08 Expansion Buses, Cables & Connectors

Expansion Buses,
Cables & connectors
Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02
CMS INSTITUTE, 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced, stored or emailed without the prior permission.
Development of Expansion Buses
The CPU, Random Access Memory (RAM), keyboard,

network interface card (NIC), sound card, and so forthis
connected to the external data bus.
The CPU speeds continually increased as technology has

improved, the speeds of expansion cards has remained
relatively constant.
Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)
It was not practical to redesign and replace every

expansion card each time a new processor was released.
To Overcome this problem the external data bus was

divided into two parts:
System bus. This supports the CPU, RAM, and other

motherboard components and runs at speeds that support
the CPU.
Expansion bus. This supports any add-on devices by means

of the expansion slots and runs at a steady rate, based on
the specific bus design.
Dividing the bus enhances overall system efficiency.
Interface Slots
Slots also termed as Buses.
Bus transports data among the processor and other

components.
Bus is a complex combination of electrical CKTS called

traces.
Bus includes assorted Microchips and the slots connectors

in which we plug expansion CKT boards. Often called as
adapters or expansion cards.
ISA(Industry Standard Architecture)Bus
8-bit industry standard architecture bus used on the original

8088 PC. It speed was 4.77Mhz.
In 1984, IBM released the AT (Advanced Technology) PC,

having Intel's 80286 16-bit processor.
A new expansion bus was released that was compatible with

previously released devices.
It allowed insertion of either an 8-bit card or a 16-bit

card,which resulted in the standard 16-bit ISA slot. It ran at a
top speed of 8.33 MHz.
Black in color
Present in AT machine except for some of the Motherboards

series of 810 chipset and above.
It is 62+36=98 pins.
Picture of isa bus
Picture of isa bus (contd.)
Problems with ISA Design
ISA Bus had two shortcomings:
1) Lack of Speed.
2) Compatibility Problems due to card design.
Micro channel architecture (MCA) bus
It is a proprietary IBM PS/2 bus which had a width of 32 bits.
It top speed was at 10MHZ.
It allowed self configuration of devices on the slot.
MCA devices has configuration disk which allows the automatic

configuration of IRQ, I/O addresses and DMA channels.
Problems with MCA design
It was not compatible with older ISA Cards.
It was more expensive than other cards.
EISA(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
It supports 32 bit data transfer.
Permitted speeds from 8.33 to 20 MHz.
It is brown in colour.
EISA is an improved variation of the ISA slot in which older

ISA cards can be inserted.
It has a two-step design that uses a shallow set of pins to

attach to ISA cards and a deeper connection for attaching
to EISA cards.
It is faster than ISA and MCA cards.
It supports only those cards designed specifically to work

with EISA slots.
It has 188 pins.
EISA cards in EISA slots could be configured only through

jumper settings.
EISA(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)
Cross Section of ISA and EISA bus
Vesa (Video Electronics Standard Association)
It was basically designed for improving the performance of

graphics adapter.
It Permitted speeds up to 33MHz.
It is Brown in color.
Present in AT 386, 486 Machines.
It consists of 112 pins

(contd.)
It supports 32 bit data transfer.
Cards designed for VESA Bus are connected directly to the

system-bus side of the PC's external data bus.
It provides two performance boosting features
Burst mode
Bus Mastering

(contd.)
In burst mode, VLB devices gain complete control of the

external data bus for up to four bus cycles, passing up to
16 bytes (128 bits) of data in a single burst.
Bus mastering allows the VLB controller to arbitrate data

transfers between the external data bus and up to three
VLB devices without assistance from the CPU.
(contd.)
(contd.)
Peripheral Component Interconnect
It supports 32 bit as well as 64 bit data transfer.
It permits speeds up to 38/48/66 MHz.
It latest speed goes up to 133 MHz
It consists of 120 pins
It is usually white in color.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (contd.)
Top View of PCI Slot
Top View of PCI Slot (contd.)
PCI design allows more than three slots.
The PCI bus has its own set of four interrupts, which are
mapped to regular IRQs on the system.
If a PC has more than four PCI slots, some will be sharing

interrupts and IRQs.
Auto configuration allows the BIOS to assign the IRQ linking

the card to the system bus.
PCI cards have no switches or jumpers to set, speeding

installation and preventing many hardware conflicts.
Top View of PCI Slot (contd.)
Data Transfer Rate of PCI Bus
Accelerated Graphics Port
Intel developed the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP).
Memory allowing the system Ram to be used as graphics

