Madina Book1 Notes PDF

ARIC Arabic Class Notes
Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
Topics
Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic Vowel Signs
Indefinite & Definite
Noun Endings
The Nominal Sentence
Visiit http://AbdurRahman.Org/ for More Resources

1
Revision History
Date
Ver Author
Revision Comments
Mar. 1, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Initial version
Mar. 10, 2010
1.1
Zahid Naeem
Multiple Corrections (e.g., to , genetive to genitive)
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Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to arabic.aric@gmail.com
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)
English has eight parts of speech

1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes
place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)
5.
6.
7.
8.
Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)
Arabic has only three parts of speech

1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Particle
English
Arabic
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Noun
Verb
Adverb
Interjection
Verb
Conjunction
Preposition
Particle
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet

Consonants (have speech sound) : 28
Alif: serves two purposes
Elongates a consonant, e.g.
Act as a bearer of ( hamza), e.g.
10
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Arabic Vowel Signs
There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic
Fathah (
) denoting a, e.g. da ()
Kasrah (
)denoting i, e.g. di ()
Dummah (
) denoting u, e.g. du ()
Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun () , e.g. notice in
Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels
to elongate fathah, e.g. daa ()

to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii ()
to elongate dummah, e.g. duu ()
Indefinite & Definite
)or definite ()
Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (
An indefinite noun is indicated by , which doubles the vowel sign at the end
of the word, e.g.
A book
A chair -
A Definite noun is indicated by

prefixed to the noun. This also results in
eliminating the at the end of the word, e.g.

The book -
The chair -
and cannot coexist. So will be incorrect

Please note many proper nouns, e.g. , end with , but they are still
definite
Noun Endings
In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence
)
These are called noun cases (
English
Name
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Arabic
Name
Ending
Vowel Sign
Function in a
sentence
Examples
Dummah
Subject
Fathah
Object of a verb
Kasrah
Possessor of a
thing, or comes
after a preposition
or an adverb
, ,,
, , ,
, , ,
)
The Nominal Sentence (
A sentence that starts with a noun

Has a subject ( ) and a predicate ()
The subject is always nominative ()
The predicate is always nominative () , if it is one word

The subject is mostly definite ()
)
The predicate is mostly indefinite (

Part 2 (ver. 1)
Topics
This ( ) vs. That ()
Solar vs. Lunar Letters
The Joining Hamza (
)

Examples from Quran (
, ,
)
What ( ) vs. Who (
)
Particle of Interrogation and Answer
Visiit http://AbdurRahman.Org/ for More Resources

1
This ( ) vs. That ()
Demonstrative pronoun ()
:

:
That is a door ()
Like all pronouns, these are definite

These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to
masculine nouns
They have feminine counterparts will learn later
and are pronounced as and respectively,

but are written without the alif
This is a book ()
ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)
Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)
Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters (

) and 14
are called lunar letters (

)
This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters
when prefixed with ( the definite article)
Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g.,
, , , ,
Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., , , , ,
When is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the of the is
assimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu
The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun
In writing, the is not assimilated, e.g.,

No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronounced
as al-qamaru ()
)Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2
)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1
The Joining Hamza (

)
The in ( the definite article) is called

If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced

E.g.,
( the house) is pronounced al-baitu and
( and the house) is pronounced
as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu
also appears words without the , e.g.,

( name)
( son)
To signify as
A
(Joining, uniting,
attaching)
, look for one of the following three conditions:
symbol on alif, as
Without any or symbol on alif
Completely omitted in writing, e.g.,
Both and in are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and
is preceded with another word
E.g., is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu

As opposed to

position in the sentence
, is always pronounced, regardless of its
is usually written with a symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:

Examples:
( one)
( when) ...

