Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PIONEERS IN PLASTIC
WAVINSEWER
CONTENTS
Page
Pipe Dimensions
2
Abbreviations
2
Product Range
3 - 18
Design Information
19 - 23
Typical Properties of
PVC-U
19
Structural Properties of
PVC-U
19
Summary of Standard Tests 19
Hydraulic Properties
20
Gradients
20
Grease Traps
Design Guidelines
20
Flow Charts
21 - 23
Handling, Storage, Transport,
Inspection, Installation 24 - 39
Handling
24
Storage
24
Transport
25
Inspection
25
Installation
25 - 39
Principles
25
Excavation
25 - 26
Underbed
26 - 27
Pipelaying
27 - 28
Backfill
28
Connection into Sewers
28
Connection to Other
Materials
28 - 29
Jointing
29 - 30
Wavin Access Junctions 30 - 31
Sealed Access Fittings 31 - 32
Open Channel Manholes 32 - 34
Gullies
34 - 37
Traditional Gully
34
Universal Gully
34 - 35
Bottle Gully
35 - 36
Yard Gully
36
Road Gully
36 - 37
Grease Traps
37 - 38
Suspended Drainage
38 - 39
Testing
39 - 40
Repairs
40
Maintenance
40
Cleaning
40
Appendix
41
General Information
42
WAVIN IRELAND
LIMITED
Wavin has been the leading
supplier of plastics pipes and fittings
for 40 years. Initial pipe production
at Cian Park, Drumcondra in 1957
led to the commissioning of the
manufacturing
complex
at
Balbriggan some five years later.
Production now extends into a wide
range of above and below ground
plumbing and drainage systems.
Wavins success in Ireland has
been achieved by paying close
attention to product quality,
innovation and development and by
creating a special relationship with
suppliers and customers.
Ongoing investment in plant and
tooling underlines the confidence
Wavin place in their future as
Irelands leading plastics pipe and
fittings manufacturer.
Wavinsewer Systems
PIPE DIMENSIONS
160.0
160.6
157.1
163.5
3.9
0.5
9"
244.1
244.8
240.9
247.3
6.25
0.6
Mean
Internal
Diameter
Average
Weight
(kg/m)
110
110.0
110.4
3.0
3.5
103.7
1.63
160
160.0
160.5
4.0
4.6
151.6
3.17
200
200.0
200.6
4.9
5.6
189.8
4.53
250
250.0
250.7
6.2
7.1
237.0
7.20
315
315.0
316.0
7.7
8.78
299.1
11.32
355
355.0
356.1
8.7
9.8
337.0
14.41
400
400.0
401.2
9.8
11.0
379.8
18.29
450
450.0
451.4
11.0
12.3
427.4
23.45
110.0
110.4
2.6
3.1
104.5
1.34
160
160.0
160.5
3.7
4.3
152.2
2.77
9"
244.1
244.8
5.9
6.8
231.7
6.72
ABBREVIATIONS
P/E
Pipes and Fittings with both ends plain or with one plain
end and one special end.
S/S
D/S
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Pipes
P/E Pipe 6 metre
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D3760
160
D3756
160 TRITEC
D3797
200
E4513
9"
E4503
9" TRITEC
E4528
250
E4514
315
E4509
355
E4506
400
E4510
450
E4508
Product
Code
110
D3774
65
160
D3775
80
160 TRITEC
D3796
80
200
E4252
111
9"
E4504
111
9" TRITEC
E4529
111
250
E4518
111
315
E4507
133
Couplers
D/S Pipe Coupler (WS 1)
for jointing pipes
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4001
132
160
D4002
163
200
E5001
256
E5002
256
250
E3157
256
315
E5009
230
10
355
E5007
328
45
400
E5041
380
52
450
E2848
630
Repair Coupler
D/S Repair Coupler
for repairs and new branch entry connections
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4108
132
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Branches
D/S Branch 45 (WS 2)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110 x 110
D4003
146
198
93
160 x 160
D4004
220
305
145
160 x 110
D4005
167
263
68
Product
Code
200 x 110
E5052
300
340
140
200 x 160
E5010
300
340
140
9" x 110
E5106
235
570
111
65
128
162
9" x 160
E5006
225
640
111
80
128
162
250 x 110
E5096
235
570
111
65
128
162
250 x 160
E5202
255
640
111
80
128
162
250 x 200
E5102
270
700
111
89
128
162
315 x 110
E5114
270
650
133
65
146
198
315 x 160
E5015
290
720
133
80
146
198
315 x 200
E5234
305
780
133
89
146
198
Product
Code
355 x 160
E5022
400 x 160
E5045
450 x 160
E5121
Fabricated to order
Product
Code
110 x 110
D4006
161
122
164
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
160 x 160
D4127
250
187
251
160 x 110
D4115
250
156
203
200 x 200
E5012
200
545
80
89
121
133
9" x 9"
E5099
225
645
111
111
128
162
250 x 250
E5174
225
645
111
111
128
162
315 x 315
E5023
260
795
133
133
146
198
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Branch 8712 (WS 2A)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
355 x 355
E5196
400 x 400
E5138
450 x 450
E5158
Fabricated to order
Saddles
S/S Unequal Saddle 45 (WS 3)
solvent application
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
200 x 110
E5199
220
350
200 x 160
E5201
220
350
9" x 110
E4009
250
400
9" x 160
E4010
250
400
250 x 110
E4009
250
400
250 x 160
E4010
250
400
315 x 110
E4011
350
450
315 x 160
E4012
375
500
355 x 110
E5185
370
450
355 x 160
E5182
395
500
400 x 110
E5154
390
450
400 x 160
E5156
415
500
Product
Code
110
D4028
77
85
158
160
D4029
135
121
276
Product
Code
110
D4030
96
90
174
160
D4031
145
131
272
Product
Code
110
D4032
102
100
173
160
D4033
157
136
247
200
E5208
157
146
280
250
E5086
315
E5027
355
E5226
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Short Radius Bend 6712 (WS 5)
513 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4034
155
154
212
Product
Code
110
D4038
186
182
160
D4039
269
258
200
E5210
205
216
250
E5030
315
E5031
355
E5266
Product
Code
110
D4019
103
103
176
Product
Code
110
D4040
190
185
Product
Code
9"
E5097
235
265
