in J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 120, February, 1998.
New map also successfully compared to R-407C flow pattern data
for 100<G<300 kg/m2s in 1998;
Zrcher ammonia flow pattern data at 4C for 20<G<140 kg/m2s
well categorized by new map (with minor changes to two eqs.);
New map and heat transfer model awarded ASME Best Paper
Award for Journal of Heat Transfer in 1998;
New observations recently taken for R-22 and R-410A.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Flow pattern map observations:

Parameter ranges: 12.0 Tube I.D. 14.0 mm, 1.12 Psat
8.9 bar, 0.0085 Pr 0.225, 16.3 mass velocity 500
kg/m2s, 0.01 x 0.99, and 440 q 58,000 W/m2.
Fluids: R-123, R-134a, ammonia, R-502, R-402A, R-404A
and R-407C (over 1000 observations; now also R-22 and R410A in 8 and 13.8 mm tubes).
Notes:
Bubbly flow transition has not been tested at all;
Mist flow transition is part of current Ph.D. study;
Wider range of Diameters is under study;
Higher Reduced pressures are under study.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Geometric eqs:
AG
Fig. 12.10:
PG
Pi
h
A
A
P
P
P
, P Ld = L , P Gd = G , P id = i , A Ld = 2L , A Gd = 2G
h Ld =
di
di
di
di
di
di
di
h
For hLd 0.5:
0.5
0.5
P Ld = 8 ( h Ld ) 2 h Ld (1 h Ld ) 3 , P Gd = P Ld
0.5
0.5
A Ld = 12 h Ld (1 h Ld ) + 8 ( h Ld ) h Ld 15 , A Gd = A Ld
4
For hLd > 0.5:
0.5
0.5
A Gd = 12 h Ld (1 h Ld ) + 8 (1 h Ld ) (1 h Ld ) 15 , A Ld = A Gd
4
For 0 hLd 1:
P id = 2 h Ld (1 h Ld )
PL
[12.4.13]
0.5
0.5
P Gd = 8 (1 h Ld ) 2 h Ld (1 h Ld ) 3 , P Ld = P Gd
AL
)0.5
[12.4.14]
[12.4.15]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Geometric eqs., cont.:

Since h is unknown, an iterative method utilizing the following equation is
necessary to calculate the reference liquid level hLd:
X2tt
P Gd + P id 1 4 2 P Gd + P id P id 1 4 64 A 3Ld

+
=

64 A 2Gd A Gd
A Ld P Ld 2 P Ld
[12.4.16]
Once the reference liquid level hLd is known, the dimensionless variables are
calculated from Eqs. (12.4.13) to (12.4.15) and the transition curves for the new
flow pattern map are determined with Equations (12.4.1) to (12.4.11).
This map was developed from a database for five refrigerants: two singlecomponent fluids (R-134a and R-123), two near-azeotropic mixtures (R-402A
and R-404A) and one azeotropic mixture (R-502). The test conditions covered
the following range of variables: mass flow rates from 100 to 500 kg/m2s, vapor
qualities from 4-100%, heat fluxes from 440 to 36500 W/m2, saturation
pressures from 0.112 to 0.888 MPa, Weber numbers from 1.1 to 234.5, and
liquid Froude numbers from 0.037 to 1.36. The Kattan-Thome-Favrat flow
pattern map correctly identified 96.2% of these flow pattern data.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
The transition boundary curve between annular and intermittent flows to

stratified-wavy flow is:
0.5
F2 ( q )
16 A 3 g d
2
Gd
F1 ( q ) We
i L G
+1 + 50
(
)
1
x
& wavy =
m
0
.
5
2
2
Fr L
x 2 1 (2h Ld 1) 2 25 h Ld