(Cutting,
Discontinuing,
Separating)
, ,

)

( Examples from Quran
( Find solar letters

( ), lunar letters
) and instances
of
in Surah Al-Fatiha and
Lunar letter
Solar letter
What ( ) vs. Who (
Meaning
What
Who
Usage
Used for irrational things

) , e.g. non-living
(
things, animals, plants
etc.
Used for rational beings

) . Three categories
(
include humans, jinns, and
angels.
Example
What is this? ()
Who is he? ()
Particle of Interrogation and Answer

This is a house ()
Is this a house? ()
Prefixing to a statement turns it into a question

Used in this context is called
( particle of interrogation)
means no
means yes
and are called

( particles of answer)


Part 3 (ver. 3)
Topics
Preposition (
& ) Genitive Case ()

)
Detached Pronoun (
Possessed & Possessor (
)
Revision History
Date
Ver Author
Revision Comments
Mar. 7, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Initial version
Mar. 14, 2010
Zahid Naeem

Added section for and more description for
Mar. 20, 2010 3
Zahid Naeem
Added more content for and
Preposition (
& ) Genitive Case ()
Literal meaning of
is a particle of pulling
Examples of preposition (
) :
In
On
From
To
When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to

be in genitive case ()
The house -
, In the house
A house - , In a house

got pulled to because
of the preceding

Same as
is a
( phrase) It looks like a
sentence but is not one
More Prepositions and Examples from Quran

(59:21) Had We sent down this
Quran on a mountain
(96:2) He created man from a
clot
(26:50) we shall but return to
our Lord
(97:1) We have indeed revealed
this (Message) in the Night of
Power
(2:119) And thou will not be
asked about the owners of hellfire
(2:284) To Allah belongs
whatever is in the heavens and
whatever is in the earth.
(2:153) O ye who believe! seek
help with patient perseverance
and prayer; for Allah is with
those who patiently persevere.
... On

From
To
In
About,

concerning

Belongs to,
for

By, at, in
Nominal Sentence with

Muhammad is in the mosque
the mosque
in
Muhammad
It is on a table
a table
on
It


Detached Pronoun (
Masculine
3rd
Singular
He, It
Dual
They (2)
Plural
They
Singular
She, It
Dual
They (2)
Plural
They
Singular
You
Dual
You (2)
Plural
You (>2)
Singular
You
Dual
You (2)
Plural
You (>2)
Singular
Plural
We
Person
Feminine
Masculine
2nd person
Feminine
1st
person
Masc. & Fem.

Detached Pronoun (
Are never attached with any other word
Are always ( definite)
Are considered ( nominative case), even
though most of them do not have a
(dummah) ending
Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not
change
In Arabic such nouns are called ( fixed)
Possessed & Possessor

Used to convey a possession relationship between two nouns
Also referred to as
( Al-Idaafatu)
English uses of or s for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilals book
Made up of two parts:
Possessed (or possession)

Possessor
Possessor -
Is always ( genitive
case)
Can take ( tanwin) or
( the definite article)

( indefinite) or
Can be
( definite)
(of) Bilal
book
Bilals book
(of) the teacher
table
Possessed -
Can take any case ending,

as the need be
Never takes ( tanwin)
or ( the definite article)
Is ( definite) by
position
The teachers table
Examples of Valid
Different case endings for

Definite vs. indefinite
(of) the teacher
table
The teachers table
(of) the student
book
(of) the teacher
table
The students book
Noun after
is
always

Verily
Verily the teachers table
(of) a student
book
(of) the teacher
table
on
A students book
On the teachers table

9
10
Incorrect vs. Correct
cannot have
cannot have
cannot be
cannot be
More on
Even though is
, it does not have

(kasrah) ending, because it is ( indeclinable).
Other similar examples:
( Whose pen?)
( Whose son?)
Whose book?
(of) who
book
Mosque of Allahs Prophet
Notice two sets of
.
is in
and it
.
is
in
(of) Allah
(of the) prophet
mosque
11
Examples from Quran -

(110:1) When comes the help of Allah
(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind
(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the
earth
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah
(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah
(6:127) For them is the home of safety

(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O
Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise
of Allah is true
12
Nominal Sentences with
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

(of) Allah
Messenger
Muhammad
The students pen is broken

broken
(of) the student
pen
13

Part 4 (ver. 5)
Topics
Gender Introduction
Substitute ()
)
Adverb (
Adjective ()
The Relative Pronoun (