Ram.
It provides a direct path to the system memory for

handling graphics. This procedure is referred to as Direct
Memory Execute (DIME).
AGP slots interface operate at minimum speed of 66 MHz.
Usually brown in color
Accelerated Graphics Port (contd.)
There are three modes of AGP
1x mode.
2x mode.
4x mode.
It offers a maximum speed of 1066MBps.
IEEE 1394 Fire Wire High-Performance Serial

Interface
IEEE 1394, also known by its Apple trade name of Fire

Wire.
Its high-speed serial interface allows up to 62 devices on a

chain, at data transfer rates of up to 50 MB per second.
It offers several features such as hot swap capability (the

ability to add and remove components while the machine is
running), small and inexpensive connectors, and a simple
cable design.
IEEE 1394 Fire Wire High-Performance Serial

Interface (contd.)
Its isochronous transfer method (sending data at a constant

rate) makes it a natural for video products.
Supports data speeds as high as 1.2 Gbps
Viable option for connecting network cards, camcorders,

DVD, and other high-speed, high-volume device.
Fire Wire Connector
Fire Wire Connector (contd.)
Universal Serial Bus
The USB port is a thin slot,located near the keyboard.
USB supports isochronous (time-dependent) and

asynchronous (intermittent) data transfers.
Isochronous connections transfer data at a guaranteed

fixed rate of delivery.
Asynchronous data can be transferred whenever there is no

isochronous traffic on the bus.
Universal Serial Bus (contd.)
Easy to use for end user
Single model for cabling and connectors
Electrical details isolated from end user e.g bus

terminations.
Self identifying peripherals,automatic mapping of function

to driver,and configuration
Dynamically attachable and reconfigure.
Support for upto 127 physical devices.
Allows compound devices.
It provides 1.5 megabits per second (Mbps) asynchronous

transfer rate for devices, such as a mouse or keyboard,
that do not require a large amount of bandwidth.
It provides 12 Mbps isochronous transfer rate for highbandwidth devices such as modems, speakers, scanners,
and monitors.
The guaranteed data-delivery rate provided by isochronous

data transfer is required to support the demand of
multimedia applications and devices.
Picture of Universal Serial Bus Cable
Configuring Expansion Cards
I/O Addresses
The bus system establishes a connection between the CPU and

expansion devices and provides a path for the flow of data.
In order to communicate each device is to be assigned a

unique I/O address.
CPU must identify the device before any data is placed on the
bus.
Configuring Expansion Cards (contd.)
Each device responds to unique, built-in patterns or code

which allows the direct communication between the CPU and
device.
All devices must have an I/O address, and no two devices can
have overlapping ranges.
Basic devices on the address list have preset I/O addresses

that cannot be changed.
Other devices must be assigned to the open addresses, and

they must be configured at installation.
The following table lists standard PC I/O port address assignments.
I/O addresses have 16 bits; they are displayed with a

hexadecimal number.
By convention, the lead 0 is dropped (because all I/O

addresses have it).
Hexadecimal I/O addresses must use capital letters; they

are case-sensitive.
Managing I/O Addresses
Devices assigned overlapping I/O addresses usually do not

respond to commands and stop functioning.
A modem will dial but not connect; a sound card will start
to play but will stop; a mouse pointer will appear but the
mouse will not move.
They usually appear immediately after a new device is

installed.
The best way to prevent I/O address overlaps is to

document all I/O addresses.
Interrupt Request
Controlling the communication flow is interruption.
Every CPU has a wire called the interrupt (INT) wire.
On applying the voltage, the CPU interrupts what it is doing

and attends to the device.
The CPU has only one INT wire and must handle many
peripheral devices.
A chip called the 8259 chip, is present on the system to

help the CPU detect which device is asking for attention.
Interrupt Request (contd.)
Every device that needs to interrupt the CPU is provided

with a wire called an IRQ
If a device needs to interrupt the CPU, it goes through the

following steps:
The device applies voltage to the 8259 chip through its IRQ
wire.
The 8259 chip informs the CPU, by means of the INT wire, that
an interrupt is pending.
The CPU uses a wire called an INTA (interrupt acknowledge) to

signal the 8259 chip to send a pattern of 1s and 0s on the
external data bus. This information conveys to the CPU which
device is interrupting.
The CPU knows which BIOS to run.
8088 computers used only one 8259 chip which limited