[12.4.1]
The high vapor quality portion of this curve depends on the ratio of the Froude
number (FrL) to the Weber number (WeL), where FrL is the ratio of the inertia
to the surface tension forces while WeL is the ratio of inertia to gravity forces.
The mass velocity threshold for the transition from annular flow to mist flow is:
2
7680A Gd
gd i LG Fr
& mist =

m
2 2
We
L
x Ph
0 .5
[12.4.2]
Evaluating the above expression for the minimum mass velocity of the mist flow
transition gives the value of xmin, which for x > xmin:
& min
& mist = m
m
[12.4.3]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
The transition between stratified-wavy flow and fully stratified flow is given by
the expression
2
(226.3)2A LdA Gd
G( L G ) Lg
& strat =
m
3
2
(
)
x 1 x
1/ 3
[12.4.4]
The transition threshold into bubbly flow is
256 A Gd A 2Ld d 1.25 ( L G ) g

i
L
& bubbly =
m
0.25
1.75 2
(
)
0
.
3164
1
x
P id L
1 / 1.75
[12.4.5]
In the above equations, the ratio of We to Fr is
g d 2i L
We
=
Fr L
[12.4.6]
and the friction factor is
Ph = 1.138 + 2 log
1.5ALd
[12.4.7]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
& wavy boundary equation

The non-dimensional empirical exponents F1(q) and F2(q) in the m
include the effect of heat flux on the onset of dryout of the annular film, i.e. the transition of
annular flow into annular flow with partial dryout, the latter which is classified as stratifiedwavy flow by the map. They are:
2
q
q
+ 64.8
F1 (q ) = 646.0
q DNB
q DNB
[12.4.8a]
q
+ 1.023
F2 (q ) = 18.8
q
DNB
[12.4.8b]
Note: In recent unpublished work covering a wide range of heat fluxes at high vapor qualities,
we have found that the heat flux effect in the above two expressions is too strong and
recommend using q/2 in place of q in the above two expressions. The Kutateladze (1948)
correlation for the heat flux of departure from nucleate boiling, qDNB is used to normalize the
local heat flux:
q DNB = 0.131G
1/ 2
h LG[g(L G ) ]
1/ 4
[12.4.9]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
The vertical boundary between intermittent flow and annular flow is assumed to occur at a
fixed value of the Martinelli parameter, Xtt, equal to 0.34, where Xtt is defined as:
0.5
G

L
0.875
1 x
Xtt =
x
0.125
L

G
[12.4.10]
Solving for x, the threshold line of the intermittent-to-annular flow transition at xIA is:
x IA
1 / 7
1 / 1.75
L
G
+1
= 0.2914

L
G
[12.4.11]
Figure 12.10 defines the geometrical dimensions of the flow where PL is the wetted perimeter
of the tube, PG is the dry perimeter in contact with only vapor, h is the height of the
completely stratified liquid layer, and Pi is the length of the phase interface. Similarly AL and
AG are the corresponding cross-sectional areas.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Zrcher, Thome and Favrat (1997) obtained additional two-phase flow pattern observations
for the zeotropic refrigerant mixture R-407C at an inlet saturation pressure of 0.645 MPa and
the map accurately identified these new flow pattern data. Zrcher, Thome and Favrat (1999)
also obtained two-phase flow pattern data for ammonia with a 14 mm bore sight glass for
mass velocities from 20 to 140 kg/m2s, vapor qualities from 1-99% and heat fluxes from 5000
to 58000 W/m2, all taken at a saturation temperature of 4C and saturation pressure of 0.497
MPa. Thus, the mass velocity range in the database was extended from 100 kg/m2s down to
& strat was too low and Eq.
20 kg/m2s. In particular, it was observed that the transition curve m
(12.4.4), was empirically corrected by adding +20x as follows:
2
(226.3)2 A Ld A Gd
G ( L G ) L g
=
+ 20 x
2
3
(
)
x
1
13
& strat
m
[12.4.17]
& strat is in kg/m2s. The transition from stratified-wavy flow to annular flow at high
where m
vapor qualities was instead observed to be too high and hence an additional empirical term
with an exponential factor modifying the boundary at high vapor qualities was added to
Equation (12.4.1) to take this into account as:
& wavy( new ) = m