)
)
The Past Tense Verb (
Revision History
Date
Ver Author
Revision Comments
Mar. 27, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Initial version
Apr. 4, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added Substitute and Adverb slides
Apr. 10, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added Adjective slides
Apr. 24, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense Verb
May 1, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added slides for The Relative Pronoun

Gender Introduction
All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine
Usually a masculine noun can be changed to
feminine, by:
) at the end and,

1. Adding a ( closed ta
2. Putting a ( fathah) on the letter before

Two feminine nouns with a (open ta
)
ending
Not all feminine nouns have a or ending
Not all nouns ending with or

are feminine
Feminine: This ( ) vs. That ()
That is a car (
)
is pronounced as but is written without the alif
This is a watch (
)
Gender of Body Members

Single members are
usually masculine
Double members are

usually feminine
( head)
( hand)
( nose)
( eye)
( mouth)
( leg)
( face)
( ear)
Gender and Nominal Sentence

must be the same and Gender of
Substitute -
The house is new
This is new
This house is new

This house
(is) new
The house
This
A substitute ( ) is a definite noun ( ) following a
)
demonstrative pronoun (

Adverb -

is a noun that indicates the place or time

acts like a
, so the noun following it is

can never be a ( subject), even if the sentence starts with it
Examples of Adverb of Place (

)
( over)
( in front)
( behind)
( under)
( here)
( there)
( between)
( near)
Examples of Adverb of Time (

)
( night)
( morning) ( noon)
( evening)
( yesterday)
( today)
( tomorrow)

Examples from Quran -
(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted
[others] from the way of Allah - We will increase
them in punishment over [their] punishment for
what corruption they were causing.
(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when
they swore allegiance to you under the tree and
He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He
sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded
them with a victory close by.
(4:159) And there is none from the People of the
Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus
before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection
he will be against them a witness.
(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I
will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding],
"If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when
you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will
guide me to what is nearer than this to right
conduct."
(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His
angels and His books and His messengers,
[saying], "We make no distinction between any of
His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we
obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and
to You is the [final] destination."

:

:

:
:

:

:
9
Adjective -
A noun that describes or
qualifies another noun is
called ( adjective)
A house
is also called
Adjective = =
A new
The noun being

described or qualified
is called

house
is also called

Noun Qualified =
=

In Arabic the ( adjective) comes after the .

In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies
Agreements between and

and
should be in agreement in the following:
1
Gender
Indefinite vs.
definite
This is a small boy
4
Number
The new teacher is in the class
Bilal is a new teacher
I am in a new house
This is a new house
Case
This is a small girl
That is a new student
Those are new students
Nominal Sentence with

The sparrow is a small bird
The broken chair is in the room

I am in the secondary school

12
References from Quran -
(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to

you from Allah light and a luminous Book.
(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess

excellent manners.
(44:17) and an honourable Messenger

came to them.
(1:6) Guide us in the straight path.

(45:10) And for them is a great torment.
(8:274) For them is forgiveness and

honourable provision.
(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory
:
:

:
13
Where is the ?
The Arabic is an easy language
The Arabic language is easy
Exercise
Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.
14
or not
4
This book is new
A new book
This new book is heavy
The new book is heavy
Abbas is a merchant 6
The book is new
Exercise
Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.
15
The Relative Pronoun -
is called the relative pronoun ()
It is translated as:
Who for all rational beings
Which for all irrational beings and things
It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later
It is always followed by a description, which is known as

The man, who left the room, is a merchant
The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher

16
as
The man is a merchant
The tall man is a merchant
The man, who left the room, is a merchant

17
)
The Past Tense Verb (
Verb = Action =

Doer = Subject =
Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense (
)
The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he ()
) is hidden ( ) within the base form of

