Final Thesis Elevator

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................6
1.1 History of Elevator...............................................................................................6
1.2 General approach.................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2: CAR STRUCTURE AND COUNTERWEIGHT...................................9
2.1. Car...................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Car structure................................................................................................9
2.1.2. Car dimensions determination....................................................................10
2.1.3. Calculation of the weight of the car............................................................10
2.1.4. Cases of forces applying on the car............................................................13
2.1.5. Strength examining.....................................................................................19
2.2 Analyzing car structure using Ansys program....................................................21
2.3 Counterweight....................................................................................................22
2.3.1. General design............................................................................................23
2.3.2. Number of counterweight plates.................................................................23
CHAPTER 3: ELEVATOR MACHINE......................................................................24
3.1 Specification and selection of elevator ropes.....................................................25
3.2 Specification and selection of traction sheave and diverting pulley...................26
3.2.1 Traction sheave............................................................................................26
3.2.2 Diverting pulley...........................................................................................26
3.2.3 Sheave groove.............................................................................................26
3.3 Examining the contacting condition between the ropes and the sheave.............28
3.3.1Operation under rated load...........................................................................28
3.3.2 Operating under the sample load.................................................................31
3.3.3 Operating with no load................................................................................32
3.4 Specification and selection of motor..................................................................33
3.4.1 Requirements for the motor of the elevator.................................................33
3.4.2 Power of the motor......................................................................................33
3.4.3 Elevator machine.........................................................................................34
1
CHAPTER 4: SUSPENSION SYSTEM.....................................................................37

4.1 The principle of operation..................................................................................37
4.2 Compute hanger system.....................................................................................38
4.2.1 Pull bar........................................................................................................38
4.2.2 Springs.........................................................................................................38
CHAPTER 5: BUFFER..............................................................................................41
5.1 Force acts on buffer...........................................................................................41
5.2 Compute the spring of the vibration reduction...................................................42
CHAPTER 6: SAFETY GEAR AND LIMITED SPEED INSURANCE....................44
6.1 Safety gear.........................................................................................................44
6.1.1 Compute grip equipment.............................................................................44
6.1.2 Dimensions of wedge..................................................................................48
6.2 Limited speed part.............................................................................................48
6.2.1 Cable of the speed control part....................................................................49
6.2.2 Pulley........................................................................................................... 49
6.2.3 Compressive Force necessity of spring and spring to keep the centrifugal
weight................................................................................................................... 49
6.2.4. Spring with throw ball................................................................................51
CHAPTER 7: GUIDE RAIL.......................................................................................53
7.1 Leading the cabin...............................................................................................53
7.2 Compute the guide rail.......................................................................................54
7.2.1 The force apply on the guild rail..................................................................55
7.2.2 Compute temperature effects by the gripping of the instructor....................56
7.2.3 The slenderness of the guide rail.................................................................57
CHAPTER 8: DOOR MECHANISM OF THE CABIN.............................................58
8.1. Principle of operation........................................................................................58
8.2.Computing transmit movement in the door........................................................58
CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONIC AND PROGRAMMING............................................60
9.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................60
9.2 Specification......................................................................................................60
9.2.1 Features.......................................................................................................60
9.2.2 Concept........................................................................................................60
2
9.2.3 Basic block diagram....................................................................................61

9.2.4 Limitations...................................................................................................61
9.3 Hardware design................................................................................................62
9.3.1 AVR Microcontroller...................................................................................62
9.3.2 Power supply...............................................................................................62
9.3.3 Users input and Floor sensors.....................................................................63
9.3.4 Display module............................................................................................63
9.3.5 Motors Driver..............................................................................................64
9.3.6 Schematic Circuit:.......................................................................................65
9.4 Software Design.................................................................................................66
9.4.1 System Events.............................................................................................66
9.4.2 Implementation............................................................................................66
9.4.3
Functions.................................................................................................67
9.4.4
Flow Charts.............................................................................................69
9.4.5
Elevator Algorithm..................................................................................73
CHAPTER 10: HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR DESIGN................................................87

10.1. Principle..........................................................................................................87
10.1.1. Telescopic Cylinders.................................................................................87
10.1.2. Main and Stages.......................................................................................87
10.1.3. Basic Cylinder Types................................................................................88
10.1.4. Bearings and Seals....................................................................................89
10.1.5. Principle diagram of the hydraulic system................................................90
10.2 Calculation and design of the cylinder.............................................................91
10.2.1 Principle....................................................................................................91
10.2.2 Requirements.............................................................................................91
10.2.3 Length of the cylinder................................................................................91
10.2.4 Diameter of the cylinder............................................................................92
10.2.5 Structure....................................................................................................93
10.3 Calculation and selection of pump...................................................................95
10.4 Valve selection.................................................................................................95
10.4.1 Relief valve................................................................................................95
3
10.4.2 Distribution valve......................................................................................96

10.4.3 Flow regulating valve................................................................................97
10.4.4 Check valve...............................................................................................98
10.5 Reservoir..........................................................................................................99
10.5.1 Function.....................................................................................................99
10.5.2 Figure and dimension................................................................................99
10.5.3 Structure....................................................................................................99
10.6 Filters.............................................................................................................100
10.7 Pipes..............................................................................................................100
10.8 Fluid............................................................................................................... 100
10.9 Assembly drawings of piston and cylinders...................................................100
CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION................................................................................101
11.1 Result.............................................................................................................101
11.2 Limitation.......................................................................................................101
11.3 Conclusion.....................................................................................................101
REFERENCE............................................................................................................ 103
ABSTRACT
Currently industrial products are playing an important role in the national
economy. Especially technical and scientific achievements are developing strongly
and are more common and widespread in the industry. Recognizing the importance of
this issue can influence how the country develop. Our government has tried to train
scientific and technical research, aiming to encourage investment in fast goal of
industrialization, modernization of the country
Along with the development of society, more and more tall buildings appear to
suit the requirements of life. Elevators become very important and far more
convenient than the stairs. Elevators help people save time and effort. In this project
we try to make the model of a six floors elevator
In the process of working, with young on the level of professional knowledge,
practical experience and time constraints of the project so we can not avoid mistakes.
Therefore, we are looking forward to more help of the teacher, and the contribution of
friends.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of Elevator
The first reference to an elevator is in
the works of the Roman architect
Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes
built his first elevator probably in 236
B.C. In some literary sources of later
historical periods, elevators were
mentioned as cabs on a hemp rope and
powered by hand or by animals. It is
supposed that elevators of this type were
installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt.
In 1000, the Book of Secrets by the
Arab Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Islamic
Spain described the use of an elevatorlike lifting device, in order to raise a large battering ram to destroy a fortress.
In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace
buildings of England and France.
In 1793 Ivan Kulibin created an elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for
the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg. In 1816 an elevator was established in the
main building of sub Moscow village called Arkhangelskoye. In 1823, an
"ascending room" made its debut in London.
In the middle 1800's, there were many types of crude elevators that carried
freight. Most of them ran hydraulically. The first hydraulic elevators used a
plunger below the car to raise or lower the elevator. A pump applied water
pressure to a plunger, or steel column, inside a vertical cylinder. Increasing the
pressure allowed the elevator to descend. The elevator also used a system of
counter-balancing so that the plunger did not have to lift the entire weight of the
elevator and its load. The plunger, however, was not practical for tall buildings,
because it required a pit as deep below the building as the building was tall. Later
a rope-geared elevator with multiple pulleys was developed. Henry Waterman of
New York is credited with inventing the "standing rope control" for an elevator in
1850.
In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of
the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat
similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s);
6
locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed.
He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in 1854.
On March 23, 1857 the first Otis passenger elevator was installed at 488
Broadway in New York City. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by
four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union building in New York
began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design for Cooper Union,
because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be
invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper felt it was the most efficient
design.
The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety
and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague.
The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw
materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by
these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together
to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today.
In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to
open and close safely.
In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company
later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. It constructed a
network of high pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately,
extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly lifts
(elevators) and cranes.
In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America,
created the first residential elevator.
1.2 General approach
The elevator is a useful device used to transport cargo and people vertically.
The advent of the elevator begins from the need to travel, quick transportation
of people from low position to high position and vice versa. Lifts help to
increase labor productivity, reduce costs of time and energy of human labor. So,
elevators are widely used in all sectors of national economy.
In industry, elevators used to transport goods, products, materials and help
workers to work at different height. In some industries such as mining,
construction, metallurgy ... the elevator played a key role is indispensable. In
addition, the elevator is also widely used and no less important in buildings,
7
offices, hospitals and hotels. Elevators help people save time, energy, increased
job. Currently, the elevator is an important factor in the competitive business of
building construction systems. In terms of value for the buildings, from 25
floors or more, the lifts up 10-70% of total project value. Therefore, the
elevator has been created and developed very early in the advanced countries.
All large elevator company in the world are always looking for ways to meet
product requirements and demands of people on a higher quality.
In Vietnam today, elevators are mainly used in industry to carry goods and are
in rudimentary form. In this environment, the economy has significantly grown
that makes the demand for elevators in all areas of social life is increasing.
CHAPTER 2: CAR STRUCTURE AND COUNTERWEIGHT

2.1. Car
2.1.1. Car structure
The car carries passengers and other loads. It should be easily assembled so that
the components can be taken apart and then installed in the hoistway. It is
composed of the sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension,
the platform which forms the floor of the car and directly supports the load and the
car enclosure attached to the car platform.
Figure 2.1: Car frame

1. Vertical frame
2. Horizontal frame 3. Wedge
5. Suspension device
6. Cable clip
4.Guide shoes
7.Lever arm 8. Links
Car frame (platform) consist of vertical frame 1 and horizontal frame 2

connected to each other by bolts. Vertical frame 1 is constructed from two
vertical bar made of equal-leg angle steel and two horizontal beam made of U
steel. Horizontal frame 2 is constructed from equal leg angle steel and the car
floor is placed on it. The upper beam of the vertical frame is connected to the
suspension device 5, make sure that all the suspension ropes have the same
stretch. Since the car frame has large dimensions, the horizontal and vertical
9
frames should also be connected by the links 8. The lever arm 7 and the wedge
3 of the safety gear are also attached to the car frame. The lever arm 7 is
connected with the cable of the overspeed governor through the cable clip 6. If
the speed of the car exceeds a predetermined value, the safety gear will be
activated and the car will be stopped, resting on the guiding rails.
The guide shoes 4 are fixed to the endings of the upper and lower beams,
providing guiding for the car sling along the car trajectory.
2.1.2. Car dimensions determination
Car dimensions determination should consider the service ability and economic
factor. The car dimensions can be determined from the rated load and the
service ability. The elevator designed in this thesis has the rated load Q=500kg
and rated velocity v=0.63m/s. We choose an elevator with the dimensions:
Width x Length x Height = 1110 x 1400 x 2200 mm (Reference:?). The width
of the door is 800mm.
2.1.3. Calculation of the weight of the car
1220
3
0
0
0
3
1
8
0
1280
1220
Figure 2.2: Car frame dimensions

To calculate the strength of the car frame, we choose the dimensions of the
beams first and then examine their strength.
10
Upper beam: Pressed U steel
25
90
180
260
440
Figure 2.3: Upper beams cross section

We have:
A = 3900 mm2
Jx =20142500mm4
Wxk Wxn
2 J x 2.20142500
223805mm3
h
180
The mass of the upper beam:

G = 3900.1280.7852.10-9 =39 kg
Lower beam: Pressed U steel
1
8
0
2
5
420
90
11
260
440
Figure 2.4: Lower beams cross section

We have:
A =8100 mm2
Jx = 56087500 mm4
Wxk Wxn
2 J x 2.56087500
590394mm3
h
190
The mass of the lower beam:

G =8100.1280.7852.10-9 =81 kg
Uprights (Vertical beams): equal-leg angle steel
80
260
Figure 2.5: Uprights cross section

We have:
A =1550 mm2
Sx =28125 mm3
yc =18 mm
Jx =972617 mm4
972617
16769mm3
58
972617
Wxn
44210mm3
22
Wxk
The mass of the uprights:

G =1550.3000.2.7852.10-9 =73 kg
12
13
Horizontal frame: pressed steel, four U75x75x5 and two U60x40x5
60
75
40
75
Figure 2.6: Cross section of bars of horizontal frame.