440
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
9"
E5125
290
290
500
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Short Radius Segmental Bend 45 (WS 5)
8 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
9"
E5025
335
350
590
400
E5107
488
500
915
Product
Code
9"
E5029
455
411
400
E5165
685
411
Adjustable Bends
S/S Adjustable Bend 0 to 30
for variable angles up to 30, rotate segments to
achieve the right angle.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4330
97
90
180
Product
Code
110
D4332
97
97
184
Product
Code
110
D4043
520
380
160
D4044
665
560
200
E5034
820
830
9"
E5038
980
1030
250
E5042
980
1030
315
E5056
1375
1520
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Long Radius Bend 2212 (WS 6)
16 per circle
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
355
E5220
1855
1750
400
E5135
2250
2010
450
E5163
2400
2300
Product
Code
110
D4045
710
380
160
D4046
805
560
200
E5033
1020
830
9"
E5037
1228
1030
250
E5040
1228
1030
315
E5055
1875
1520
Product
Code
355
E5158
2125
1750
400
E5168
2435
2010
450
E5143
2770
2300
Product
Code
110
D4047
650
380
160
D4048
930
690
200
E5032
1140
830
9"
E5036
1385
1030
250
E5040
1385
1030
315
E5044
1925
1520
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4169
273
250
165
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S Moulded Mid Radius Rest Bend -8712 (WS 6A)
satisfies recommendations of BS 5572:1944 for base of
soil stack applications. Manufactured with cut out marks
to convert bend to a Channel Bend for use within
traditional manholes.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4112
290
282
250
340
Channel Fittings
S/S Straight Channel (WS 7)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110 x 24"
D4050
1220
595
110 x 36"
D4052
1525
890
160 x 24"
D4053
1220
595
160 x 36"
D4055
1525
890
200 x 48"
E5058
1800
1095
9" x 48"
E5059
1800
1095
250 x 48"
E5235
1800
1095
315 x 48"
E5061
1800
1095
Product
Code
355 x 48"
E5129
1800
1095
400 x 48"
E5130
1800
1095
450 x 48"
E5146
1800
1095
Product
Code
110
160
D4062
680
380
325
D4063
1180
560
600
200
E5063
1250
830
700
9"
E5068
1770
1030
890
250
E5072
1770
1030
890
315
E5076
2100
1520
890
Product
Code
355
E5159
2295
1750
1000
400
E5160
2600
2010
900
450
E5161
2955
2300
1000
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Long Radius Curved Invert Channel 90 (WS 8)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4143
160
D4069
590
910
380
560
900
1350
690
200
E5062
730
1170
950
830
700
9"
E5067
1860
2800
1030
900
250
E5071
1860
2800
1030
900
315
E5057
2165
3250
1520
900
Product
Code
110
D4129 LH
240
124
182
110
D4128 RH
240
124
182
160
D4131 LH
300
144
196
160
D4130 RH
300
144
196
Cleaning Eyes
P/E Cleaning Eye (WS 12)
with screwed access
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4077
63
137
160
D4078
86
196
Adaptors
D/S Spigot Adaptor (WS 13)
to cast iron and clay spigot
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4079
167
66
75
153
160
D4080
210
90
100
216
10
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
200
E5087
291
250
9"
E5088
291
300
250
E5082
291
300
315
E5090
313
395
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
S/S Socket Adaptor (WS 14)
to cast iron and clay socket
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4081
71
148
160
D4082
94
210
Product
Code
110 x 90
D4364
125
62
54
Stoppers
P/E Plain Stopper (WS 19)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4088
45
137
160
D4089
91
192
200
E5237
96
215
9"
E5103
125
326
315
E5119
139
380
Reducers
S/S Level Invert Reducer (WS 20A)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
160 x 110
D4113
186
118
200 x 160
E4238
186
153
Product
Code
200 x 160
E5148
350
90
115
9" x 160
E5100
355
90
135
250 x 160
E5236
355
90
135
315 x 9"
E5015
565
135
165
Product
Code
D1
D2
D3
315 x 315
D4492
335
315
312
40
25
11
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Riser for WAJ
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
150
D4183
316
160
315
Product
Code
110
D4150
472
315
Product
Code
D4151 LH/RH
472
315
241
Product
Code
110
D4152 LH
472
236
236
315
241
110
D4157 RH
472
236
236
315
241
Product
Code
110
D4153 LH
472
315
160
110
D4156 RH
472
315
160
12
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S 45 Twin WAJ (WAJ 5)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4101
472
315
160
Product
Code
110
D4158 LH
472
236
236
315
160 241
110
D4154 RH
472
236
236
315
160 241
Product
Code
110
D4159
472
236
236
315
241
Product
Code
D1
F1
F2
H1
H2
D4480
160
355
290
578
384
Product
Code
D1
D2
D4471
315
354
1000
13
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S Straight Through WAJ (WAJ 1)
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
D1
D2
160
D4461
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
Product
Code
D1
D2
160
D4464
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
Product
Code
D1
D2
160
D4465
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
Product
Code
D1
D2
160
D4462
160
355
290
578
384
H = height overall
14
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4248
397
230
105
160
D4249
519
268
154
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
D/S Equal Single Sealed Inspection Junction 45
with bolted rectangular cover and sealing ring.