these computers to using only eight available IRQs.
Two IRQ were fixed for keyboard and system timer.
The remaining six wires were available for use by other

devices.
Two 8259 chips were used to add 8 more available IRQs.
Since the CPU has only one IRQ wire, one of the IRQs is
used to cascade the two 8259 chips together which gives a
total of 15 available IRQs.
When a device is cascaded, this means that data is passed

through a common path between two devices, usually on to
another destination.
IRQ 9 is directed to the old IRQ 2 wire. Any older device

designed to run on IRQ 2 will now run on IRQ 9.
Three IRQs are hardwired (0system timer, 1keyboard

controller, and 8real-time clock).
Four IRQ assignments which are not usually used by any

other device except these devices such as (6floppy disk
controller, 13math coprocessor, 14primary IDE
[Integrated Device Electronics] controller, and 15
secondary IDE controller).
Four IRQs default to specific types of devices such as IRQ

3COM2 and COM4, 4COM1 and COM3, 5LPT2, and 7
LPT1.
The rest (IRQs 2/9, 10, 11, and 12) are not specific and are
available for use.
The following table provides typical IRQ assignments.
Setting IRQs
IRQs can be set using hardware, software, or a combination

of both.
To ensure that no two devices share the same IRQ is to

document the IRQs for each device you install in a
computer and file that documentation.
Setting IRQs (contd.)
Direct Memory Access
The CPU moves a lot of data, using considerable CPU power

and time which is a waste of the CPU's resources and time.
A DMA chip move all the data passing from peripherals to RAM
and vice versa.
Setting IRQs (contd.)
Devices must be designed to take advantage of this chip.
Initially the DMA had four channels only because DMA was
used to transfer data between floppy disk drives and RAM.
Two DMA are cascaded, allowing a total of eight DMA

channel assignments.
Setting DMA Channels
DMA can be set by means of either hardware or software.
If two devices share the same DMA channel and "talk" at

the same time, the computer will lock up.
The following table provides DMA channel assignments.
Setting DMA Channels (contd.)
To ensure that no two devices share the same DMA is to

document the DMA for each device you install in a
computer and file that documentation.
COM and Ports
Port simply means a portal or two-way access.
COM ports for serial devices and LPT (line printer) ports for
parallel devices.
The following table lists standard ports the I/O addresses

and IRQ
Installation Problems with COM Ports
A modem set to COMl has a IRQ 4.
A network card is installed in the same computer which has

a default setting of IRQ4
Since the IRQ of the network card and the modem will
conflict, the two devices would not work.
Change the IRQ on one of the devices and both the devices
will start working.
The IRQ of the network card is changed since the modem

is already installed and working.
COM Ports
IBM PCs were equipped with two serial ports: COMl, set to
IRQ4, and COM2, set to IRQ3.
Since limited number of IRQ addresses available,

additional COM ports would have to share IRQs with
existing ports.
COM Ports (contd.)
COM3 shared the interrupt of COM1 (IRQ4), and COM4

shared the interrupt of COM2 (IRQ3).
COM3 was assigned I/O address 3E8-3EF, and COM4 was

assigned I/O address 2E8-2EF.
The IRQ could be shared since the two devices would not
communicates at the same time.
LPT Ports
They allow parallel data connections.
The standard addresses are IRQ7 for LPT1 and IRQ5 for
LPT2.
Installing Expansion Cards
Insert a Plug and Play card into the proper type of expansion
slot and turn on the computer. Windows will find the card and
guide you through the setup.
Cables and Connectors
Cables and connectors are important part of a computer.
Parallel Printer Cables
Parallel printer ports and cables are used to connect printers.
Cables and Connectors (contd.)
A standard printer cable consists of a 36-pin Centronics

connector on the printer end and a standard 25-pin "D"
(male) on the computer end was invented by the centronics
corporation
A standard 25-pin "D" (female) connector found on the back

of the computer known as parallel port.

Standard 25-pin D connector
Printers send information in one and both direction.