A1 =725 mm2
G1 = 725.(1400+1120)..7852.10-9=14,8 kg
A1 =650 mm2
G1 = 650.1250.7852.10-9=6,5 kg
The mass of the horizontal frame:
G =2.G1 + 2.G2 =42,6 kg
For the car floor we use 3mm tole. Then the mass of the car floor is:
3.1120.1400.7852.109 40kg
For car enclosure we use 2mm tole. Then the mass of the car enclosure is:
(1400.2150.2 1100.2150 360.2150).
2.7852.10-9=143 kg
The mass of the door is about 50kg.

Then the total mass of the car is:
39 + 81 + 73 + 42.6 + 40 + 143 + 50 = 468.6 kg
The car also has other accessories such as: links, guide shoes, wedge of the
safety gear, etc. Therefore, we take the mass of the car as 500Kg.
2.1.4. Cases of forces applying on the car
2.1.4.1 General principle to calculate the strength of car:
14
The calculate the strength of the mechanisms that always function during the
activating time of the elevator, we have to consider their operation in several
cases:
-
Case 1: Nominal load

Case 2: The safety gear and/or the buffer is assembled
Case 3: Technical examine, 150200 % of nominal load.
Case 4: The car is stuck on the guiding rails.
The general principle to calculate the strength of car is based on the permissible
max
stress:
n
n
Where:
max
- maximum stress applied on the part

- permissible stress
- ultimate strength, fatigue strength or yield strength ( depends on

each case).
n- smallest factor of safety.
Material of the car frame: Shaped pressed steel: CT3
Yield strength: y = 240N/mm2
Ultimate strength: u = 400N/mm2
2.1.4.2 Cases for calculation:
Case 1:
Qt= Q.kd
Gt= Gcar. kd
Where
Qt Rated load Qt=500 (kg)
Gcar Mass of the car: Gcar =500 (kg)
a: acceleration of the car a=1,5 (m/s2)
15
g: free-fall acceleration g=9,81(m/s2)

kd: dynamic factor
kd 1
a
1,5
1
1,15
g
9,81
Then : Qt = 5000.1,15=5750 N
Gt = 5000.1,15=5750 N
Case 2: Increase Q by 10%, increase kd by 2030%
-
The car is assembled with the safety gear:

Qt= 1,1.Q.kd
Gt= Gcar. kd
Force from the wedges act on the car frame at two ends of the vertical
beam:
P
1,1Q Gcab
kd
2
kd=1,15+1,15.0,3=1,495
P
Then:
-
1,1.5000 5000
.1, 495 7849 N
2
Qt = 8223 N
Gt = 7475 N
The car is assembled with the buffer:
amax
).kn
g
9,81
(1,1.5000 5000)(1
).1 21000 N
9,81
P (1,1Q Gcab )(1
Qt=1,1.Q.kd = 11000 N
Gt= Gcar. kd = 10000N
Case 3: Technical examine
Qt= Q.kol
Gt= Gcar. kol
Where : kol Overload factor. kol=2 for traction drive with sheave
Then :
Qt=10000 N
16
Gt=10000 N
Case 4: Car stuck on the guiding rails
Pmax =Qt + Gcar + Gcable + W Gcw =292,34 (kg) =2923,4 N
17
2.1.4.3 Calculation of strength of the car:

Case 1:
Qt+Gt
61027
M1
3741027
61027
M1
J1
(Nmm)
J2
J2
Gt Qt
A
M2
J3
12101
M2 12101
2846785
3050299
Figure 2.7: Force diagram on the car frame in case 1

The equilibrium equations:
Qt Gt . A2 M 1. A M 1.H M 2 .H
16 EJ1
2 EJ1
3EJ 2
6 EJ 2
Gt . A2 4 Qt . A2 M 2 . A M 2 .H M 1.H
.
16 EJ 3 81 EJ 3
2 EJ 3 3EJ 2 6 EJ 2
For Qt =5750N, Gt=5750N, J1 =20142500 mm4, J2 =972617 mm4, J3 =56087500

mm4, A=1280 mm, H=3000 mm. Then we have: M1= 61027 Nmm, M2 =-12101 Nmm
18
Case 2:
-
Car assembles with the safety gear:
M1
M1
15656
15656
J1
(Nmm)
J2
J2
Gt Qt
M2
P
J3
M2 32281
32281
3929424
4175641

M 1. A M 1.H M 2 .H
2 EJ1 3EJ 2 6 EJ 2
Gt . A2 4 Qt . A2 M 2 . A M 2 .H M 1.H
.
16 EJ 3 81 EJ 3
2 EJ 3
3EJ 2 6EJ 2
For Qt =8223N, Gt=7475N, P=7849N J1 =20142500 mm4, J2 =972617

mm4, J3 =56087500 mm4, A=1280 mm, H=3000 mm, we have:
M1= 15656 Nmm, M2 =32281 Nmm
19
Car assembles with the buffers:

7387138
Qt+Gt
M1 987138
M1
987138
J1
(Nmm)
J2
J2
Qt+Gt
453027
M2
J3
M2
453027
5946973

M 1. A M 1.H M 2 .H
2 EJ1 3EJ 2 6 EJ 2
Gt . A2 4 Qt . A2 M 2 . A PA2
M .H M .H
.
2 1
16 EJ 3 81 EJ 3
2 EJ 3 16 EJ 3 3EJ 2 6 EJ 2
For Qt =11000N, Gt=10000N, P=21000N, J1 =20142500 mm4, J2

=972617 mm4, J3 =56087500 mm4, A=1280 mm, H=3000 mm, we have:
M1= -7875 Nmm, M2 =-16238 Nmm
20
Case 3: Technical examination:

7387138
Qt+Gt
M1 987138
M1
987138
J1
(Nmm)
J2
J2
Qt+Gt
453027
M2
J3
M2
453027
5946973

Qt Gt . A2 M 1. A
M .H M .H
1 2
16 EJ1
2 EJ1
3EJ 2
6 EJ 2
(Gt Qt ). A2 M 2 . A M 2 .H M 1.H
16 EJ 3
2 EJ 3 3EJ 2 6 EJ 2
For Qt =10000N, Gt=10000N, J1 =20142500 mm4, J2 =972617 mm4, J3

=56087500 mm4, A=1280 mm, H=3000 mm.We have: M1= 987138 Nmm, M2 =453027 Nmm
2.1.5. Strength examining

Upper beam: only bending moment
The maximum stress in the beam:
M max

Wx
Taking data from case 3 for examination, we have:
21

Permissible stress :
Where:
ch
M max 7387138
33N / mm 2
Wx
223805
ch
n
- yield strength
ch
=240N/mm2
n- factor of safety n =23
Since :
ch 240
80 N / mm 2
n
3
, the upper beam satisfies the requirement.
Uprights(vertical bars): both stress and bending moment
Qt Gt M
2F
Wx
Taking data from case 3 for examination

Maximum and minimum stress inside the bars:
max
Qt Gt M max 20000 987138
65 N / mm 2
k
2F
Wx
2.1550 16769
min
Qt Gt M max 20000 987138
29 N / mm 2
n
2F
Wx
2.1550 44210

Permissible stress :
Where:
ch
ch
n
- yield strength
ch
=240N/mm2
n- factor of safety n =23
ch 240
80 N / mm 2
n
3
22
Slenderness of the uprights:
.l
imin
Where: - coefficient of connection between two ends = 0,5

l- length of the uprights l=3000mm
imin
imin- minimum radius of gyration
Then
J min
972617
25mm
F
2.775
0,5.3000
60 120
25
We also have:
max , min
, the uprights satisfy the requirements
Lower beam: bending moment and torque. Bending moment caused by P, G t, Qt,
torque caused by Qt placed eccentric by a distance C1 ( C1 =B/6 =1400/6
=233mm)
Taking data from case 2, the car assemble with the safety gear.
Mtorque =8223.223 =1833729 Nmm
Shear stress:
With
M xoan 1833729
3, 7 N / mm2
2.t. 2.5.49025
-area enclosed by the middle lines of the cross section.
265.185 49025mm 2
M max 4175641
7, 6 N / mm 2
W
568018
Stress caused by the bending moment :
Then :
td 2 4. 2 10, 6 N / mm2 60 N / mm 2
The lower beam satisfies the requirements.
23
2.2 Analyzing car structure using Ansys program
24
2.3 Counterweight
To reduce the power requirement of the motor and the load applied on the
elevator machine, as well as maintaining the friction between the ropes and the
sheave, we have to use the counterweight. The counterweight and the car are
connected to the same ropes.
The weight of the counterweight is determined by the following formula:
Gdt Gcab Q
Where: Q:maximum load

Gcab: weight of the car
: coefficient taking account of the percentage of the rated load
balanced by the counterweight.
If the weight of the counterweight equals the weight of car combined with the
load, the motor only has to overcome the friction force and inertia force to raise
or to lower the car. But when there is no load, the motor will have to overcome a
resistance force which equals the load Q. Therefore, we have to choose the
counterweight with coefficient which can satisfies that the force needed to
raise a car with maximum load equals the force needed to lower a car with no
load.
The maximum static moment applied on the diverting pulley when raising the
car with full load from the lowest floor:
M tg (Q Gcb Gcapcb Gdt )
D
D
Q( ) Gcapcb
2
2
Gcapcb
: weight of the ropes suspense the car
: coefficient of lifting power utilizing of elevator
D: diameter of the diverting pulley

When lower the car from the highest floor with no load:
25
M 'tg (Gdt Gcapdt Gcabin )
D
D
(Q Gcapdt )
2
2
M tg
This moment has the opposite sign to
Gcapdt
In this formula
: weight of the ropes suspense the counterweight

M tg
Equalizing
and
M ' tg
we have:
The balancing coefficient is often taken as =0,5 corresponds to =1.