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4250 RH
397
230
105
141
160
D4251 RH
498
268
154
215
110
D4252 LH
397
230
105
141
160
D4253 LH
498
268
154
215
Product
Code
110
D4254 RH
520
377
105
160
110
D4255 LH
520
377
105
160
Gullies
Gully Riser
grating not included
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4192
164
150
Product
Code
110
D4149
150
Product
Code
110
D4092
164
340
265
175
55
Product
Code
110
D4137
220
306
175
220
15
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Universal Gully Hopper
with all bosses closed
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
110
D4118
164
237
175
165
Product
Code
110
D4138
164
20
108
118
Product
Code
110
D4308
228
57
317
157
Product
Code
D4311
217
Product
Code
110
D4095
600
305
305
430
Material: Polyethylene
Product
Code
D4097
225
245
16
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
P/E Trapped Road Gully
450mm diameter x 900mm invert
Nominal
Size
Product
Code
160
D4139
900
465
444
770
Product
Code
160
D4147
121
42
161
1000
700
670
690
700
530
475
500
1580
1200
1080
925
680
400
440
490
Grease Traps
Grease Trap
flow rate 1 l/sec
Nominal
Product
Size(litres) Code
40
D4501
Material: GRP
Inlet/outlet: 110mm
Grease Trap
flow rate 2 l/sec
Nominal
Product
Size(litres) Code
80
D4502
Material: GRP
Inlet/outlet: 110mm
17
Wavinsewer Systems
PRODUCT RANGE
Grease Trap
flow rate 4 l/sec
Nominal
Product
Size(litres) Code
160
D4503
1800
1430
1150
950
1320
950
1080
1130
Material: GRP
Inlet/Outlet: 110mm
Grease Trap
flow rate 8 l/sec
Nominal
Size (litres)
Product
Code
320
D4504
2440
1275
1035 1040
Material: GRP
Inlet/Outlet: 110mm
18
E
1090
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
Typical Properties of PVC-U
Property
Value
Specific Gravity
1.42 at 20C
Specific Heat
0.24 cal/gC
Thermal Conductivity
1.6 W/mC
(6-8) x 10-5 /C
Pipe: 79C
Fittings: 77 C
Modulus of Elasticity
3000 N/mm2
Poisson's Ratio
1:3
Product
Test
Material
Deformation Temperature
Colour & Colour Fastness
Pipes
IS
424
1990
ISO/DIS
4435
1978
BS
4460
1973
BS
5481
1977
19
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
Hydraulic Properties
Gradients
ks
2.51v
+
3.7d d2gdi
where
V
d
g
i
k
v
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
m =
=
Grease Traps
Design Guidelines
1. The rate of flow into the Trap should be calculated in
accordance with BS 8301:1985.
1.0
0.9
0.8
Proportional Depth
0.7
( )
0.6
Qp
e Q
arg
sch
Di
0.5
0.4
(V V)
p
cit
lo
Ve
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
( )
( )
1.0
1.1
1.2
4. Rate of Inflow
Less than 2 litres/sec
2 9 litres /sec
10 19 litres/sec
20 litres/sec
Retention Time
2 minutes
3 minutes
4 minutes
5 minutes
5. Discharge/Output
Up to 400 meals per day
Every additional 100 meals
Automatic Dishwasher
Flow
2 litres/sec
0.25 litres/sec
1 litre/sec
1.3
20
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.0
6 7 8 9 10
1.2
1.4
6 7 8 9 10
pip
e
m siz
11 m e
0
0.8
0.7
1.6
1.8
20
30
20
0
40 50
70
y:
cit
Ve
lo
80
90
100
200
200
co
n
s/s
e
tre
me
40 50 60 70 80 90100
60
Discharge: litres per second
2.0
16
0
2.2
2.5
3.0
30
25
0
20
31
5
0.05
35
5
0.06
40
0
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
45
0
300
400
0.001
600 800 1000
500
700 900
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Temperature: 15C
500
700 900
300 400
600 800 1000
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
ks: 0.06mm
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
21
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.0
6 7 8 9 10
1.2
1.4
6 7 8 9 10
0.8
0.7
1.6
1.8
20
30
30
40 50
70
80
90
200
200
on
ec
s/s
me
tre
100
y:
cit
Ve
lo
40 50 60 70 80 90100
60
Discharge: litres per second
2.0
2.2
2.5
203.
