Synchronous

Generator

Name

Index No

Group

P.D.M. Chandrasekara
110072F
03

Submission Date :
2014/07/18
Instructed By
Mr. L.P.M.I. Sampath

OBSERVATION SHEET
Name

: P.D.M. Chandrasekara

Index No

: 110072F

Field

: EE

Group

: G-03

Date

: 2014/07/04

Instructed By

: Mr. L.P.M.I. Sampath

1) Open Circuit Test

Open circuit voltage (V)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
270

Field current (A)

0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.39
0.52
0.60

2) Short Circuit Test

Short circuit current (A)

Field current (A)

0.00

0.01

0.04

0.07

0.10

0.13

0.15

3) Load Test
Inductive Load Test

Load voltage (V)

10

Load current (A)

5.6

20
30

5.2
4.9

40

4.5

50
60

4.1
3.8

70
80

3.4
3.0

90
100

2.5
2.1

106

1.9

Resistive Load Test

Load

Load voltage (V)

Load current (A)

Load 0
Load 1

120
119

0.00
0.22

Load 2
Load 3

119
118

0.44
0.64

Load 4

117

0.84

4) Synchronisation
Name plate data
Synchronous Generator
Phase

Voltage

A
50 Hz
Speed
240 V

Current

6.6 A

Speed

1500rpm

Frequency

DC motor
220 V
15 A
1500rpm

Open circuit characteristics

Open circuit voltage (V)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
270

Field current (A)

0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.39
0.52
0.60

Short circuit characteristics

Short circuit current (A)

Field current (A)

0.00

0.01

0.04

0.07

0.10

0.13

0.15

Open Circuit and Short Circuit Characteristics

280
Open Circuit Characteristics

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

260

240
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

220

200
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

180

160

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic
140(Open Circuit Characteristics)

Open Circuit Voltage (V)/ Short Circuit Current (A)

120

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

100
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

80

60
Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

Logarithmic (Open Circuit Characteristics)

40

20
Short Cuircuit Characteristics

Linear (Short Cuircuit Characteristics)

6
345
0 012
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Field Current (A)

Calculations
1) Synchronous reactance, Xs

where VOC

Calculation
VO/C
IS/C
XS

X S=

V oc
I sc

Open circuit voltage

ISC
- Short circuit current
-

for field current 0.1 A,

=
116 V
(from graph)
=
4A
(from graph)
=
120 / 4
=
29

Similarly, calculate synchronous reactance for given field currents .

Field Current
(A)

Open circuit

Short circuit

Synchronous

voltage
(V)

current
(A)

reactance
()

0.10

116

29

0.20

178

22.25

0.30

220

12

18.33

0.40

248

15

16.53

0.50

265

19

13.94

0.60

275

22

12.5

0.70

284

26

10.92

02. Synchronous Reactance (XS) vs. Field Current (If)

Field Current (A)

Synchronous reactance ()

0.10

29

0.20

22.25

0.30

18.33

0.40

16.53

0.50

13.94

0.60

12.5

0.70

10.92

Synchronous Reactance Vs Field Current

32

30

28

26

24

22

Synchronous Reactance ()
20

18

16

14

12

10
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Field Current (A)

0.6

0.7

0.8

2)
Short Circuit Ratio( SCR)=

Field Current for Rated OpenCircuit Voltage

Field Current for Rated Short Circuit Current

From the name plate data,

Rated Voltage

240 V

Rated Current

6.6 A

from the open and short circuit characteristics,

Field current for rated open circuit voltage

= 0.375 A

Field current for rated short circuit current

= 0.14 A

Short Circuit Ratio ( SCR )=

0.375
=2. 678
0.14

Saturated synchronous reactance (XS(sat)) in per unit,

X S(sat) =

1
1
=
=0. 3733 pu
SCR 2.678

Saturated synchronous reactance (XS (sat)) in ohms,

(Using open and short circuit characteristics curves)

X S(sat) =

V t 240
=
=17.14
I a 14
'

3.