Then the weight of the counterweight is:
Gdt
500 0,5 500 750Kg
2.3.1. General design

A counterweight normally consists of a frame and counterweight plates. The
frame is made of U steel, joined by bolts. Similar to the car, counterweight also
has guiding shoes to guide it sliding follow the guide rails.
The counterweight plates are made of concrete with the mass 30kg each.
2.3.2. Number of counterweight plates
130
70
The approximate weight of the frame is 90 kg

The number of plates is : n = (750-90)/30 = 22 (plates)
The dimensions of the plates is showed in the following picture.
70
830
Figure 2.11: Counterweight plate
26
CHAPTER 3: ELEVATOR MACHINE

Elevator has two kind of traction drive:
- Without gearbox: traction sheave are fixed directly to the shaft of the
motor
- With gearbox: auxiliary transmission mechanism between the motor
and the sheave or drum.
Figure 3.1: Diagram of elevator machine with gearbox and sheave

Elevator machine consists of motor 1, brake 2, worm gear box 5 and traction
sheave 3. All components are attached to the steel frame 4.
To reduce the noise during operating time of the elevator, the gearbox should use
the worm gear transmission. Worm gear transmission has the advantage of high gear
ratio, small size and self braking.
Worm gear box can use the cylindrical worm or globoidal worm. Globoidal
worm gear are widely used for elevator machines thanks to its smaller dimensions in
comparison to the cylindrical type with the same power rating.
The worm gear box can be manufactured with the worm placed above or below
the worm gear. Traction sheave is attached directly to the worm. The wear of the
traction sheave is usually high, therefore the sheave collar should be easily
disassembled for replacement. The shaft of the worm is placed on the bearing. At an
end of the worm which is opposite to the motor, a hand crank is attached so that we
can control the machine manually. It is also removable.
The worm gear boxes are now manufactured according to the standard. We only
have to select the suitable one based on the torque and the gear ratio.
27
3.1 Specification and selection of elevator ropes

Elevator ropes always bear the load during the operation of the elevator,
changing state between straight and curving over the traction sheave. Two important
factors that can affect the strength of the ropes is the maximum tension and curvature
radius. To calculate and select the rope, we have the following formula:
Smax .k Sd
Where:
Smax- maximum stretch (tension)
k- factor of safety, take k=10.
Sd
-tensile strength of the ropes
The maximum stretch Smax can be calculated by the following formula:

S max
Gcab Q Gcap
a.i
Where:
Q- rated load Q=500 Kg
Gcar mass of the car, Gcar= 500 Kg
Gcab- mass of the rope when the car is at the lowest floor
i-. Number of ropes i=35, take i=3
a- scale factor, a=1
According to ISO 4344, we choose the round-strand equal lay 6x19 (9/9/1) rope. The
construction 6x19 (9/9/1) means 6 strands, 19 wires in each strand, namely 9 wires in
the outer layer, 9 inner wires and 1 central wire (king wire) in the strand. The same
number of both the outer and inner wires is typical for the Seale construction. The
outer wires are of larger diameter, which results in larger contact area and lower unit
pressure between the wires of both layers and, as a consequence, a considerable
improvement in rope life is achieved in comparison with ropes of normal construction
used earlier such as 6x19 (12/6/1).
28
Figure 3.2: Cross-sectional view of the rope

The specification:
b 1600 N / mm 2
, dc= 10 mm,
Sd
=49,5 KN
The mass of the rope: Gcab = 14,5.0,352.3=15.3 kg

S max
Then:
5000 5000 153

3384 N
3
Smax .k 3384.10 33840 N 33,84 KN Sd 49,5 KN
The rope satisfies the strength requirement.

3.2 Specification and selection of traction sheave and diverting pulley
3.2.1 Traction sheave
The minimum diameter of the traction sheave is determined by the following formula:
D d.e
d- diameter of the rope
e- coefficient depends on the kind of elevator and rated speed, take e=40
Then: D 40.10=400 mm
3.2.2 Diverting pulley
Diameter of the diverting pulley can be about 70% of the traction sheave: Ddp=0,7.D
3.2.3 Sheave groove
To prevent the ropes from slipping on the traction sheave, the sheave must have
groove which results in increasing friction between the sheave and the ropes.
The sheave groove might has one of the following profiles:
29
Channel shape (semi-circle):
Figure 3.3: Semi-circular shape

This kind of shape has a good advantage in prevent the rope from wearing.
However, because of the small coefficient of friction, it is mostly used for the
sheaves with large contacting angle, for instance: elevator machine without the
gearbox.
-
Semi-circular shape with slot:
Figure 3.4: Semi-circular shape with slot

The sharp edges of the slot may affect the strength and durability of the ropes
-
Wedge shape:
Figure 3.5: Wedge shape

This kind of shape is most commonly used. For this profile, the angle of the
undercutting of the groove is
0 300 400
The coefficient of friction between the ropes and the sheave without the groove
is:
0 = 0,12
30
The coefficient of friction between the ropes and the sheave without the groove
is:
0
0,12
0, 35
40
sin
sin
2
2
The sheave groove has the following dimensions:

400
1
0
14
10
Figure 3.6: Sheave groove

3.3 Examining the contacting condition between the ropes and the sheave
Cases for examining:
-
Operating under rated load

Operating under sample load
Operating with no load
3.3.1Operation under rated load

The coefficient taking account of the percentage of the rated load balanced by the
0.5
counter weight
The car is pulled up from the first floor. Without the compensating cable, the
maximum tension S1 in the travelling cable connected to the car at starting time is:
31
a
S1 (Q Gcab Gc )(1 ) W
g
Tension S2 of the cable connected to the counterweight:
S 2 Gdt (1
a
a
) (Q G )(1 )
g
g
Where:
Q rated load
Gcar, Gc, Gdt mass of the car, rope and counterweight
W resistance forces
a starting acceleration
coefficient taking account of the rated load balanced by the counterweight
The resistance forces:
W (Wdh W pl ).1,1
The friction forces at the guide rails:
Wdh Q..
A B
3h
Where: A width of the car A=1220mm

B length of the car B=1400mm
h vertical distance between the centers of the guiding shoes
h=3100mm
- coefficient of friction between the guiding shoes and the guiding
rails, with the guiding shoes made of steel = 0,12.
Then:
Wdh 5000.0,12.
1220 1400
170 N
3.3100
The friction forces at the sheave and pulley:
Wpl .S .sin
Where: buckling factor, =0,02

angle of wrap of the traction sheave =150
S total stretch of the cable wrap over the diverting pulley
32
Figure 3.7: Force diagram when operating with rated load
S2 = Gdt =7500 N ,
*
S3
e
S2
Where: - coefficient of friction between the cable and diverting pulley,

=0,12
angle of the undercutting of the pulley groove
sin
0,12
0,35
40
sin
2
Then:
*
S3 S 2 .e . 7500.e 0,35.0,78 9850 N
W pl .( S2 S3 ).sin
450
0, 02.(7500 9850).sin
133 N
2
2
The total resistance force:

W (170 133).1,1 333,3 N
Then:
33
S1 (5000 5000 153)(1
S2 7500.(1
1,5
) 333 12040 N
9,81
1, 5
) 8650 N
9,81
To prevent the rope from slipping on the sheave, the following condition
must be satisfied:
*
S1
e .
S2
Where: angle of wrap of the traction sheave (rad), =150 (2,26rad)

* - coefficient of friction between the ropes and the traction sheave with
= 40
Then:
sin
0,12
0,35
40
sin
2
We have:
*
e e 0,352,62 2, 5
S1 12040
1,39
S 2 8650
S1
e 0
S2
Therefore the angle of undercutting of the groove = 40 can prevent the
ropes from slipping on the sheave groove.
3.3.2 Operating under the sample load

S1 Q.kqt Gcab Gcap 5000.1,15 5000 153 10903 N
S1 Gdt 7500 N
34
e e0,352,62 2,5
S1 10903
1, 45
S2 7500
S1
e 0
S2
Therefore the angle of undercutting of the groove = 40 can prevent the
ropes from slipping on the sheave groove.
3.3.3 Operating with no load

The counterweight is pulled up from the lowest floor.
S3
S1
S3
Fqt S1
S2
Gcab
S2
Fqt2
Gt+Gcap
Figure 3.8: Force diagram when operating with no load.

a
S1 Gcab (1 )
g
a
S 2 (Gdt Gcap )(1 ) W
g
Resistance force:
35
W (Wdh W pl ).1,1
Wdh Q..
A B
3h
W pl .S .sin
Then
=0
=133N
W (0 133).1,1 146,3 N
S1 5000(1
1,5
) 5760 N
9,81
S 2 (7500 153).(1
1,5
) 146,3 8970 N
9,81
We have:
e e 0,352,62 2,5
S 2 8970
1,56
S1 5760
*
S2
e
S1
The angle of undercutting of the groove = 40 can prevent the ropes

from slipping on the sheave groove.
3.4 Specification and selection of motor

3.4.1 Requirements for the motor of the elevator
-
Based the speed of the elevator, we choose the motor with one speed or
multi speed.
Guarantee that the elevator stop at the exact position according to
technical specification.
Initial acceleration is not too high ( a < 1,5m/s2)
Motor is suitable for repeatedly short term working, reversible
Simple structure, light, sufficient power rating.
Dimensions does not depend on the height of lifting
36
We choose the elevator machine with traction sheave, placing on top of the
building, satisfies all the features above.
3.4.2 Power of the motor

Applying the formula:
P.v
1000.td p
Where:
P load on the traction sheave (N)
v speed of the car, v = 0,63m/s
td efficiency of the machine. = 0,6 0,8 for worm gear box, take td =
0,65.
p efficiency of the sheave, p = 0,96 0,98. take p = 0,96
We calculate the power of the motor in case that the load on the sheave is
largest:
Pmax = Q + Gcar + Gcablecar + W Gdt
= 5000 + 5000 + 153 + 333,3 7500 = 2986,3 N
2986,3.0, 63
3kW
1000.0, 65.0,96
Power of the motor:
3.4.3 Elevator machine

Based on the calculated power and the rated speed, we choose the elevator machine
TW63 of Thyssen Aufzugswerke Elevator Gmbh, with the following parameters:
37
Figure 3.10: TW63 Machine

-
Traction sheave: Diameter D=450mm

Width b=96mm
The sheave groove has the wedge shape profile with angle of undercutting
0=40 and rope diameter d=10mm
Figure 3.11: Profile of the sheave groove

-
Diverting pulley: Diameter: Ddp = 0,7.450 = 360mm; the other parameters are
similar to the traction sheave
Brake:
Type: 2 clamp, normal closed
Maximum braking moment: 2*90Nmm
Brake disk: 200mm
38
Clamping force: 2*2500N
Figure 3.12 Brake

Motor: From the catalogue of Thyssen Aufzugswerke Elevator Gmbh, we
choose the motor with the following parameters:
Power: 4,5kW
R.p.m: 1360
Mass: 37,35kg
Working moment: 31Nm
Initial moment: 78Nm
Gearbox:
Type: worm gear
Gear ratio: 48:1
Shaft length: 155mm
Mass of the machine: 370Kg
Efficiency: 0,65 0,76
Required r.p.m of the sheave:

n pl
v
0, 63.60
27r / m
.D pl .0, 45
Roping factor:
i
ndc 1360
50, 4
n pl
27
For the selected machine ic = 48, then:

i
i ic
50, 4 48
.100%
.100% 4, 7%
i
50, 4
39
Since i < 5%, the selected machine satisfies the requirement.
40
CHAPTER 4: SUSPENSION SYSTEM

For the lift use pulley action to lead the movement, it based on friction force between
cable and pulley groove. Therefore these requires the cable must have good branch
tension to create friction force on each branch cable. Therefore the requirements of
hanging system is having equal friction force on each cable. Suspension equipment is
used in common day is spring because of it high reliability
Figure 4.1: Spring

1. Pull bar
2. Gate
3. Spring
4.Gate under
5. Nut
4.1 The principle of operation

Cables tension is adjusted by spring. If a branch cables tension is higher than the
other, the spring will shorten until the force balance the other cables tension. That's
why the tension on all the cable is always equal.
The disadvantage of the system is the car has larger vibration when open the machine
and when brake.
41
4.2 Compute hanger system