0
0
16
0.04
0
20
0.05
0
25
0.06
5
31
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
5
35
pip
e
m siz
11 m e
0
0
40
ks: 0.15mm
0
45
22
300
400
0.001
600 800 1000
500
700 900
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Temperature: 15C
500
700 900
300 400
600 800 1000
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
6 7 8 9 10
30
40 50
70
90
s/s
tre
me
80
y:
cit
Ve
lo
40 50 60 70 80 90100
60
Discharge: litres per second
20
30
ec
100
on
200
200
300
400
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Temperature: 15C
500
700 900
300 400
600 800 1000
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.001
600 800 1000
500
700 900
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
20
2.5
16
0
0.001
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
6 7 8 9 10
0.8
0.7
20
0
0.002
0.4
0.5
0.6
25
0
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.02
0.03
0.04
31
0.05
35
5
0.06
40
0
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
pp
i
e
m siz
11 m e
0
45
0
ks: 0.6mm
(HL)
Hydraulic Gradient
Wavinsewer Systems
DESIGN INFORMATION
23
Wavinsewer Systems
HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORT, INSPECTION AND INSTALLATION
HANDLING
Care should be exercised at all
times in handling pipes to avoid
damage to the pipe surface or to
pipe ends which have been
chamfered or otherwise prepared
for jointing.
On no account should pipes be
dragged along the ground.
The impact strength of PVC-U is
reduced somewhat at temperatures
below 10C, therefore even more
care in handling should be exercised
in cold conditions.
Loading and Unloading
When loading and unloading
bundles mechanically, use either
nylon belt type slings or fork lift
trucks with smooth forks. Metal
slings, hooks or chains must not
come into direct contact with the
pipe.
Pipes should always be laid down
gently and should never be dropped
onto a hard surface.
Pipes at the top of a stack should
always be the first to be removed.
Where
pipes
have
been
transported one inside another, the
innermost pipe should be removed
first.
2m or 7 layers max.
2m
STORAGE
Pipes
Pipes should be given adequate
support at all times. They should be
stored on a reasonably flat surface,
free from stones and sharp
projections so that the pipe is
24
1m spacing maximum
Wavinsewer Systems
TRANSPORT, INSPECTION AND INSTALLATION
TRANSPORT
Vehicle
A flat floored vehicle should be
used to transport pipes. Its floor
should be free from nails or other
sharp projections. It is particularly
stressed that there should be no
projecting battens at the end or
elsewhere on the truck floor which
would prevent the pipe being evenly
supported.
Loading and Transport
In no case should pipes overhang
the vehicle by more than 0.6m.
Socketed pipes should be stacked
in layers with the sockets protruding
and pointing in opposite directions
in alternate layers. Care should be
taken to ensure that no load is
carried by the sockets in the bottom
layer.
Pipe loads stacked higher than
2.5m are not recommended.
In the case of mixed loads, thick
walled pipes should be located
beneath the lighter pipes.
Pipes may be transported one
inside another provided that:
a) the pipes are clean and free from
grit,
b) suitable covering be provided
over the exposed ends of the
pipes to prevent the entry of grit
during transport,
c) the pipes in the lower layers are
not excessively loaded, ie., to
such a degree as would cause
damage or undue distortion, and
d) the pipes be off-loaded on
arrival, the smaller diameter
pipes being removed first.
During transport, the pipes
should be protected from damage at
all times.
Small lots of pipe should be
secured in bundles which may be
easily handled manually. The pipes
should be provided with adequate
side support and should be
effectively secured to avoid relative
movement during transport. Side
supports should be provided at not
more than 1.2m intervals. These
uprights should be flat and free from
sharp edges.
Inspection
If there is any evidence that the
load has shifted or shows signs of
rough treatment or has not been
handled
and
stacked
as
recommended, then each pipe
should be inspected for damage
before acceptance. Otherwise,
ordinary inspection while unloading
should be adequate to ensure that
pipes and fittings have arrived in
acceptable condition.
INSTALLATION
INSPECTION ON
DELIVERY
General
All deliveries and off-loading at
site should be supervised by the
purchasers representative.
Pipes and fittings should be
examined for signs of damage
before acceptance.
The markings on the pipes should
be checked to ensure that they
comply with the requirements of the
specification against which the pipes
were purchased.
Principles
Flexible pipes such as those made
from PVC-U do not readily fracture
under load, but are liable to
deformation. They rely considerably
on the immediate surrounding fill to
resist circumferential deformation.
Accordingly, PVC-U flexible pipelines
should be surrounded by noncohesive material as specified in
these recommendations and it is of
prime importance that the fill
material be properly compacted to
prevent excessive deformation of
the pipe.
In order to avoid interference
with flow, deformation should be
limited to 5% on completion of the
backfilling which can only be
achieved by proper compaction of
the backfill. It is essential to avoid
high stress concentrations and so
sharp objects or large stones should
not be allowed to come into contact
with the surface of the pipe.