There are three bi directional standards used. They are:
Bi-Tronics.
It was created by Hewlett-Packard.
It allows bi directional communication, allowing the printer to

send messages to the computer (out of paper, paper jam, and
so forth).
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port).
It allows 2-MB-per-second data-transfer rates.
Bi directional 8-bit operation and addressing to support

multiple (daisy-chained) peripherals on a single computer.
ECP (Extended Capabilities Port).
It was developed by Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft.
It allows 2-MB-per-second data transfer and bi directional 8bit operation.
ECP supports CD-ROM drive and scanner connections, run

length encoded (RLE) data compression.
DMA support to increase transfer speed and reduce processor

overhead.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

developed a standardIEEE 1284for the standardization
of these ports.
IEEE 1284 Printer Modes
The following table describes various printing modes and their

capabilities.
Parallel Pin Assignments
The following table describes the standard parallel pin

assignments for the computer-end (25-pin) and the printerend (Centronics) connectors.
Parallel Pin Assignments (contd.)
Parallel Pin Assignments (contd.)
Serial Port Cables
It allows a computer to send data over long distances by

converting parallel data to serial data.
There are one or two serial ports designated as COM1 and
COM2. COM port is a 9-pin male or a 25-pin male
connector on the computer.
Standard 9-pin D connector
Serial Port Cables (contd.)
The following table describes the pin connection for the 9pin and 25-pin serial cable connectors.
Null Modem Cables
It is used to directly connect two computers together without

the need for a modem.
The transmit and receive wires in the cable (wires 2 and 3)

are switched to make the computers communicate.
SCSI Cables
It comes in a variety of sizes depending on the type of SCSI

used and the manufacturer of the device.
Internal cables are flat ribbon types and external cables are
shielded bundles.
Keyboard Cables
Keyboards are manufactured in two different styles with

different cables and connectors
A 5-pin DIN connector (DIN stands for Deutsch Industrie

Norm, the German national standards organization),
New keyboards use a 6-pin DIN connector, the same used

on a PS/2 mouse.
Keyboard Cables (contd.)
The signals used in Keyboard Cable.
Pin1-Clock Signals
Pin2-Data
Pin3-Keyboard Reset
Pin4-Ground
Pin5-+5volt DC
Identifying Cables and Connectors
The following table summarizes how to identify common cables and

connectors.
Troubleshooting Cables
Cables and connectors are a very common source of

problems
If a peripheral device doesn't work, always check the cables,

especially if the device has been working recently.
Always check for loose connections.
Check for bent or broken pins on the connector. Bent pins can
sometimes be repaired; however, they will always be
susceptible to damage later, because the pin has been
weakened.
Troubleshooting Cables (contd.)
It is a good idea to mark these connectors and use them with

care. A better idea is to replace them.
If a connector or cable doesn't fit or if you have to push hard

to make the connection, something is wrong. Either a
connector has been damaged or it is not the right match.
Check for worn or frayed cables. Replace if necessary.
Expect the world from us
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08 Expansion Buses, Cables &amp; Connectors

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Expansion Buses,

Cables & connectors

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses

The CPU, Random Access Memory (RAM), keyboard,

The CPU speeds continually increased as technology has

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)

It was not practical to redesign and replace every

To Overcome this problem the external data bus was

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)

System bus. This supports the CPU, RAM, and other

Expansion bus. This supports any add-on devices by means

Dividing the bus enhances overall system efficiency.

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)

Slots also termed as Buses.

Bus transports data among the processor and other

Bus is a complex combination of electrical CKTS called

Bus includes assorted Microchips and the slots connectors

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)

ISA(Industry Standard Architecture)Bus

8-bit industry standard architecture bus used on the original

In 1984, IBM released the AT (Advanced Technology) PC,

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)

A new expansion bus was released that was compatible with

It allowed insertion of either an 8-bit card or a 16-bit

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Development of Expansion Buses (contd.)

Present in AT machine except for some of the Motherboards

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Picture of isa bus

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Picture of isa bus (contd.)

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Picture of isa bus (contd.)

Problems with ISA Design

ISA Bus had two shortcomings:

2) Compatibility Problems due to card design.

Micro channel architecture (MCA) bus

It is a proprietary IBM PS/2 bus which had a width of 32 bits.

It top speed was at 10MHZ.

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Picture of isa bus (contd.)

It allowed self configuration of devices on the slot.

MCA devices has configuration disk which allows the automatic

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Picture of isa bus (contd.)

Problems with MCA design

It was not compatible with older ISA Cards.

It was more expensive than other cards.

EISA(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)

It supports 32 bit data transfer.

Permitted speeds from 8.33 to 20 MHz.

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

Picture of isa bus (contd.)

EISA is an improved variation of the ISA slot in which older

It has a two-step design that uses a shallow set of pins to

It is faster than ISA and MCA cards.

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02

08 Expansion Buses, Cables & Connectors

08 Expansion Buses, Cables & Connectors