4.2.1 Pull bar
In all cases calculation for the lift, the case when load is put into use is the case cabin
frame have to endure the biggest force
The largest force on the beams of the frame cabin on the load test is :
Pi max
Qt Gt 20000
6667 N
3
3
The pull bar is made from CT3 steel that have limited melt is ch = 240 N / mm2
ch
n0
We have
n0 is safety parameter, we choose n0 = 3
The durable pull rate:
bk
bk 0, 6. ch 0, 6.240
48 N / mm 2
n0
3
3
The area of the pull bar:
Pi max 6667
139mm 2
bk 48
4F
4.139
13,3mm
Diameter of the pull bar

To ensure durable conditions, we choose d = 16 mm
4.2.2 Springs
- Select materials to make the spring crom-vanadium has
c
D
5
d
Diameter ratio:
42
b 1600 N / mm2
Wahl stress correction parameter is determined as follow

Kw
d 1, 6.
4c 1 0, 615
1,3105
4c 4
c
kw .Pi max .c

Spring diameter:
In which: Pimax = 6667 N

[] =0,5 . 1600= 800 N/mm2
d 1, 6.
1, 3105.6667.5
11,8mm
800
According to the standards we choose d = 12 mm

- Average diameter of the spring is: D = c.d = 12.5 = 60 mm
n
x. G . d
8 .c (Pmax Pmin)
3
- The amount of working round of the spring:
In which:
Pmax - the largest compressive force subject to the spring. Pmax = 6667 N.
Pmin - the smallest compressive force subject to the installed spring, we choose P min =
2000 N
x deformation of the springs from Pmin to Pmax force, choose x = 30 mm
G: sliding module of steel. G = 8.104 MPa
30.8.10 4.12
n 3
6, 2
8.5 .(8000 2000)
Choose n = 7 rounds
- The other parameter:
The entire round number: n0= n + 2 = 7 +2 = 9 rounds
43
Height of spring when those rounds close together: Hs = n0.d = 9.12 = 108 mm
p d (1,1 1, 2)
Step of the spring when not subject to load:

In which
max
8.c 3 .n.P i max 8.53.7.6667
48, 6mm
Gd
8.104.12
So
p d (1,1 1, 2)
max
48, 6
12 1,1.
19, 6 mm
n
7
Initial height: H0= pn + 2.d = 19,6 .7 + 2.12 = 161.2 mm

H o 161, 2
2, 69 3
D
60
Check the oven stability of springs

So the spring is stable
44
max
n
CHAPTER 5: BUFFER
Buffer in lift is a safety device. The structure is put under the well to keep the car and
the counterweight not beat up and cause shake for people in the cabin. In the case of
going down over the first floor the structure will hold the cabin and keep it safe. Also
the structure ensure no details of elevators touch the bottom of the well, to avoid
causing damage
We use elastic spring to be the buffer. This is the structure has relatively simple
design, works safety, high working life, is used in many kind of elevators.
Figure 5.1 Buffers

5.1 Force acts on buffer
The force acts on the lift must be calculated in the most dangerous situations when the
brake system and the insurance system do not operate. In this case the buffer system
45
have to endured all the force of the mass of the cabin and the counterweigh with the
dynamic load parameter
P
1,1.Qt Gt
a
.(1 max ).kn
z
g
In which:
amax the maximum acceleration of the car, amax = 9.81 m/s2( falling )
g = 9.81 m/s2
kn -difference distribution ;consider kn = 1 (because use only a buffer )
P
1,1.500 500
9,81
(1
).1 2100 Kg
1
9,81
5.2 Compute the spring of the vibration reduction

- Select materials of the spring: crom-vanadium has
c
Diameter ratio
b 1600 N / mm 2
D
6
d
Kw
4c 1 0, 615
1, 24
4c 4
c
Wahl parameter
d 1, 6.
kw .Pi max .c

Spring diameter:
In which: Pmax= 21000 N
[] =0,5 x 1600= 800 N/mm2
d 1, 6.
1, 24.21000.6
22,3mm
800
According to the standards we choose d = 24 mm

- Average diameter of the spring is: D = c.d = 6.24 = 144 mm
46
- The amount of working round of the spring:

n
x. G . d
8 .c (Pmax Pmin)
3
In which:
Pmax - the largest compressive force subject to spring. Pmax = 21,000 N.
Pmin -the smallest compressive force subject to spring when installed, we choose Pmin =
0N
x the deformation of the springs from Pmin to Pmax force, choose x = 100 mm
G: sliding module of steel . G = 8.104 MPa
100.8.104.24
n
5,3
8.63.(21000 0)
Choosing n = 6 rounds
- The other parameters
The entire round number: n0 = n + 2 = 6 +2 = 8 rounds
Height of spring when all rounds close together: Hs = n0.d = 8.24 = 192 mm
Step of spring when no load:
p d (1,1 1, 2)
max
In which
8.c 3 .n.P i max 8.63.6.21000
113, 4mm
Gd
8.104.24
p d (1,1 1, 2)
So
max
n
max
113, 4
24 1,1.
44,8mm
n
6
Initial heigh H0=pn + 2.d=44,8.6 + 2.24= 316,8mm
The stable of the spring
H o 316,8
2, 2 3
D
144
So the spring is stable

47
48
CHAPTER 6: SAFETY GEAR AND LIMITED SPEED INSURANCE

To avoid the falling down of the cabin when the cable is broke or the cabin goes with
speed exceeds allowed value, the safety gear and limited speed insurance will
automatically stop and keep cabin on the guide rails. Cabin of all the elevators have to
equip with the safety gear and limited speed insurance
6.1 Safety gear
To eliminate cabin falling when the cable is broke or cabin speed up when the lift is
going down, according to safety offenses, cabin need to be equipped insurance
department function. The counterweigh is also equipped with the department of
insurance when the cabin speeds greater than 1.5 m/s2.
Safety gear includes three main parts: grip equipment, operating system, transfer
department.
6.1.1 Compute grip equipment
This equipment has the function of keeping firmly the cabin on guide rail when the
cable is broke or when the speed of the car excess 15%.
Determine wedge angle :
When the brake system activities there are 3 process occurs:
Closed wedge:
Figure 6.1 Closed wedge

It happens from the time the wedge slips at the rolling ball to the time it contact with
the guide rail. The wedge has to subject the effect of force subject as drawings.
P - pull force of the standing bar
49
N1 - reflective force from sliding roller

F1 - the friction force between wedge and the sliding roller. F1 = f1.N1
f1 - the friction force parameter between wedge and sliding roller, f1 = 0.05 0.1
Gn - weight of wedge
Project all the force on the wedges direction:
( P Gn ).cos > F1
( P Gn ). cos > f1.N1 = ( P Gn ).sin . f1
tg <
Since P Gn > 0 so: f1 < cotg
1
f1
Transition process:
From the time the wedge slips on the guide rail. The force action on the slop as Figure
Figure 6.2: Transition process

P - pull force of the standing bar
N1 - reflective force from sliding roller
N2: reflective force from the guide rail
F1 - the friction force between wedge and the sliding roller. F1 = f1. N1
F2: the friction force between wedge and guide rail
50
f1 - the friction force parameter between wedge and sliding roller, f1 = 0.05 0.1
Gn - weight of wedge
Project all the forces on horizontal line
X = N2 N1.cos + F1.sin = 0
N2 = N1.(cos - f1.sin )
To keep the wedge firmly on the guide rail F2 > F1.cos, which is the sliding cheeks
would roll with the wedge more relatively to wedge with guide rail.
We have: F2 = f2 . N2 = f2 . N1 . (cos - f1.sin )
f2 . N1 . ( cos - f1.sin ) > f1.cos . N1

f2.( 1 f1.tg ) > f1
Because tg < 1/ f1 so ( 1 f1.tg ) > 0

F2 > F1.cos when f2 > f1
Choose: f1 = 0,05; f2 = 0,25
Fix the wedge:
Process occurs when sliding roller and the wedge make a single block and slide along
guide rails. At this time weight of lift tranfer through the wedge to sliding roller and P
no longer effective.
Figure 6.3: Fixed wedged

51
The motion equaltion when breaking:

V22 V12 = 2.a.s
The break system acts when the velocity of the cabin excess 15% the permited value
V1 = V . 1,15 = 0,63.1,15=0,7245 m/s
When the break stop on the guide rail V2 = 0
The break distance: S = (150200)mm, choose S=150 mm
V12
0,72452
a
1, 7 m / s 2
2.S
2.0,15
So
The condition for the cabin to stop: F2 > Pk
Pk
With
(1,1Q Gcabin)
a
. 1 max
n
g
(6.1)
In which
Q load of the elevator, Q = 500 kg
Gcabin the weight of the cabin, Gcabin = 500 kg
n number of wedges, n = 4
amax maximum acceleration when the break operate , amax = 1,7 m/s2
Pk
We have:
1,1.500 500
1, 7
. 1
308Kg
4
9,81
F2 = f2 . N2 > 308 Kg
N2 > 308 / f2 = 308 / 0,25 =1232 kg
But: N2 = N1 . ( cos - f1.sin )

With: N1 is the force the cabin acts on wedge
N1 =
Q Gcabin 500 500 250
4.sin
4.sin
sin
52
So
N2 =
250
. cos f1.sin 1232
sin
cotg - f1 4,928
cotg 4,978
arctg ( 1 / 4,978 ) = 11,30
We choose: = 60
6.1.2 Dimensions of wedge

To determine the size we must determine gripping force of the wedge on the guide rail
that is the reflective force N2
Pkc = N2 = Pk / f2 = 308 / 0,25 = 1232 N
The stable condition of the wedge:
q
Pkc
q
b.h
In which:
q - pressure of work which are subject to wedge (kg / cm2)
Pkc -gripping force acts on guide rail (kg)
b, h - width and height of work surfaces
[q] - allows pressures. [q] = 250-300 kg / cm2
b.h
Pkc 1232
4,928cm 2
q 250
We choose the height h = 15 cm

Choose the wide b =4 cm
We have
b.h = 4 . 15 = 60 > 4,928 cm2
53
6.2 Limited speed part

This part will act on the break insurance to stop the cabin when the down speed of the
cabin excess the permit value. These values must greater at least 15% because if it is
lower than it is easy to happen the random stop incident .This part contact with cabin
and rotate when cabin move by the cable of the limited speed part.. This part is put on
the machine room
6.2.1 Cable of the speed control part

We choose cable has diameter d = 8 mm, cable type according to ISO 4344 standard
6x19. According to structural of the well and distances between wells and cable
tension pulley and the bottom of lift we have a cable length L = 15.8 m.
6.2.2 Pulley
Pulley diameter is determined by formula:
Dp = e.dc
In which:
dc - cable diameter, dc = 8 mm
e - parameter depends on the type of elevator and its speed, e = 30
So
Dp = 8.30 = 240 mm
6.2.3 Compressive Force necessity of spring and spring to keep the centrifugal weight
54
Plt
Figure 6.4: Force diagram
We have forces act on the limited speed part:

Centrifugal force of the centrifugal weight Plt
The compression force of spring PLx
The equation at A
MA = PLX.b 2.Plt.a = 0
PLx = 2.Plt .
With Plt = m.2.r = m.
2.v
D p
a
b
.r
G v2 a
PLX 8. . 2 .r.
g Dp b
So
We have:
55
PLX
m-weight of centrifugal weight, choose m = 2 kg weight

a-distance from A to Plt , a = 70 mm
b-distance from A to PLX, b = 35 mm
r-distance from A to the centrifugal weight, r = 55 mm
So
PLX 8.
20
v2
0, 07
.
.0, 055.
30.v 2
2
9,81 0, 240
0, 036
If the friction is taken into account