The flexible nature of PVC-U
enables it to accommodate most
longitudinal deformations resulting
from ground movement or from
differential settlement.
Excavation, underbed
and pipelaying
Excavation
Trench
As a general rule, trenching
should not be carried out too far
ahead of pipe laying. Backfilling
should take place as soon as
possible.
25
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
The trench should be kept as
narrow as practicable but must
allow adequate room for jointing the
pipes and placing and compacting
the backfill. Trenches should be
excavated with vertical sides to a
height of 300mm above the top of
the pipe. The trench bottom should
comply with the limiting widths set
out in Table 1.
Table 1. Trench widths
Nominal
Pipe Size
(mm)
110
160
200
9"
250
315
355
400
450
Width of Trench
(mm)
Min
Max
450
450
600
600
600
700
750
800
850
600
600
700
700
700
850
900
950
1000
Trench Bottom
In all cases, the trench should be
excavated to a depth which will
allow for laying the pipes on a
prepared underbed. The trench
bottom
should
be
carefully
examined for the presence of soft
spots and hard objects such as
stones, rock projections or tree
roots, which should be removed and
filled with well tamped bedding
material.
Where a delay in pipe laying is
envisaged, the bottom layer of
300mm should not be removed until
the permanent material is about to
be placed in order to avoid
deterioration of the formation.
Spoil
The excavated spoil should be
kept at least 0.5m back from the
edge of the trench and all loose
stones removed from the side of the
spoil heap remote from the trench.
Depth of Cover
Normally, pipes should be laid
with a cover, measured from the top
of the pipe to the surface of the
ground, of not less than:
26
Underbed
General
The prepared underbed should
consist of bedding material laid to
the correct gradient and depth over
the full width of the trench as
excavated and should give uniform
support to the pipe over its entire
length.
Depth of Bedding
In normal clay excavation, the
thickness of the bedding under the
barrel of the pipe should be not less
than 100mm. In rock, a thickness of
at least 150mm should be allowed.
In very soft conditions, the thickness
of the bedding should be as directed
by the designer.
Bedding Material
Bedding material may be either:
a) Granular Aggregate
Complying with the requirements
of Table 1 of IS. 5 Aggregates for
Concrete as follows:
Pipe Size
Material
110mm to 250mm:
10mm nominal
single-sized
aggregate.
Pipe Size
Material
Sidefill
150mm
wide each
side of pipe
regardless
of diameter
100mm
granular
bedding
Granular
material
extended
for at least
100mm
over crown
of pipe
Granular sidefill
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 6. Pipes bedded in granular
material and covered with as dug
material which is free from stones
exceeding 40mm
Compacted in 300mm
layers as-dug backfill
Sidefill
150mm
wide each
side of pipe
regardless
of diameter
Granular
sidefill
c) As Dug Material
In the case of single houses, and
when approved by the designer and
client, as-dug material excavated
from the trench may be used
provided it complies in all other
aspects with the requirements
above.
Figure 7. Pipes bedded in suitable
as-dug material
Compacted
as-dug backfill
Sidefill
150mm
wide each
side of pipe
regardless
of diameter
Laying Practice
Pipes should be joined in the
trench and laid on the prepared bed
so that they maintain substantially
continuous contact with the bed.
Small depressions should be made
in the bed to accommodate the pipe
joints. When the pipe socket or pipe
and coupler have been bedded, the
depressions should be filled
carefully, taking care that no voids
remain under or around the joint.
Levelling devices such as bricks or
pegs should be removed and any
resulting voids filled before
backfilling is commenced.
Steep Gradient
If due to steep gradient or
waterlogged conditions, the bedding
tends to act as a drain for subsoil
water, the insertion of waterstops of
puddleclay dams across the trench
may be necessary to resist the
passage of water.
Flooding
If the trench becomes flooded,
buoyancy may occur, in which case
the pipes may be held down by
partial backfilling or by suitable
anchors. Such a situation may arise
overnight, when at the cessation of
work, the ends of the pipes should
be plugged to prevent the entry of
dirt or vermin.
As-dug
sidefill
Pipelaying
General
Pipes should be lowered into the
trench with tackle suitable for the
weight of the pipes using suitable
lifting slings, preferably flat. On no
account should chains or wire ropes
be used.
The position of the slings to
ensure a proper balance should be
checked when the pipe is clear of
the ground. Any construction debris
inside the pipe should be removed
using a pull-through.
Special Precautions
Use of Concrete
General Principles
Normally, flexible pipes should
not be bedded in or surrounded by
concrete; its use converts a flexible
pipe into a rigid one which is more
liable to fracture under ground
movement. However, in certain
circumstances, a designer or local
authority may require the use of
concrete bedding or surround and in
such cases, special precautions
should be taken.
Movement Allowance
Where a pipe is rigidly fixed to a
structure, two flexible joints should
be used, one on each side, as close
to the structure as possible.
Flexibility
Some
flexibility
can
be
maintained in a pipeline bedded and
surrounded in concrete if the
continuity of the bedding is broken
by forming joints incorporating a
flexible material. Such joints should
27
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
be not less than 25mm in width and
should be coincident with the pipe
joint.