Load Voltage vs. Load Current for Inductive Load (Cos =

0)

Load Current (A)

Load Voltage (V)

5.6

10

5.2

20

4.9

30

4.5

40

4.1

50

3.8

60

3.4

70

3.0

80

2.5

90

2.1

100

1.9

106

Load Voltage Vs Load Current for Inductive Load

110

100

90

80

70

60

Load Voltage (V)

50

40

30

20

10

0
1.5

2.5

3.5

Load Current (A)

4.5

5.5

Load Voltage vs. Load Current for Resistive Load (Cos =

1)

Load Current (A)

Load Voltage (V)

Load 0

0.00

120

Load 1

0.22

119

Load 2

0.44

119

Load 3

0.64

118

Load 4

0.84

117

Load Voltage Vs Load Current for Resistive Load

120.5

120

119.5

119

118.5

Load Voltage (V)

118

117.5

117

116.5

116

115.5
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Load Current (A)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

03.
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0

calculation for load current 1 A

E =
240 V
XS =
17.14

When Cos = 0
= 900
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0
E 2) = 0
V = 257.14
When

= - 900
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 V = 222.86

Cos = 1
= 0
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0
V
= 239.39

When Cos = 0.9

= 25.840
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 - E 2) = 0
E 2) = 0
V = 246.97

Load
Current
(A)

= - 25.840
V 2 (2 XS I Sin ) V + (XS 2 I 2 V = 232.03

Terminal Voltages (V)

=90

=25.84

=0

=25.84

=90

222.86

232.03

239.39

246.97

257.14

205.72

223.07

237.54

252.95

274.28

171.44

202.05

230

261.81

308.56

137.16

176.61

216.85

266.26

342.84

102.88

146.97

196.97

265.61

377.12

10

68.6

109.15

167.99

258.56

411.4

12

34.32

63.10

123.68

242.34

445.68

Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current

Load
Current
(A)

Terminal Voltages (V)

=90

=25.84

=0

=25.84

=90

222.86

232.03

239.39

246.97

257.14

205.72

223.07

237.54

252.95

274.28

171.44

202.05

230

261.81

308.56

137.16

176.61

216.85

266.26

342.84

102.88

146.97

196.97

265.61

377.12

10

68.6

109.15

167.99

258.56

411.4

12

34.32

63.10

123.68

242.34

445.68

Terminal Voltage Vs Load Current

500

450

400

350

300

Terminal Voltage (V)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0

10

12

Load Current (A)

0.0 Lagging

Linear (0.0 Lagging)

0.9 Lagging

Polynomial (0.9 Lagging)

Polynomial (1)

0.9 Leading

Polynomial (0.9 Leading)

0.0 Leading

Linear (0.0 Leading)

14

Discussion
1.

Importance of the SCR with respect to the generator performance.

The Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) is defined as the ratio between the field current that

required for generate rated armature voltage at open circuit and the field current that required for
produce rated current at short circuit when the machine is driven at synchronous speed. And this
parameter can also be defined as the inverse of the saturated synchronous reactance in pu.
The SCR value of a synchronous generator can represent information about the
generator performance. Low value of SCR indicates a low value of current under short circuit
conditions owing to large value of synchronous reactance.
When the SCR is higher, stability limit increased and also voltage regulation is
improved.
2. Comment on the variation of synchronous reactance with field current.
The synchronous reactance is defined to be as follows,

X S=

V O /C
I S /C

By observing the short circuit and the open circuit characteristics curves, in open
circuit curve we can see that the ratio of (VO/C / IS/C) is nearly constant for lower values of the field
current. So the synchronous reactance must remain constant. But in higher values of the field
current, the ratio of (VO/C / IS/C) is not constant due to open circuit non-linearization. Then the
synchronous reactance drops rapidly. This is because of the rate of increase of open circuit
characteristic is reducing faster and at the saturated region the slow growth of flux affects to the
armature reaction and the self-inductance of the armature coils.
3. Synchronous generator has characteristic of a current transformer. Explain.
In a current transformer, when the secondary winding is short circuited, that short
circuit current is proportional to the primary current. Similarly, when the armature is short circuited
in a synchronous generator, we can observe that the armature current is proportional to the field
current by the short circuit characteristic curve. Hence, the synchronous generator shows
characteristics of a current transformer. A synchronous generators field current depends on the

connected load. Similarly in a current transformer, the primary current depends on the load
connected to the secondary winding.
4. Comment on the variation of the terminal voltage with load current for various power
factor loads.
We already obtained some terminal voltage vs. load current curves for different
power factors. When speed and exciting current constant, the terminal voltage of a synchronous
generator changes with the different load.

When the power factor of the load is unity, the reduction in the terminal voltage is
small. But when the load is inductive (lagging power factor), the stator mmf opposes the rotor mmf
resulting in a reduction in the generated emf which consequently reduces the terminal voltage. The
reduction in the terminal is more when the power factor is low. On the other hand, when the load
across the alternator is capacitive (leading power factor), the magnetic effect of the armature
reaction causes the terminal voltage to increase with an increase in load.