Plx =(0,94 0,98)Plx
We choose
Plx = 0,95 Plx
So
Pn = 0,95.30.v2 = 28,5 v2 (N)
We have to calculate the spring so that at normal the cabin will suffer the force
Pmin =28,5.0,632 = 11,3 N
With speeds greater than 15% normal speed, v = 0.7245 m / s, the spring is subject to
a compressive force Pmax
Pmax = 28,5. 0,72452 = 15 N
6.2.4. Spring with throw ball
The material of the spring is crom- vanadi
c
- Diameter ratio :
b 1600 N / mm2
D
12
d
- Wahl parameter is calculated as folow

Kw
4c 1 0, 615
1, 29
4c 4
c
d 1, 6.
kw .Pi max .c

Diameter of spring
56
In which Pmax= 10 N
[] =0,3.1600= 480 N/mm2
1, 29.15.12
1,1mm
480
d 1, 6.
According to the standards we choose d = 1.5 mm

- Average diameter of the spring is: D = cd = 12.1,5 = 18 mm
- Number of working round
n
x. G . d
8 . c (Pmax Pmin)
3
In which:
Pmax - the largest compressive force subject to spring. Pmax = 15 N.
Pmin -the smallest compressive force subject to spring when installed, Pmin = 11.3 N
x: deformation of the spring from Pmin to Pmax force,choose x = 10 mm
G: sliding module of steel. G = 8.104 MPa
n
So
10.8.104.1,5
23, 4
8.123.(15 11,3)
rounds
Choosing n = 24 rounds
- The other parameter:
The entire number of round: n0 = n + 2 = 24 +2 = 26 rounds
The height of the spring when all the round close together: Hs = n0.d = 26.1,5 = 39
mm
Step of spring when not subject to load:
p d (1,1 1, 2)
max
n
57
max
8.c 3 .n.P max 8.123.24.15
41mm
Gd
8.104.1,5
In which
p d (1,1 1, 2)
So
max
41
1,5 1,1. 3, 4mm
n
24
Initial height : H0= pn + 2.d=3,4.24+ 2.1,5= 84,6mm
The stable of the spring
H o 84, 6
4, 7 3
D
18
Not stable, we use steel core case
58
CHAPTER 7: GUIDE RAIL

In the working process of the elevators often the load do not place on the center of the
floor cause inclined and when traveling, the cabin will shake and easy to hit the fixed
part inside the well. As a result, corrective to this matter, it requires a systems guide
rail when the elevator on operating
7.1 Leading the cabin
The smooth in movement of the cabin depend significantly on accuracy and quality of
the guide rail
We use wood or steel to make guide rail. Wood guide rail is used extensively for
transportation people, it is usually manufactured from trees has section 60x 60 to 80
x80 mm, length from 1-1.5 m. The main strengths of this type of wood guide rail is
that the cabin moves with less noise and vibration when break insurance department
sudden braking. Disadvantages is high price, working life is not high, curved easily
and fire risk. Therefore today's wood guide rail types are used less.
Steel guide rail manufacture from the T piece, this types of guide rail primarily used
for good transportation in small elevators, little used for transportation of large good .
Today the elevator for people and good use guide rail have special shape, the head of
the guide rail manufacture carefully.
Figure 7.1: Setup of guide rails

59
Usually these guide rails are lay on the foundation of the well (Figure a). In some
cases these guide rails shall be hung on ceiling of the well (Figure b) and endure the
pull force, this characteristic improves the working conditions when the cabin
combines on the insurance department. But this style will increase the load hanging on
the well and ceilings. When the height of lift is large we use guide rail type c. The load
acts on guide rail will transfer to all element of the building or the well.
For elevators are designed here we use the type of guide rail that lay on the floor of
well
According to the scale height of the well, these instructions are commencing firmly
into the wall by transplant or by bolt, distances between these places depends on scale
structures of the well. The distances between these places is 2.2 meters
7.2 Compute the guide rail

We proceed computing in two cases: working with load and when the cabin hang on
the insurance department. For most cases the decision is when cabin hangs on the
insurance department. For this case presented drawings below show the calculating
graph
Figure 7.2: Force diagram
60
7.2.1 The force apply on the guild rail

- Pressure H by inclined. Load is placed on the surfaces of the guiding shoe at
distance e from the center of guiding rail and creating torque. We often overlook this
because e too small.
- S side load act on important parts of insurance part, is calculated by formula:
S
Pk
In which
Pk -force by wedge act on the frame of the cabin when cabin combines at the
insurance part , Pk = 308 kg
friction parameter between cheek and guide rail, = 0.25.
S
308
1232kg
0, 25
So
S is also designed in between the sliding roller and the safety gear and causes lead
trends and torque
M S e
With e is the distance between guide shoe to centered of cut face of guide rail
Select preliminary guide rail according to ISO 7465 number T89B have cut face such
as drawings.
61
Figure 7.3: Cross section of the guide rails
The dimension is:

b = 89 mm, h1 = 62 mm, k = 15.88 mm, n = 33.4 mm, f = 11.1 mm, y = 20.7 mm
F 15,7cm2
Horizontal cutting surface area

Torque
Wx 14,5cm3
Inertial torque is
J x 59, 6cm 4
Distance from middle point of the ray's centered e = 36 mm

The bending moment act on the rail is
M S e 12320.36 443520 Nmm
The stress in the rail is :
S M
. yA
F JX
In which yA is the distance from point x to the applicable rate needed.
y A h f 62 20, 7 41,3mm
According to the section, the horizontal cut surface
12320
443520
.41,3 308 N / mm 2 30,8 KN / cm 2

2
3
15, 7.10 59, 6.10
We have applicable rates for steel made rail is
[ ] 37 KN / cm 2
z [ ]
By
so the rail is stable when the cabin combines at the insurance part
62
7.2.2 Compute temperature effects by the gripping of the instructor

Largest number of stress temperature may determine from stress in bolt
t 2
Z0 f
x 1
F
In which Z0 the total number arrested bolt. We have Z0 = 2

F-horizontal cut surface area of instruction, F = 15.7 cm2
x-stress in bolt by bolt force, x = (400 500) kG
1-friction parameter , 1= 0.15 to 0.2
f-area of the section of the bolt, we can use M16 bolt which the area is:
d 2 1, 62
2cm 2
4
4
So we have the temperature stress by the gripping instruction is
t 2
2 2
400 0,15 30,5 KN / cm 2
15, 7
We see t < [] = 37 KN/cm2
7.2.3 The slenderness of the guide rail

Beside calculate the stable we must test the stiffness of the instruction
The slenderness is:
l
ix
Here we consider: = 1
l- Distance between two bracket, l = 2.4 m
ix- radius of the cut surface , ix= 19.5mm
1 2, 2
113
0, 0195
Meanwhile permitted levels of slenderness of the compress bar is 120. The

thickness of the guide rail T89/B lays within the good range.
63
Therefore we select steel sign T89/B to be the guide rail of the elevator
64
CHAPTER 8: DOOR MECHANISM OF THE CABIN

In every lifts the door is the convenience part, can help people easy to go into and out
of the elevator, transport good, and it keeps the user safe when using the elevator
We choose door mechanism is the kind that goes to 2 side of the cabin with 800mm
width.
8.1. Principle of operation
When a signal come to electric motor it will turn and spread movement through teeth
transmission. The first door with deer teeth will move with speed v, the same time the
first door is connected with the second door through cable so when the first the door
move with uniform speed v, the second door will move with speed v / 2 because the
second door is connect with the center of the pulley
Closing case is also similar. The cabins door is connected with the floors door, so
when the cabins door is close or open the floors door will close and open too. Floor
s doors can be opened from outside by using specialist equipment.
8.2.Computing transmit movement in the door
Figure 8.1: Door mechanism

The prevent force is the friction force by the mass of the cabins door and floors door
Information about the parameter of the wheel and pulley:
65
The wheel door made by iron and use a roller gears

Wheel diameter: Dbx = 60 mm.
Diameter of axis: dbx = 20 mm
Pulley of the transmission gear and the cable : Dp = 40 mm.
Friction force :
W Gc .g .
2. f .d
.k
Dbx
In which:
Gc-weight of doors , Gc = 50 kg
: roller friction parameter, = 0.3 mm
f: friction parameter, f = 0.015
Dbx diameter of door wheel, Dbx = 60 mm
k: friction force at the side and the head of the wheel, k = 2.2
W 50.9,81.
2.0,3 0, 015.20
.2, 2 16 N
60
Overall efficiency transmission
= 12 22 =0,942.0,9952=0,87
1- efficiency of the belt, 1=0,94
2- efficiency of a pair of roller, 2 =0,995
N dc
Efficiency of the motor
W .(v1 v2 )
60.1000.
with v1 = 2v2
When the cabin door open entirely, the first door move the distance S = 800
mm, with t = 2.5 seconds so the velocity v 1= S / t = 0.32 m /s =19.2 m / min
N dc
16.(19, 2 19, 2 / 2)
0, 0088 Kw 8,8W
60.1000.0,87
66
CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONIC AND PROGRAMMING

9.1 Introduction
This section of the paper describes the design and development of control
system of an elevator model with following requirements:
- Serve passengers quickly
- Highest proficiency and safety
- Low cost
9.2 Specification
9.2.1 Features
The problem concern the logic required to move elevator between floors
according to the following constrains:
Each floor, except the first floor and top floor has two buttons, one to
request an up-elevator and one to request a down-elevator. These
buttons illuminate when pressed. The illumination is canceled when
an elevator visits the floor and then moves in the desired direction.
Inside the cabin, there is panel consisting of 8 buttons, these buttons
illuminate when pressed. The illumination is canceled when an
elevator visits the floor and then moves in the desired direction.
Continue traveling in the same direction while there are remaining
requests in that same direction.
When an elevator has no requests, it remains at its current floor with
its doors closed.
9.2.2 Concept
Expending on our list of attribute, we speculate that the elevator circuit
would consists of five modules:
- Users inputs
Elevator button panel: consists of 6 buttons corresponding to 6
floors, in addition to close door button and hold button which
take the request to the visited floor.
Each floor, except the first floor and top floor has two buttons,
one to request an up-elevator and one to request a down-elevator.
- Display module
Indicating the position of the cabin on 7 segments LEDs
Showing the direction of the elevator car on an 8x8 Matrix LED
Illuminate the buttons when pressed using Red LEDs.
- Sensors
67
Floor sensors: each floor has a limit switch to indicate which

floor that the cabin has reached
Secondary floor sensors: located at the haft way between floors,
also use limit switch
Opened and closed door sensors which signal that the doors have
completely opened or closed
Motors driver: control two motors, one to lift the elevator cabin and one
to drive the doors.
Power supply
9.2.3 Basic block diagram
Figure 9.1: Basic block diagram

9.2.4 Limitations
Because we are dealing with a simulation meaning that not all features of
the real world can be implemented, these limitations can be summarized as
follows:
The door system includes several safety devices. Sensors detect
passengers or objects in the door opening, preventing the continued
closing of the doors.
A special fire emergency system has been installed. It may be
manually activated, or may respond to smoke sensors in the building.
Exact operation varies by local codes, but generally such systems
return the elevator to the main floor, open the doors to allow
passengers to exit, and make the elevators available to emergency
personnel.
68
9.3 Hardware design