Encasement (Reinforced)
Where a pipeline is encased in
concrete, it should be wrapped in a
membrane such as felt or plastic
sheeting. As differential movement
is likely to occur at the ends of the
concrete surround, the adjacent
pipeline should comprise one or
more short lengths of pipe jointed
by couplers.
Protecting PVC-U Pipe from
Loads
As PVC-U pipes are flexible, they
can
accommodate
ground
movement and pressure without
damage. However, if the pipe needs
protection, eg., when laid with a
cover of less than 1.2 metre under a
road, concrete may be used above
the pipeline as a protective raft,
provided a cushion of fill is laid
between the pipe crown and the raft
(see Figure 8). This will prevent
unacceptable deflection of the pipe.
Figure 8. Protecting underground
pipe from loads
Reinforced
Concrete
raft
100mm
cushion
of fill
Backfill
Sidefill and Initial Backfill
The material used for sidefill and
initial backfill should comply with
the requirements for bedding
material. For the protection of the
pipe, the sidefilling and initial
backfilling operations should be
carried out as soon as possible after
the pipes have been laid and tested.
28
a.
Mark position of
connection using inside of
saddle branch as guide and
cut out hole.
b.
c.
Connection to Other
Materials
The Wavinsewer system includes
Adaptors to connect to clay or iron
spigots or sockets.
Connection to Clay or Iron Spigot
Apply mastic to the spigot face of
the clay or cast iron pipe and insert
it into the socket of the PVC-U
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Adaptor (WS 13). Caulk firmly with a
layer of gaskin and complete with a
sand and cement joint (see Figure
10).
Connection to Clay Socket
Apply a bead of mastic to the
face of a PVC-U Adaptor (WS 14).
Position the Adaptor in the socket
and caulk with yarn followed by
cement mortar. Then insert the PVCU pipe spigot in the standard way
(see Figure 11).
Connection to Cast iron Socket
Apply a bead of mastic to the
face of a PVC-U Adaptor (WS 14).
Position the Adaptor in the cast iron
socket and caulk with gaskin
followed by well caulked lead wool.
Do not use hot lead.
Alternatively, use gaskin and
cement mortar in a similar way to
that used for jointing PVC-U to a
clay socket (see Figure 12).
Flow
WavinSewer
Pipe
Clay or
Cast Iron
Spigot
D4079/4080 (WS13)
Flow
WavinSewer
Pipe
Clay Socket
D4081/82 (WS14)
Jointing
Preparing Pipe Ends
All spigots on fittings and the
ends of standard lengths of pipe are
chamfered approximately 15. Pipes
cut on site must be clean cut at right
angles to their horizontal axis.
Chamfer
the
cut
end
to
approximately half the pipe wall
thickness and deburr it with a
scraper.
Flow
WavinSewer
Pipe
Cast Iron
Socket
D4081/82 (WS14)
15
equal
equal
29
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 14. Ring seal jointing
Ring seal
Ring seal
100
45
27
15
13
10
8
6
4
A
(mm)
B
(mm)
270 - 305
435 470
585 620
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 16. Wavin Access Junction
assembly
Gully
45 (LH)
Wavin Access Junction
45 (RH)
Wavin Access Junction
45 Bend
45 Branch
110mm Pipe
D4492
Cover and Frame
90 Wavin
Access Junction
110mm WavinSewer
D4492
Cover and Frame
150mm
concrete plinth
110mm WavinSewer
31
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Installation of Sealed Access
Fittings
Manholes with Sealed Access
Fittings are generally constructed in
the same way as traditonal
manholes but as watertightness is
not critical, unlined brick or
concrete
manholes
may
be
permitted. Benching of the pipework
is essential.
1. Bed all Sealed Access Fittings in
cement mortar on a suitable
concrete base.
Access
Plug
Standpipe
Assembly
32mm
Waste
Pipe
Wall not
necessarily
watertight
Concrete
benching
laid to fall
Flow
D4248
Figure 21. Sealed Access Manhole with shallow invert used internally
Section
Plan
Finish Floor
Flow
Flow
Concrete Floor
32
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 22. Sealed Access Fitting typical installation
D4169
D4001
D4032
D4269
D4129
D4128
D4002
D4019
D4002
Concrete
benching
33
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 25. Open Channel Manhole with stepped invert and
external backdrop
D4077
D4003
D4032
Universal Gully
D4053
D4040
D4128
34
Gullies
Traditional Gully
The Traditional Gully has a Wafix
ring-seal joint on the outlet bend
which allows flexibility in either
lining up the inlet square with the
house or substituting the 45 bend
supplied with a 67 1 2 or 87 1 2 to
adjust for gradient.
A Gully Riser (D4192) can be
fitted to the hopper to facilitate the
installation of a Traditional Gully at
an invert depth greater than
340mm.
Installation of Traditional Gully
1. The Gully is supplied fully
assembled. Set it on a
substantial base such as a
precast concrete slab, bricks or
in-situ concrete and haunch it
with concrete until it is selfstanding.
2. Make connection to the drain via
the 45 Bend supplied.
3. Make vertical inlet connections
in accordance with Building
Regulations which state that a
branch pipe should only
discharge to a gully between the
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
side to suit either 110mm
Wavinsewer pipe, 68mm Wavin
Osma rainwater downpipe or 40mm
Wavin White Waste.