The doer of the action (
the verb () . Notice the hidden he in

(He left)
18
Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The
remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.
To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on
the pattern of as follows.
( 3
rd
(He left)
( 1
st
radical)
( 2
nd
radical)
radical)
19
Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb
Meaning
He left
He sat
He helped
He heard
He became noble
In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:
and always have a

can have a , , or
20
Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb

This alif is called
( alif of
protection). It protects the from

being mistaken for the conjunction
(and). It is written but not pronounced
in this group are

All
either or have a
sukun on them, so this

group is called
This is
( ta of feminine)
in this group
All
have some vowel sign on
them so this group is
called

Suffix
He
They (2)
They (>2)
She
They (2)
They (>2)
You
You (2)
You (>2)
You
You (2)
You (>2)
I
We
21
Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb Examples

Suffix
He
)They (2
)They (>2
She
)They (2
)They (>2
You
)You (2
)You (>2
You
)You (2
)You (>2
I
We
22

Part 5 (ver. 7)
Topics
)
Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )
Plural ()
Numbers ()

Diptotes (
)
Types of khabar (
)
Attached Pronoun (

Revision History
Date
Ver Author
Revision Comments
Apr. 24, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Initial version
May 1, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added more notes on Attached Pronoun
May 8, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )
May 15, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added Plural ( )slides
Jun. 19, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added a slide for plurals of irrationals and adjective for mudaf vs. mudaf
ilaihi
Jun. 26, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added slides for Numbers ()
Jul. 10, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added slides for singular, dual and plural case endings, grammatical analysis
& Diptotes
Jul. 24, 2010
Zahid Naeem
Added slide for types of khabar
)
Attached Pronoun (
Muhammads book.
and are attached

pronouns (
His book
His

Your book
Your
book
book
) , when attached to a noun, is

always
and the noun it is attached to is

The attached pronoun in this case is always

An attached pronoun (
)
Attached Pronoun (
From Muhammad
From him
Him
and are attached

pronouns (
From

From them
Them
From
) , when attached to a

An attached pronoun (
(preposition), is always
) vs. Detached Pronoun ()

Attached Pronoun (
3rd Person
2nd person
1st person
( Attached Pronoun)
Singular
He, It
Masculine
Dual
They (2)
Plural
They

Singular
She, It
Feminine
Dual
They (2)
Plural
They

Singular
You
Masculine
Dual
You (2)
Plural
You (>2)

Singular
You
Feminine
Dual
You (2)
Plural
You (>2)

Singular
I
Masc. & Fem.

Plural
We
( Detached Pronoun)

) vs. Detached Pronoun ()

Attached Pronoun (
Always ( definite)
Are ( fixed)
Always
( genitive) or
( accusative)

Can be attached to a noun,

verb or a particle
This is called
( ya-ul
mutakallim) Ya of the first
person
Always ( definite)
Are ( fixed)
Always
( nominative)
) as
( Attached Pronoun

His
)Their (2 mas.
)Their (>2 mas.
Her
)Their (2 fem
)Their (>2 fem
Your
)Your (2 mas.
)Your (>2 mas.
)Your (fem
)Your (2 fem
)Your (>2 fem
My
Our
The
changes
to a
when it
is followed by an
attached pronoun.
The last letter of the
when gets a
. A
attached to
on the last letter
would have made the

pronunciation difficult.
) with Special Nouns

( Attached Pronoun
between Notice the extra
and
. By same
token Muhammads father

will be
are 2 of the 4 special
. nouns, which take this extra

Will learn the other two later.
does not The rule for extra

apply when these nouns are
followed by

) as
( Attached Pronoun

at the end of
(ya) when it is changes to a
The

followed by an attached
pronoun.
to Also notice the change from
for the attached pronoun.

Same is true for
+ =
) as
( Attached Pronoun

10
The preposition gets a

when it is followed by an
attached pronoun, with one
exception; see below.
The preposition retains its
when it is attached to
vs.
Past Tense Verb Suffix vs.