9.3.1 AVR Microcontroller
The ATMegal6 was chosen for the prototype development. The Mega16
is pin-for-pin compatible with the smaller-memory model ATMega8535 as
well as with the larger-memory model ATMega32. This allows some
freedom during the design phase. The option of increasing the memory
model may be needed, since we do not know exactly how much code space
is required in either unit. At the end of the project, and after the features
have ceased to creep, if the code would fit into a potentially less expensive
component with a smaller memory size, that choice is available as well.
Figure 9.2: ATMega16 Microcontroller

9.3.2 Power supply
The supply power of the implemented circuit need to have a capability of
maintaining a steady voltage level despite vary current demands and input
voltage variations. For this purpose, we use IC 7805.
Figure 9.3: Power supply block

We use the power supply of the PC to generate the 12V sources from the
220V AC at the input of IC7805. The role of capacitors is to store and
69
release electricity to smooth out noise, surges, and sags. Without the
capacitors, the 7805 would still output 5 V but wouldnt react as quickly to
changes in supply and demand, and thus it wouldnt provide as clean of a
regulated output.
9.3.3 Users input and Floor sensors
Because ATmega16 has a limited number of pins and this system requires
quite many buttons to operate, except the button panel inside the cabin
using four pins of microcontroller, we use each of three pins to take the
input of each group of buttons and sensors. We can see the circuit of matrix
3x8 in the following figure
9.3.4 Display module
Indicating the position of the cabin using 7 segments LEDs, showing the
direction of the elevator car using an 8x8 Matrix LED and to illuminate the
buttons when pressed we use Red LEDs. Finally, to control all of these
LEDs, we use six ICs 74HC595
The 74HC595 shift register has an 8 bit storage register and an 8 bit shift
register. Data is written to the shift register serially, then, latched onto the
storage register. The storage register then controls 8 output lines.
Figure 9.4: IC 74HC595

Pin 14 (DS) is the Data pin.
When pin 11 (SH_CP) goes from Low to High, the value of DS is
stored into the shift register and the existing values of the register are
shifted to make room for the new bit.
Pin 12(ST_CP) is held low whilst data is being written to the shift
register. When it goes High, the values of the shift register are
latched to the storage register which are then outputted to pin Q0-Q7.
70
Thus, to control all of the LEDs, we just have to use three pins of the
Microcontroller which is an advantage of this method.
9.3.5 Motors Driver
The motors driver circuit is required in order to drive the motors, for pulling
or lowering the elevator car, and for opening or closing the doors. The
digital control signal provided by ATMega16 Microcontroller does not
deliver sufficient current to drive the motors. Hence, a driver circuit, which
is capable of changing the direction of motors using the logic signals and is
capable of being driven at high current, is used.
Figure 9.5: H-bridge

Initially MOSFET is not enabled, no circuit currents, voltage at pin S= 0.
When the MOSFET is enabled and conduct, the conduct resistance DS is
negligible compared to impedance voltage of the motor so the voltage at S
is 12V. To enable the MOSFET the voltage at G must be greater than S at
least 3V, means 15V at least while we use the microcontroller to trigger
MOSFET, it is difficult to create voltage 15V. So N-channel MOSFET is
not so suitable for the top locking in the H-bridge circuit. P type MOSFET
is used in this case. However, a drawback of P-channel MOSFET is the
conduct resistance DS is greater than that of N type. So, even welldesigned, P-channel MOSFET in the H-bridge circuit using two types of
MOSFET is often hotter and easy to be broken than the N type MOSFET,
and the power of circuit is reduced also. Figure 9.5 shows an H-bridge
circuit using two types of MOSFET.
71
We use 2 IRF540 N-channel MOSFET and 2 P-channel IRF9540.

This type of MOSFET can endure high current (possibly up to 30A,
nominal) and high voltage, but its disadvantage is the conduct resistance is
relatively large (you find our datasheet for more). To trigger the N-channel
MOSFET below it is not too difficult, just use the microcontroller triggers
directly on the line L2 or R2. For top lock (IRF9540, P-channel) we have to
use BJT 2N3904 to trigger. When BJT 2N3904 is not triggered yet, pin G of
the MOSFET is connected to VS with 1K resistors, voltage at G nearly
equal to the voltage VS and is also at S of MOSFET IRF9540, so it would
not conduct. When you trigger the line L1 or R1, the BJT 2N3904 conduct
and leads the voltage at G fall close to 0V .Then, the voltage at pin G is
much smaller than the voltage at pin S, MOSFET will conduct.
Microcontroller can be used to activate the lines L1, L2, R1 and R2.
9.3.6 Schematic Circuit: (These following figures depict the schematic circuit of the
elevator controller)
72
9.4 Software Design

9.4.1 System Events
The system events can be summarized as follows:
Process Elevator Calls: These scenarios includes that the elevator
receives calls from the passengers outside the cabin, turns on or turns
off the light of elevator call buttons, updates the record of elevator
calls stored in system queues, etc.
Process Floor Calls: Similar to Elevator Call processing, this use
case includes that the elevator receives Floor calls from the
passengers inside the cabin, turns on or turns off the light of Floor
calls buttons, updates the record of floor calls in system queues, etc.
Move/Stop elevator: The main function of an elevator, how to make
the decision of stop, and driving directions of the elevator.
Indicating Moving Direction: This mechanism let the passengers
know the current moving direction of the elevator such that the
passenger might decide whether to enter the elevator or not.
Indicating Elevator Position: Similarly, the elevator let the
passengers know whether his/her destination floor is reached so that
the passenger may decide to leave the elevator.
Open/Close the Doors: The elevator is able to open and close the
doors for the passengers to get in and out of the elevator. The door
function also enables the passengers to make door reversals when the
doors are closing and the passenger wants to get in the elevator or
close door sooner than usual when there is no other passengers
entering cabin.
On/Off illumination: The elevator and floor buttons are able inform
the passenger that his call has been scheduled and inform him that
his call has been requested, in which button illumination will be
needed.
9.4.2 Implementation
The basic concept of the software is to collect the inputs from users and
sensors (floor sensors and door sensors); base on these inputs, program will
drive the motors to serve every request, one after another, while displaying
the present status of the elevator to the users.
The task list is as follow:
1. Scan all the input ports of the Microcontroller to collect request from
users and signal from sensors every 200 milliseconds.
2. Display the elevator status every 14 milliseconds.
73
3. Have algorithm to process the inputs, and then drive the motors
correspondingly.
The first two tasks are handled on an interrupt basis, and the third task will
be put into the main operating loop of the software.
9.4.3 Functions
9.4.3.1 Queue Functions
The following functions are used to interact with queues:
Create a new queue
void QueueCreate(Queue *q);
Check if the queue is empty or not
int QueueEmpty(Queue *q);
Put the requested floor into queue
void QueueEnter(const unsigned char c, Queue *q, unsigned
char x);
Take out the first queue element
unsigned char QueueRemove(Queue *q);
Sort the queue elements in ascending order
void QueueSort_Up(Queue *q);
Sort the queue elements in descending order
void QueueSort_Down(Queue *q);
Copy all of element from source queue to destination queue
void QueueCopy(const unsigned char c,Queue
*sourceQueue, Queue *destQueue);
Check the value of queue elements
int CheckSecQueue(const int c,Queue *qs,Queue *qd);
int CheckDup(Queue *q,unsigned char x);
int CheckDir(const int c,Queue *q,unsigned char
currentFloor);
9.4.3.2Elevator Algorithm Functions
The elevator algorithm will be based on the following functions:
Scan all buttons and sensors to take the input from users and
sensors (called every 200 ms)
void scan(void);
Display function using 74HC595 (called every 14 ms)
void display(void);
Control the door
void Door(void);
Main function implements the elevator algorithm
void Elevator(void);
Turn off the light of buttons
74
void Turnoff(void);
9.4.3.3Secondary Functions
Initialize TIMER1 and TIMER2 interrupt and TIMER0 PWM
void Init_Timer(void);
Assign the first elevator state
void Elevator_init(void);
Function put data into IC 74HC595 used in Display function
void PutData(unsigned char data);
Swap the position of two queue elements
void swap(unsigned char *a, unsigned char *b);
75
9.4.4 Flow Charts

9.4.4.1Door Function
76
9.4.4.2 Elevator Algorithm

77
Activity Diagram 1: User calls elevator
Activity Diagram 2: User travel in elevator

78
Activity Diagram 3: User presses a floor button while traveling

79
80
9.4.5 Elevator Algorithm

9.4.5.1 Problem Statement
There are different algorithms that could be used for designing the
elevator controller:
Shortest seek first: Serve the request closest to the present floor.
This algorithm is irrespective of the time at which request is
placed, it only caters to the request closest to the present floor.
E.g. If someone places a request for 6th floor, there are a lot of
other requests for nearby floor as it is a busy section, also if they
keep coming, then that persons request is not served for a long
time.
First come first serve: Serve the request as they arrive.
This is inefficient as far as power requirements are concerned and
more time will be taken on an average to reach the required
destination.
Elevator algorithm: Serve the entire request in one direction and
then reverse the direction.
After considering the advantage of all algorithms, we finally choose
the elevator algorithm to implement in this project.
9.4.5.2 Implementation
To implement the elevator algorithm, we use three queues (upQueue to
store requests going up, downQueue to store requests going down and
secQueue to store the requests that have not processed yet) and the
elevator has three states:
- IDLE State: Cabin is not moving
In this state, the elevator keeps checking the upQueue or
downQueue, if one of these queues is not empty, the elevator will
change to GO_UP state or GO_DOWN state, correspondingly.
- GO_UP State: Cabin goes up
In this state, the elevator will take the destination floor from the
upQueue, and then goes to this floor. While moving, if there is
request going up to the floor that is closer to the cabin than the
destination floor, the previous destination will be put into
upQueue, and destination floor will be assigned to this request.
Other requests will be put into corresponding Queue.
- GO_DOWN State: Cabin goes down
In this state, the elevator will take the destination floor from the
downQueue, and then goes to this floor. While moving, if there is
request going down to the floor that is closer to the cabin than the
destination floor, the previous destination will be put into
81
downQueue, and destination floor will be assigned to this request.