Alternatively, the Adjustable
Hopper (D4138) may be used in
place of the Universal Hopper.
Installation of Universal Gully
1. Assemble the Trap, Hopper and
suitable Outlet Bend out of the
ground.
2. Set it on a substantial base such
as a precast concrete slab,
bricks or in-situ concrete and
haunch it with concrete to the
level where the supporting feet
meet the body. Make sure the
concrete does not enter any ring
seal joints.
3. Make connection to drain via a
suitable Outlet Bend.
4. When using the Universal
Hopper, make any required
horizontal connections for
110mm Wavinsewer, 68mm
Wavin Osma rainwater downpipe
or 40 mm Wavin White Waste.
5. Make vertical connections in
accordance with Building
Regulations as previously
described.
6. Backfill with suitable material.
7. When not protected by paving or
concrete at ground level, the
crown of the Outlet Bend must
be below the level to which
garden implements penetrate.
When this is not possible, bed a
concrete slab above the Bend.
Bottle Gully
The Bottle Gully is a neat,
compact and practical alternative to
traditional gullies. Its advanced
design features incorporate a fixed
baffle, having a removable access
plug, three 110mm side bosses and
a square cover and frame, which
ensures a perfect fit when used
alongside paving slabs.
The Bottle Gully has a number of
installation
and
maintenance
advantages. The body of the gully
can rotate by means of a push-fit
joint, connecting the body with the
cover. This facility assists the
installer
considerably
with
unpredictable conditions on site.
Three blanked-off inlets, one
either side, and one at the back of
the gully, may be used to connect
pipes from 32mm to 110mm.
Easy access for rodding the
system is provided by means of a
removable rubber access plug.
The Gully is supplied with a
polypropylene grating. A Sealed
Access Cover (D4311), which is
secured to the gully by means of
four self-tapping screws, is also
available.
Polypropylene
Grating
PVC-U Frame
Sealing Ring
Access Plug
Rainwater/Waste Pipe
D4308
D4032
35
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Figure 30. Yard Gully - typical installation
Suitable Grating
and frame
Yard Gully
The Yard Gully (D4095) is
manufactured from polyethylene, a
robust material, offering both high
impact
with
good
chemical
resistance. The unit is available as a
single component, being 300mm
diameter by 600mm invert depth
and incorporates an integral trap,
with a removable rubber plug,
allowing easy access for rodding.
A
perforated
mild
steel
Catchment Bucket (D4097) is
available as an optional extra.
D4095
D4097
Connect 110mm
WavinSewer in the
appropriate way
Pour 150mm by
250mm invert
of concrete
around gully
36
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
Gully Connection to 160mm
Wavinsewer
1. Ensure that the pre-fitted flexible
outlet is correctly seated.
2. Lubricate the whole of the inside
of the outlet.
3. Ensure that the spigot end of the
Wavin Adaptor (D4147) is clean
and the ring is correctly seated.
Align and push home.
4. Insert 160mm Wavinsewer pipe
into the socket following the
standard jointing sequence for
Wavinsewer pipe (see Figure 33).
D4147
Bed and
surround gully
in 150mm of
C20 concrete
Grease Traps
The discharge of grease into
sewers is now acknowledged as a
major problem, causing blockage in
pipes and problems at locations
such as sewage treatment works
and septic tanks.
Grease is a normal constituent of
water borne wastes from kitchens
and food preparation rooms where
quantities arise from the washing of
WavinSewer
160mm pipe
Class B Engineering
brickwork
Flexible joint
to allow for
differential
shifting
Manhole covers
Finished ground level
Access shaft.
Height variable.
Max 1000mm
Outlet
Concrete
surround
Concrete base
with suitable
reinforcement
37
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION
loads likely to be imposed upon
them.
9. It is essential to take precautions
to prevent damage to the Grease
Trap during installation.
38
Suspended Drainage
Drainage pipes may have to be
suspended just below floor or ceiling
level in basement or similar
situations. Wavinsewer Pipes,
Couplers, Bends, Branches and
Sealed Access Fittings are suitable
for suspended installations.
However, although PVC-U pipes
and fittings are lightweight, they
must be suspended by a robust
Threaded Bracket
Threaded Rod
Bracket plate
Pipe/Socket bracket
Adjustable Brace
Bracket plate
Pipe/Socket bracket
Wavinsewer Systems
INSTALLATION, TESTING
support and anchorage system
which can accommodate the
expansion and contraction of PVC-U
imposed on the system should it
become blocked.
The Suspended Bracketing
system available in the Wavin Soil
system is designed to meet these
specific requirements. It will support
any 110mm PVC-U system in the
correct way for any given situation.
There are two packs of Suspended
Bracketing components, the C8738
pack contains the same components
as the C8736 pack plus two
Adjustable Braces. These Braces are
used to secure a socket and prevent
any lateral or horizontal movement.
Installation of Suspended
Drainage
Position access doors at the top
or side of the installation depending
on the room available.
For intermediate pipe support,
use the Adjustable Pipe Bracket
Assembly (C8736). For socket
support, use the Adjustable Socket
Bracket and Brace Assembly
(C8738).