& wavy 75e
m
x 2 0.97
x (1 x )
where the mass velocity is in kg/m2s.
[12.4.18]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
In addition, Zrcher, Thome and Favrat (1999) found that the onset of dryout effect in the
Kattan-Thome-Favrat map was too strong compared to their new, more extensive
observations for ammonia. They recommended reducing that the influence by one-half, so the
value of q in expressions [12.4.8a] and [12.4.8b] should be replaced with q/2.
To utilize this map, the following parameters are required: vapor quality (x), mass velocity
& ), tube internal diameter (di), heat flux (q), liquid density (L), vapor density (G), liquid
(m
dynamic viscosity (L), vapor dynamic viscosity (G), surface tension (), and latent heat of
vaporization (hLG), all in SI units. The local flow pattern is identified as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Solve Eq. (12.4.16) iteratively with Eqs. (12.4.10), (12.4.13), (12.4.14) and (12.4.15);
Evaluate Eq. (12.4.12);
Evaluate Eqs. (12.4.6), (12.4.7), (12.4.8a), (12.4.8b) and (12.4.9);
Evaluate Eqs. (12.4.1), (12.4.2) or (12.4.3), (12.4.4), (12.4.5) and (12.4.11);
& to identify the flow pattern.
Compare these values to the given values of x and m
Note that Eq. (12.4.18) should be used in place of Eq. (12.4.1) and Eq. (12.4.17) should be used
in place of Eq. (12.4.11) to utilize the most updated version. The map is thus specific to the
fluid properties, flow conditions (heat flux) and tube internal diameter input into the
equations. The map can be programmed into any computer language, evaluating the
transition curves in incremental steps of 0.01 in vapor quality to obtain a tabular set of
& vs. x as coordinates.
threshold boundary points, then displayed as a complete map with m
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Figure 12.9
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Flow Pattern Map for n-Butane.

400
350
MF
300
n-buta ne T sa t=60C D =19.89mm q=15kW / m2
250
200
150
A
100
SW
50
S
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Vapor quality
0.8
1.0
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Flow Pattern Map for Propane.

400
MF
350
300
P ropa ne T sa t=0C D =15.75mm q=15kW / m2
250
200
150
100
SW
50
S
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Vapor quality
0.8
1.0
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Geometric eqs: hLD =
Pi
h
, PiD =
di
di
AL = A(1 ),
AV = A
AL
= 2,
di
AV
AVD = 2
di
ALD
New eqs: h LD
AG
PG
Pi
di
AL
2 strat
= 0.51 cos

2
2 strat
PiD = sin
x 1 x 1.18 (1 x )[g ( L V )]0.25

x
+
=
+
(1 + 0.12(1 x ))
0.5
&
V
L
L
V
strat
1/ 3
3
1/ 3
1/ 3
(1 ) + 1 2(1 ) + (1 )
2
= 2 2
1 (1 )[1 2(1 )]1 + 4 (1 )2 + 2
200
[ (
PL
)]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Stratified-Wavy Transition:
0. 5
(
)
F
q
3
2
16 A gd

F ( q ) We
VD
i L V
(1 x )
+ 1
m& wavy =
2 0.5 25h 2
2 2
Fr L
x 1 (2hLD 1)

LD
(x 2 0.97 )2
+ 50 75 exp
x(1 x )
Stratified Transition:
13
2
2
(226.3) A Ld A Gd G ( L G ) L g
& strat =
m
+ 20 x
2
3
x (1 x )
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Intermittent-Annular Transition (from setting