Other requests will be put into corresponding Queue.
9.4.5.3Coding
/
**************************************************
**
*
Main.c
**************************************************
**/
#include
#include
#include
#include
"Main.H"
"Port.H"
"Elevator.H"
"Queue.H"
unsigned char currentFloor=1, button, callUp,

callDown, destFloor, secSensor;
unsigned char buttonLed, upLed, downLed,
direction, index=0, column = 1;
Elevator_State E_State;
Queue upQueue, downQueue, secQueue;
void main()
{
Port_Init();
// Initialize Port
QueueCreate(&upQueue);
QueueCreate(&downQueue);
QueueCreate(&secQueue);
Init_Timer();
// Initialize TIMER
Elevator_init();
while(1)
{
Elevator(); }}
/*************************************************
*
Elevator Function
82
************************************************/
void Elevator(void)
{
switch(E_State)
{
case IDLE:
TCCR0=0x05;
PORTB.4=0;
PORTB.3=0;
direction = 0;
//Turn off PWM
if(!QueueEmpty(&upQueue))
E_State = GoUp;
else if(!QueueEmpty(&downQueue))
E_State = GoDown;
break;
case GoUp:
if(secSensor == currentFloor)
secSensor = currentFloor - 1;
destFloor = QueueRemove(&upQueue);
direction = 1;
TCCR0=0x6D;
//Turn on PWM
// Car goes up
while(destFloor != currentFloor)
{
if(secSensor == (destFloor - 1))
{
PORTB.4=1;
OCR0=170;
}
else
{
PORTB.4=1;
OCR0=0;
83
}
};
TCCR0=0x05;
PORTB.4 = 0;
PORTB.3 = 0;
Turnoff();
Door();
// If there is no command going up and there are
commands // going down, change state to GoDown
if(QueueEmpty(&upQueue)&&!
QueueEmpty(&downQueue))
{
// If the highest floor in downQueue is above the
current // floor, add it to upQueue
if(CheckDir(2,&downQueue,currentFloor))
{
uChar temp;
temp = QueueRemove(&downQueue);
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,temp);
}
else
{
E_State = GoDown;
if(!QueueEmpty(&secQueue))
{
// If the lowest floor in the temporary queue is
below
// the lowest floor in downQueue, add it to
downQueue,
// and copy the rest to upQueue
if(CheckSecQueue(1,&secQueue,&downQueue))
{
uChar temp;
84
temp = QueueRemove(&secQueue);
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,temp);
QueueCopy(1,&secQueue,&upQueue);
}
// If the lowest floor in temporary queue equals
the
// lowest floor in downQueue, remove it, and copy
the
// rest to upQueue
else if(CheckSecQueue(3,&secQueue,&downQueue))
{
QueueRemove(&secQueue);
}
else
QueueCopy(1,&secQueue,&upQueue); }}}
//If there is no command going up and down
else
if(QueueEmpty(&upQueue)&&QueueEmpty(&downQueue))
{
{
uChar temp = QueueRemove(&secQueue);
E_State = GoDown;
}
else
E_State = IDLE;
}
break;
case GoDown:
if(secSensor < currentFloor)
secSensor = currentFloor;
85
destFloor = QueueRemove(&downQueue);
direction = 2;
TCCR0=0x6D;
// Car goes down
while(destFloor != currentFloor)
{
if(secSensor == destFloor)
{
PORTB.4 = 0;
OCR0= 85;
}
else
{
PORTB.4 = 0;
OCR0 = 255;
}
};
TCCR0=0x05;
PORTB.4 = 0;
PORTB.3 = 0;
Turnoff();
Door();
//If there is no command going down and there are
commands going up, change state to GoUp
if(QueueEmpty(&downQueue)&&!
QueueEmpty(&upQueue))
{
// If the lowest floor in the upQueue is below the
// current floor, add it to downQueue
if(CheckDir(1,&upQueue,currentFloor))
{
uChar temp;
temp = QueueRemove(&upQueue);
86
}
else
{
E_State = GoUp;
// If the highest floor in the temporary queue is
above
// the highest floor in upQueue, add it to
upQueue, and // copy the rest to downQueue
{
if(CheckSecQueue(2,&secQueue,&upQueue))
{
QueueCopy(2,&secQueue,&downQueue);
}
// If the highest floor in temporary queue equals
the
// highest floor in upQueue, remove it, and copy
the rest // to downQueue
else
if(CheckSecQueue(3,&secQueue,&upQueue))
{
QueueRemove(&secQueue);
}
else
QueueCopy(2,&secQueue,&downQueue); }}}
//If there is no command going up and down
else
if(QueueEmpty(&upQueue)&&QueueEmpty(&downQueue))
87
{
{
E_State = GoUp;
}
else
E_State = IDLE;
}
break;
}
}
/****************************************************
* Scan the keys and Sensors
****************************************************/
void scan(void)
{
//Scan In-car Buttons
button = PINA&0x0F;
if(button !=0)
{
if(button<7)
{
switch(E_State)
{
case GoUp:
if(button <= currentFloor)
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,button);
else
{
if(button < destFloor)
{
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,destFloor);
destFloor = button;
}
else if(button > destFloor)
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,button);
}
break;
case GoDown:
88
if(button >= currentFloor)

else
{
if(button > destFloor)
{
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,destFloor);
destFloor = button;
}
else if(button < destFloor)
}
break;
case IDLE:
if(button >= currentFloor)
else
break;
}
}
else
{
if(PORTB.4==0&&OCR0==0)
if(PORTD.3==1&&PORTD.4==1)
if(button==8)
{
do
{
PORTD.3=1;
PORTD.4=0;
}while(PINC.7!=0);
PORTD.3=0;
PORTD.4=0;
}
}
}
buttonLed |= (1<<(button-1));
//Scan Call-up Buttons
callUp = (PINA>>4)&0x07;
if(callUp!=0)
{
switch(E_State)
{
case GoUp:
89
if(callUp > currentFloor)

{
if(callUp < destFloor)
{
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,destFloor);
destFloor = callUp;
}
else if(callUp > destFloor)
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,callUp);
}
else
QueueEnter(1,&secQueue,callUp); break;
case GoDown:
if(callUp == 1)
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,callUp);
else
if(!CheckDup(&downQueue,callUp)&&(callUp!=destFloor))
//Do not enter to upQueue if it's already been in downQueue or destination
floor
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,callUp); break;
case IDLE:
if(callUp >= currentFloor)
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,callUp);
else
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,callUp); break;
}
}
upLed |= (1<<(callUp-1));
//Scan Call-down Buttons
switch(PINB&0x07)
{
case 1:
callDown = 2;
downLed |=0x01;
break;
case 2:
callDown = 3;
downLed |=0x02;
break;
case 3:
callDown = 4;
downLed |=0x04;
break;
case 4:
90
callDown = 5;
downLed |=0x08;
break;
case 5:
callDown = 6;
downLed |=0x10;
break;
default:
callDown = 0;
break;
}
if(callDown!=0)
{
switch(E_State)
{
case GoUp:
if(callDown == 6)
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,callDown);
else
if(!CheckDup(&upQueue,callDown)&&(callDown!=destFloor)) //Do not
enter to downQueue if it's already been in upQueue or destination floor
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,callDown); break;
case GoDown:
if(callDown < currentFloor)
{
if(callDown > destFloor)
{
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,destFloor);
destFloor = callDown;
}
else if(callDown < destFloor)
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,callDown);
}
else
QueueEnter(2,&secQueue,callDown); break;
case IDLE:
if(callDown > currentFloor)
QueueEnter(1,&upQueue,callDown);
else
QueueEnter(2,&downQueue,callDown); break;
}
}
//Scan Floor Sensor
91
switch((PINC>>3)&0x07)
{
case 1:
currentFloor = 1; break;
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
case 6:
}
//Scan Coming Sensor
switch(PINC&0x07)
{
case 1:
secSensor = 1;
case 2:
secSensor = 2;
case 3:
secSensor = 3;
case 4:
secSensor = 4;
case 5:
secSensor = 5;
}
break;
break;
break;
break;
break;
92
CHAPTER 10: HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR DESIGN

10.1. Principle
10.1.1. Telescopic Cylinders
The great advantage of telescopic cylinders over conventional rod-type
cylinders is their ability to provide an exceptionally long stroke from a
compact initial package. The collapsed length of typical telescopic cylinders
varies between 20% to 40% of their extended length. Thus, when mounting
space is limited and the application needs a long stroke, a telescopic
cylinder is a natural solution.
Telescopic hydraulic cylinders are relatively simple devices, but their
successful application requires an understanding of their construction.
Knowledge of how telescopic cylinders work and which special application
criteria to consider will help you design them safely and economically into
your equipment.
10.1.2. Main and Stages

As the name suggests, telescopic cylinders are constructed like a
telescope. Sections of DOM (drawn over mandrel) steel tubing with
successively smaller diameters nest inside each other. The largest diameter
section is called the main or barrel; the smaller-diameter sections that move
are called stages. The smallest stage is also called the plunger. The
maximum practical number of moving stages is generally six. Theoretically,
cylinders with more stages could be designed but their stability would be
compromised.
Telescopic cylinders normally extend from the largest stage to the
smallest. The pressure depends on the magnitude of the load and contact
93
area. This means that the largest stage with all the smaller stages nested
inside it will move first, and will complete its stroke before the next stage
begins to move. This procedure will continue for each stage until the
smallest-diameter stage is fully extended. Conversely, when retracting, the
smallest diameter stage will retract fully before the next stage starts to
move. This continues until all stages are nested back in the main
To extend, the high pressure oil is directed by the control valve into port
A. The oil passes through the transfer tube in the rod to the base of the
cylinder.
To retract: with no oil pumps, the weight of the body pushes oil in the
cylinders to the tank and cylinder will be shorten.
10.1.3. Basic Cylinder Types
As with conventional cylinders, the two basic types of telescopic
hydraulic cylinders are single-acting and double-acting.
Single-acting telescoping cylinders extend under hydraulic pressure and
rely on gravity or some external mechanical force for retraction. Singleacting cylinders are used in applications where some form of load is always
on the cylinders. Pressurized oil extends the telescopic cylinder to raise one
end of the dump body and expel its load.
When pressure is released, the weight of the dump body forces oil out of
the cylinder and it retracts.
Double-acting telescopic cylinders are powered hydraulically in both
directions. They can be used in applications where neither gravity nor
external force is available. They are well suited to non-critical positioning
applications requiring out-and-back movement of a substantial load. A
classic application is the packer-ejector cylinder in refuse vehicles and
transfer trailers. The horizontally-mounted cylinder pushes a platen to
compress the load, then must retract with the platen so that more material
can be added. Gravity cannot assist, so a double-acting cylinder is used.
In our project we just consider single-acting telescopic.
94
10.1.4. Bearings and Seals

Each stage is supported within each successively larger stage by at least
two bearings. One is at the bottom outside diameter or piston end of the
stage, and the other is at the top internal diameter or packing section of the
next larger stage. The distance between these two bearings determines the
degree by which one stage overlaps the next. Generally, this distance or
overlap must increase as overall stroke increases in order to resist deflection
caused by the weight of extended stages and the load.
There are several designs for sealing telescopic cylinders.

One of the most common is the use of several hinged chevron 'vee' seals
and/or one-piece, multiple-lip seals with hinged lips moulded in place.
These seals are held in place by a stop ring or snap ring and packing nut and
they use guide bearings on the sleeve piston. The internal diameter of each
stage is sealed against the outer diameter of the next smaller stage nested
inside it. The style and positioning of these seals varies among cylinder
manufactures. The style of seal also depends on its particular function.
Zero-leakage, multiple-lip soft seals are usually found in the internal
diameter at the packing section of the main and moving stages. Lowleakage hard seals are found on the piston end of double-acting telescopic
cylinders. These piston seals allow the cylinder to retract under pressure.
95
10.1.5. Principle diagram of the hydraulic system
7
6
11
3
5
10
1. Reservoir
2. Filter
3,4. Pump
5. Relief valve
6. Pressure gauge
7. Distribution valve
8. Cylinder
96
9. Check valve
10. Flow regulating valve
10.2 Calculation and design of the cylinder
10.2.1 Principle
Pascal's Laws relates to pressures in fluids - liquid or gaseous state:

-
if the weight of a fluid is neglected the pressure throughout an enclosed

volume will be the same
the static pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
the static pressure acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the
fluid
10.2.2 Requirements
Load : 1500kg.
Fluid pressure: 6 Mpa
Single acting cylinder
Stroke length: 12m.
Stroke velocity: 1.5m/s
10.2.3 Length of the cylinder
The system is used for 4-story building
97
Then the stroke length is: 3x4m=12m.