11
Past Tense Verb Suffix
Early Predicate and Late Subject (
The man is in the house
( phrase), e.g.
( prepositional
phrase) or
( adverbial
phrase) can never be
(subject), even though a

sentence may begin with it.
A man is in the house
A garden is in front of the masjid

12
Plural (
) ending,
e.g. ->
Has an tun (
) ending,
Has an na (
e.g. ->

Sound Masculine Plural
Sound Feminine Plural
Sound Plural
The singular word stays

intact in the plural, e.g.
->

Plural
Some nouns have

multiple plural
forms, e.g.,
has
two plural forms
1) and 2)
Broken Plural
The singular word is broken to create the plural,

e.g.
->
, -> . Broken plurals have
many patterns, as explained later.
13
Patterns of Broken Plural
14
Patterns of Broken Plural
)
15

( Diptote
We will learn more patterns later

Plural Demonstrative Pronouns

) (

This is a teacher
This is a (female) teacher

These are teachers
This is a book
These are books
There are exceptions to these rules, which we will learn later
16
Treatment of vs.
Plurals
This is a new student

These are new students
This is a new book

These are new books
This is a new teacher

These are new teachers
This is a new watch

These are new watches
Is the door of the house open? Yes, it is open.

Are the doors of the house open? Yes, they are open

.

.

In classical Arabic, sometimes broken plural for rational being is also treated as feminine singular.
17
for

The new teachers book
The teachers new book

and
always come together, so the for either one of them
must come after

The case ending of the
or

tells us if it is for
Note the
is definite if its
is definite, so its must also be
18
Numbers -
Numbers ( singular: ) in
Arabic are fully declinable nouns
The noun being counted with a
number is called
The rules for the and the
change after every few

numbers

19
Rules for Numbers 1 to 10
20
Numbers 1 - 2
Both 1 and 2 follow the noun as
and the adjective, so the
follow all the rules of
Numbers 3 - 10
( Number
Comes before the

Is
) (hence no tanwin or
) ( Noun being counted

Is
(hence
)
Is
is and The gender of
opposite
Case Endings for Singular, Dual and Sound Plural
( )
21
)
(
( )
( )
)
(
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

( )

( )
( )
)
(
( )
( )
( )
( )
)
(
)
(
( )
( )
( )
( )
)My Class - Grammatical Analysis (Book 1, Ch. 21

this
my school
its doors
open
now
in
the school
classes
many
this
our class
and
it
class
spacious
big
22
it
near
from
the masjid
it
school
it has
three
doors

The Diptote

literally means indeclinable
Impermissible, prohibited

Inflection, declension

Diptote (
) is category of nouns and adjectives
1. Which never get a tanwin and
2. Their genitive (
)case is represented by fathah ()
Compare diptotes to regular nouns (a.k.a Triptotes), which

1. Get a tanwin, when theyre indefinite and
2. Decline to kasrah ( ) in their genitive (
)case

Diptote -
Triptote -

23
( Types of News
)
One word
24
Phrase
Sentence


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ARIC Arabic Class Notes

Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

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Mar. 10, 2010

Multiple Corrections (e.g., to , genetive to genitive)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic

English has eight parts of speech

Arabic has only three parts of speech

Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet

Elongates a consonant, e.g.

Act as a bearer of ( hamza), e.g.

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Arabic Vowel Signs

There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic

Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun () , e.g. notice in

to elongate fathah, e.g. daa ()

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Indefinite & Definite

A Definite noun is indicated by

and cannot coexist. So will be incorrect

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

A sentence that starts with a noun

The predicate is always nominative () , if it is one word

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes

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This ( ) vs. That ()

Like all pronouns, these are definite

and are pronounced as and respectively,

Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)

Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters (

In writing, the is not assimilated, e.g.,

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)

)Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2

)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1

The Joining Hamza (

If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced

also appears words without the , e.g.,

, look for one of the following three conditions:

Without any or symbol on alif

Completely omitted in writing, e.g.,

, is always pronounced, regardless of its

is usually written with a symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)

( Find solar letters

)ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1

What ( ) vs. Who (

Used for irrational things

Used for rational beings

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)

Particle of Interrogation and Answer

Prefixing to a statement turns it into a question

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes

& ) Genitive Case ()

Mar. 14, 2010

Mar. 20, 2010 3