Xtt = 0.34):
1
1 / 7
1 / 1.75
L
G
+1
x IA = 0.2914
L
G
0.125
0.5
1 x
=
X
x
G

L
0.875
tt
L

G
Mist Transition: Solve for
= 0.34
& min
& mist = m
m
0 .5
2
7680A Gd
gd i LG Fr
& mist =

m
2
We L
x 2 Ph
& bubbly =
Bubbly Transition: m
(L G ) g
256 A Gd A 2Ld d 1.25

i
L
1.75 2
0.3164 (1 x )
P id L
1 / 1.75
0.25
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Other Equations:
2
q/2
q/2
(
q
)
646
.
0
64
.
8
=
+
F
q
q
crit
q / 2
+1.023
F2 (q) = 18.8
q
crit
1
crit
1/ 2
qcrit = 0.131 V
h LV [g(L V ) ]
2
g
d
We
i L
=
Fr L
Ph = 1.138 + 2 log
1.5ALd
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
In new IJHMT
Paper (2003):
Stratified=S
Strat-Wavy=SW
Intermittent=I
Annular=A
Mist=MF
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW ALONG AXIAL LENGTH OF TEST SECTION
COPPER TUBE BEARING HEAT SOURCE WATER WITH STAINLESS STEEL
ROD POSITIONED CONCENTRICALLY WITHIN THE COPPER TUBE
COPPER TUBE BEARING HEAT SOURCE WATER WITH STAINLESS STEEL
TUBE POSITIONED CONCENTRICALLY WITHIN THE COPPER TUBE
OUTLET PRESSURE TAP
REFRIGERANT
OUTLET
LIQUID
FILM
THERMOCOUPLES
LIQUID
REFRIGERANT
DROPLETS
CONVECTION
THROUGH
LIQUID FILM
(SPRAY FLOW)
VAPOR
REFRIGERANT
SLIDING
BUBBLE
EVAPORATION
HEAT SOURCE (CHUGGING FLOW)
WATER
DUMMY
TUBES
SATURATED
NUCLEATE
BOILING
FLOW DISTRI(BUBBLY FLOW/
BUTING PLATE
BUBBLE JET FLOW)
LIQUID
REFRIGERANT
INLET
PRESSURE
TAP
REFRIGERANT
INLET
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
The coordinate axes are modified

Baker parameters based on
superficial liquid and gas
velocities, uLs and uGs, corrected
for fluid property variations.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Chisholm (1985) more recently has presented the following transition thresholds in
terms of vapor quality for horizontal flows:
Stratified flow:
1 x B R 1
=
xB
BB
Bubbly flow:
1 xS R 1
=
xS
BS
Spray flow:
1 xF R 1
=
xF
BF
2 /( 2 m )
[12.6.1]
2 /( 2 m )
[12.6.2]
2 /( 2 m )
[12.6.3]
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
In these equations, xS, xB, and xF are the transition qualities for the stratified,
bubbly, and spray transition points, respectively. The other parameters are defined
as:
m
[12.6.4]
R = 1.3 + 0.59FrL N 2 L
G
BS
(2
=
2m
2
;
(Y + 1)
1/ 2

BB = L ;
G

dp dp
Y = / = L
dz G dz L G

BF = L
G
m/2
[12.6.5]
[12.6.6]
and m is the exponent in a Blasius-type single-phase friction factor equation. The

quantity FrL, is the Froude number for the total flow as liquid with the velocity
based on the minimum cross-sectional area in the tube bundle normal to the flow
direction. The reliability of general use of these methods for prediction of flow
pattern transitions is not able to be qualified here.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
Two-phase flow patterns have been too long