We use the telescopic cylinder with 6 stages, the length of each stage is 2m.
10.2.4 Diameter of the cylinder
From the formula: F=A.P
F: Force acting on the piston, F = 15000N
P: Fluid pressure, P = 6MPa = 6*106 N/m2
A: Working area
Then:
A=
A=
F
P
15000
6106
2,5.10 3 m 2
D 2
4
Then the inner diameter of the plunger(the smallest stage):

4.2,5.10 3 m 2
3.14
4A
D=
=
We also have:
-
=0.056m
The thickness of the wall of the cylinder: t = 5mm (for all

stages)
The width of the shoulder of the cylinder: s = 5mm (for all
stages)
The width of slits between the wall of stages: b = 1mm
98
b=1mm
From that we can calculate the diameter of other stages.
99
10.2.5 Structure
The plunger:
Connection between stages:
100
The barrel:
Between stages we use 3 seals: 1 PSP seal and 2 V-packing seals
101
10.3 Calculation and selection of pump

The formula for the capacity of the pump:
PQe
6000m
N=
(1)
Where:
N: pump capacity
0
: volumetric efficiency
m
=0.9
m
: mechanical efficiency
=0.96
P: working pressure P=6Mpa=60bar

0
Qe: efficient flow rate of the pump, Qe=

Q: theoretical flow rate
Q= V*A
A: the area of of the working surface
102
.Q
A=
F 15000
=
P 610 6
=0.0025
The stroke velocity:

V=1,5m/s
Q=0.0025. 1,5=3,75.10-3(m3/s)=3.75(litres/s)
Then
N=
3,75600.9
6000.960.9
= 0.39 (kW)
We choose pump with capacity of: N= 400W

Flow rate of the pump : Q=3,75 .10-3(m3/s)
10.4 Valve selection

10.4.1 Relief valve
The relief valve is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a
system or vessel which can build up by a process upset, instrument or
equipment failure. It opens proportionally as the increasing pressure overcomes
the spring pressure, prevent overloading.
- Valve pressure 6 Mpa
- Height h=2d
Diameter of the pipe d=20mm
Then h=40mm
Diameter slit:
=0.1mm
103
Combination of ball valve and piston valve
10.4.2 Distribution valve

Distribution valve 5/3( 5 ways 3 positions)
Position 1: Sliding block go down
Position 2: Sliding block keep still
Position 3: Sliding block go up
Choose valve with the inner diameter of the pipe is:
d = 20mm
Then we have the other technical parameters:
Qmax = 100 l/ph
L = 160 mm
D = 25 mm. (sliding block diameter).
= 27 mm. (stroke length)
= 0,4 bar.
104
Valve control:
To control the position of the sliding block, we use controlling top
(electromagnetic control)
Structure of the controlling top of the distribution valve

Spring (1) and bearing (2) hold the position of the sliding block at mid-point. Pin
(3) press against the axis of the magnets core, the tolerance of the pin to the hole is
about 512 m.
10.4.3 Flow regulating valve

It is used to control the fluid flow, which helps controlling the speed of the
actuators.
We set up the valve near the reservoir. Although it then doesnt help decrease the
load for the system, but the response is quick. The valve also has the function of a
check valve, create a certain pressure on the output of the cylinder, so that it can move
smoothly.
We choose the adjustable valve, and it is axial adjusting.
105
Characteristic of the valve

10.4.4 Check valve : one-way valves, which normally allows fluid to flow through it
in only one direction. allowing an accumulator to charge and maintain its pressure
after the machine is turned off, for example.
- Prevent the fluid from boiling
- Prevent changing the flow direction.
- Control the flow
- Protect the mechanisms
106
10.5 Reservoir
10.5.1 Function
-
Holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate volume changes

from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven
expansion and contraction, and leaks.
Aid in separation of air from the fluid and also work as a heat
accumulator to cover losses in the system when peak power is
used.
Maintain the temperature of fluid at allowable range.
10.5.2 Figure and dimension

Figure: Deep and narrow are better than shallow and wide because the fluid level
could be higher and prevent it from whirling.
Dimension:
Vmin=3Q
10.5.3 Structure
Baffle with the height about 2/3 the height of the fluid, with two functions:
-
Prevent the return fluid from going directly to the pump.

Prevent the fluid from splashing.
107
The lid of the reservoir has the vent with filter to prevent the dirts.
Choose water cooling:
10.6 Filters
Filter the dirt and metal particles which continually produced by mechanical
components. They need to be removed along with other contaminants.
Unrefined filter and fine filter:
-
Unrefined filter: Metal net filter purity 0,08-0,1 mm placed before the pump
Fine filter: Paper filter, purity 4-5, placed after the pump.
Choose the filters with assisting valve that is closed at normal flow rate. When the
flow rate is too high or the filter is clogging, the valve is opened and the fluid can go
directly through the valve without filtering.
10.7 Pipes Steel C45.
Depend on the height the system and disposition of reservoir, we can determine the
length of pipes.
Inner diameter of the pipe: d = 20 mm.
Flow rate : Q = 3.75 (l/s).
Pressure loss:
= 0,16 bar.
108
Steel C45:
= 400-500 MPa.
Allowable velocity of fluid: v = 5-6 m/s.

10.8 Fluid
Fluid in hydraulic system is the energy transferring environment. It also functions
as lubricant and cooling. We chose SAE 10W-30.
-
180
990
Working range:
C to
C
Various additives to improve lubricity.
10.9 Assembly drawings of piston and cylinders
109
CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION

11.1 Result
The thesis accomplish most of the proposed problems
- Understanding the structure and operation of hydraulic elevator
- Understanding the structure and operation of roped elevator
- Calculate and design the hydaulic elevator
- Calculate and design the roped elevator
- Build the control system of elevator using Atmega 16
- Solve the optimized law of elevator
- Build the model of 6 floors roped elevator
11.2 Limitation
Because we are dealing with a simulation meaning that not all features of the
real world can be implemented, these limitations can be summarized as
follows:
The door system includes several safety devices. Sensors detect
passengers or objects in the door opening, preventing the continued
closing of the doors.
A special fire emergency system has been installed. It may be
manually activated, or may respond to smoke sensors in the building.
Exact operation varies by local codes, but generally such systems
return the elevator to the main floor, open the doors to allow
passengers to exit, and make the elevators available to emergency
personnel.
11.3 Conclusion
When received this thesis, we have determined it is important to assess the full
knowledge that we had learned, with main purpose: Research the application of
elevator and build a simple model of it. This subject is very suitable for
Mechatronics student because it requires us to utilize all knowledge about
mechanism, electronics as well as programming. After 6 months of study and
110
research reference material with a sense of personal effort, special thanks the
instruction of Dr. Nguyen Huy Ninh and Prof. Tran Van Dich and from our
friends we have completed the work assigned up to date. During the process of
working, because of lacking of professional knowledge, practical experience
and time constraints of the project so we cannot avoid mistakes. In near future
we will complete some aspect we still missing and try to make some innovation
in elevator like controlling using voice After doing this project, we see the
powerful of elevator and the useful application of microprocessor. It plays a
importance role to control the use of elevators for skyscrapers. The
microprocessor brings high performance in space, time, economic value and
very convenient for using to suit to the development of society. In addition the
microprocessor can be programmed for many other industrial automation
process control.
111
REFERENCE
[1] Nguyn Danh Sn , Thang may, Nha xut ban ai hoc quc gia thanh ph H Chi
Minh
[2] Vu Lim Chinh, Pham Quang Dung, Hoa Vn Ng, Thang may- cu tao la chon
lp t va s dung, Nha xut ban Khoa hoc va Ky thu t Ha N i
[3] Lubomir Janovsky, Elevator Mechincal Design, Ellis Horwood,1993.
[4] Beer, Jonhston and Dewolf, Mechanics of Materials, Tata McGraw- Hill
Education, 2004
[5] Richard Barnett, Larry OCull and Sarah Cox, Embedded C Programming and the
Atmel AVR second edition, Thomson Delmar Learning, 2007.
[6] James Wagner, State Machine for Microprocessors, January 2010
[7] Michael J. Pont, Programming Embedded Systems I, University of Leicester, 2006
[8] Hydraulic Design Manual, Texas Department of Transportation, March 2004
[9] Robert L. Norton, Machine Design An Integrated Approach, Third Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006
[10] http://www.hocavr.com
112

Final Thesis Elevator

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Thesis Elevator

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 4: SUSPENSION SYSTEM.....................................................................37

9.2.3 Basic block diagram....................................................................................61

CHAPTER 10: HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR DESIGN................................................87

10.4.2 Distribution valve......................................................................................96

CHAPTER 2: CAR STRUCTURE AND COUNTERWEIGHT

Figure 2.1: Car frame

2. Horizontal frame 3. Wedge

7.Lever arm 8. Links

Car frame (platform) consist of vertical frame 1 and horizontal frame 2

Figure 2.2: Car frame dimensions

Upper beam: Pressed U steel

Figure 2.3: Upper beams cross section

The mass of the upper beam:

Figure 2.4: Lower beams cross section

The mass of the lower beam:

Figure 2.5: Uprights cross section

The mass of the uprights:

Horizontal frame: pressed steel, four U75x75x5 and two U60x40x5

Figure 2.6: Cross section of bars of horizontal frame.

The mass of the door is about 50kg.

Case 1: Nominal load

- maximum stress applied on the part

- ultimate strength, fatigue strength or yield strength ( depends on

g: free-fall acceleration g=9,81(m/s2)

The car is assembled with the safety gear:

2.1.4.3 Calculation of strength of the car:

Figure 2.7: Force diagram on the car frame in case 1

For Qt =5750N, Gt=5750N, J1 =20142500 mm4, J2 =972617 mm4, J3 =56087500

Car assembles with the safety gear:

Figure 2.8: Force diagram on the car frame in case 2

For Qt =8223N, Gt=7475N, P=7849N J1 =20142500 mm4, J2 =972617

Car assembles with the buffers:

Figure 2.9: Force diagram on the car frame in case 2

For Qt =11000N, Gt=10000N, P=21000N, J1 =20142500 mm4, J2

Case 3: Technical examination:

Figure 2.10: Force diagram on the car frame in case 3

For Qt =10000N, Gt=10000N, J1 =20142500 mm4, J2 =972617 mm4, J3

2.1.5. Strength examining

Taking data from case 3 for examination, we have:

n- factor of safety n =23

, the upper beam satisfies the requirement.

Uprights(vertical bars): both stress and bending moment

Taking data from case 3 for examination

Qt Gt M max 20000 987138

Qt Gt M max 20000 987138

n- factor of safety n =23

Slenderness of the uprights:

Where: - coefficient of connection between two ends = 0,5

imin- minimum radius of gyration

, the uprights satisfy the requirements

-area enclosed by the middle lines of the cross section.

Stress caused by the bending moment :

The lower beam satisfies the requirements.

2.2 Analyzing car structure using Ansys program

Where: Q:maximum load

: weight of the ropes suspense the car

: coefficient of lifting power utilizing of elevator

D: diameter of the diverting pulley

M 'tg (Gdt Gcapdt Gcabin )

This moment has the opposite sign to

: weight of the ropes suspense the counterweight

The balancing coefficient is often taken as =0,5 corresponds to =1.