ignored in heat transfer and pressure drop prediction
methods.
The Thome and coworker flow pattern maps for
horizontal flows (adiabatic, evaporating and
condensing) in plain tubes provide much more
accuracy, more reliability and follow the trends in
data better than earlier maps.
Still remains a considerable amount of work to do
on flow pattern transition boundary predictions for
this and other applications, such as: effects of oil,
microfins (some work done by Profs. Leibenberg and
Meyer at Univ. of Pretoria), tube orientation, etc.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
12.1: Determine the local flow pattern for each of the following qualities (0.05,
0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95) for a fluid flowing up a vertical tube of 22 mm internal
diameter using Hewitt map. Flow rate of the fluid is 0.1 kg/s and physical properties
are: liquid density = 1200 kg/m3, gas density = 20 kg/m3, surface tension = 0.012
N/m, liquid and vapor dynamic viscosities are 0.0003 Ns/m2 and 0.00001 Ns/m2.
0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95) for a fluid flowing in a horizontal tube of 22 mm internal
diameter using the Baker flow pattern map. The flow rate of the fluid is 0.1 kg/s.
The fluid has the following physical properties: liquid density is 1200 kg/m3, gas
density is 20 kg/m3, surface tension is 0.012 N/m and the liquid and vapor dynamic
viscosities are 0.0003 Ns/m2 and 0.00001 Ns/m2.
0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 0.95) for a fluid flowing up a horizontal tube of 22 mm internal
diameter using the Taitel-Dukler flow pattern map. The flow rate of the fluid is 0.05
kg/s. The fluid has the following physical properties: liquid density is 1000 kg/m3,
gas density is 10 kg/m3, surface tension is 0.05 N/m and the liquid and vapor
dynamic viscosities are 0.0005 Ns/m2 and 0.00002 Ns/m2.
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
12.5: Determine the local flow pattern for the vapor quality of 0.50 for a fluid
flowing up a horizontal tube of 22 mm internal diameter using the most updated
version of the Thome and coworkers flow pattern map. The flow rate of the fluid is
0.05 kg/s. The fluid has the following physical properties: liquid density is 1000
kg/m3, gas density is 10 kg/m3, surface tension is 0.05 N/m and the liquid and vapor
dynamic viscosities are 0.0005 Ns/m2 and 0.00002 Ns/m2. Assume the flow is
adiabatic.

Two Phase Flow Pattern and Flow Pattern

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Two Phase Flow Pattern and Flow Pattern

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ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Describe two-phase flow patterns for flows inside

Fig. 12.1. Missing Mist Flow, which is numerous small

Fig. 12.3. Not all flow regimes are

Fig. 12.4. Note that it is presented in U.S. units.

Example Calculation: A two-phase fluid is flowing upwards in a vertical

Fig. 12.5. Dual units shown.

Note: plug and slug flows are

Fig. 12.2. Missing Mist Flow, which

Two-phase flow patterns in horizontal tubes are similar to those

Intermittent flow. Further increasing the gas velocity, these

Stratified-wavy flow. Increasing the gas velocity in a stratified

water = 1000 kg/m3;

Fig. 12.7. Use following Eqs.

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Fig. 12.8. Not all flow regimes are necessarily encountered.

Existing Map for Adiabatic and Evaporating Flows.

V a por qua lity

History of this map:

Flow pattern map observations:

For hLd 0.5:

For hLd > 0.5:

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Geometric eqs., cont.:

The transition boundary curve between annular and intermittent flows to

The transition threshold into bubbly flow is

256 A Gd A 2Ld d 1.25 ( L G ) g

In the above equations, the ratio of We to Fr is

and the friction factor is

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

& wavy boundary equation

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

& wavy( new ) = m

where the mass velocity is in kg/m2s.

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Flow Pattern Map for n-Butane.

Flow Pattern Map for Propane.

P ropa ne T sa t=0C D =15.75mm q=15kW / m2

Geometric eqs: hLD =

x 1 x 1.18 (1 x )[g ( L V )]0.25

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Intermittent-Annular Transition (from setting

Mist Transition: Solve for

256 A Gd A 2Ld d 1.25

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

The coordinate axes are modified

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

and m is the exponent in a Blasius-type single-phase friction factor equation. The

Two-phase flow patterns have been too long

Laboratoire de Transfert de Chaleur et de Masse

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