Testing
Wherever possible, testing should
be carried out from manhole to
manhole. Short branch drains
connected to a main sewer between
manholes should be tested as one
system with the main sewer. Long
branches and manholes should be
tested separately.
Water Test
This test should be carried out
after laying and before backfilling.
Drains and sewers should be
generally subjected to an internal
pressure test of 1.2 m head of water
above the crown of the pipe at the
high end but not more than 6 m at
the low end. Steeply graded sewers
should be tested in stages if the
maximum head would be exceeded
were the whole section tested at
once.
The test should be carried out by
inserting suitable plugs in the low
end of the sewer and in the
Wavinsewer Systems
TESTING, REPAIRS, MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING
The length of pipe under air test
should be effectively plugged as
previously described and air
pumped in by suitable means (eg.,
hand pump) until a pressure of
100mm of water is indicated in a
glass U-tube connected to the
system. The air pressure should not
fall to less than 75mm during a
period of five minutes without
further pumping, after allowing a
suitable time for stabilisation of the
air temperature.
Infiltration Check
All inlets to the system should be
effectively closed. Visual inspection
should then be made at manholes or
inspection chambers to ascertain
the presence of leakage flow. If the
rate of infiltration leakage exceeds
0.8 litres per hour per linear
kilometre per millimetre of nominal
diameter of the pipe, the source of
this leakage flow should be
investigated and remedial measures
taken.
Test for Straightness, Gradient
and Obstruction
Tests for line, gradient and
freedom from obstruction should be
applied.
and removed.
2. The residual pipe-ends must be
cut square and prepared for
jointing.
3. Repair Couplers should be
placed in position, the
replacement pipe length laid on
a suitably prepared bed and the
Couplers moved to their final
position.
4. After testing, the sidefilling and
backfilling should be replaced in
accordance with appropriate
sections of this manual, in order
to give compaction values
approximately equal to those
immediately adjacent to the
repair.
MAINTENANCE
Building Regulations and Local
Authority Byelaws state that:
Manholes, inspection chambers and
rodding eyes must be provided to
give ready access to underground
CLEANING
The smooth bore of PVC-U pipes
combined with their longer lengths
reduce the risk of blockages.
However, if a blockage does occur,
use only flexible or roller type rods.
Pointed or boring type metal fittings
are NOT recommended. Tests have
been carried out on PVC-U pipes
and fittings using equipment from
specialist drain cleaning contractors
and their normal equipment is
suitable. Do not use specialist
cutting attachments.
REPAIRS
With the Wavinsewer system, it is
relatively easy to carry out repairs
using Wavinsewer Repair Couplers.
The following general points apply:
1. The full extent of the damaged or
failed section must be identified
40
Wavinsewer Systems
APPENDIX
Determination of
Suitability of Imported
Material Compaction
Fraction
Visual Examination
Examine the material and reject
any which contains pieces with
sharp edges.
Particle Size
The maximum particle size should
not exceed 20mm The following test
will ensure compliance with this
requirement:
A weighed representative sample
of material (about 2kg) should be
sieved, using a test sieve of 20mm
nominal size (see Irish Standard
24:1973, Test Sieves).
Note 1: To obtain a representative
sample, about 50kg of the
proposed material should be
heaped on a clean surface and
divided with a spade down the
middle. One of these halves
should then be similarly divided,
and so on until the required
mass is left.
Note 2: In the sieving, clumps of
material that break up under
light finger pressure may be
helped through the sieve, but
considerable force should not be
used to squeeze oversize lumps
through the mesh.
The material is not recommended if any particles are left
in the sieve.
Material suitable
Not suitable
Ease of Compaction
Apparatus
[1] Open-ended cylinder 250mm
long and 150mm 6mm
internal diameter (160mm
diameter Wavinsewer is
suitable).
[2] Metal rammer with striking face
40 mm diameter and weighing
1.0 0.1kg.
[3] Measuring rule.
Procedure
Obtain a representative sample
(see Note 1 above) more than
sufficient to fill the cylinder (about
11kg). It is important that the
41
Wavinsewer Systems
GENERAL INFORMATION
ACCEPTANCE
Irish Standards
Wavinsewer Pipes and Fittings
meet the requirements of the Local
Government Specification 1977 or
IS. 424:1990.
British Standards
Wavinsewer pipes and
fittings comply, where
applicable, with the requirements of
the following standards:
BS 4660:1989 Unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipes and
fittings of nominal sizes 110mm and
160mm for below ground gravity
drainage and sewerage.
BS 5481:1977 Unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipe and
fittings for gravity sewers.
Irish Agrment
Board
Wavin TRITEC pipes are covererd
by Certificate No. 97/0089.
British Board of
Agrment
A number of fittings are covered
by Agrment Certificates issued by
the British Board of Agrment.
Wavin is a Registered
Firm with the National
Standards Authority of Ireland for
IS.EN/ISO 9002:1994 Quality
Systems.
Wavin holds the Irish
Quality Mark for the
production of all products.
Wavinsewer Pipes and Fittings
conform with the requirements of
the Building Regulations 1991.
MANUFACTURE
Most Wavinsewer Pipes and
Fittings are produced by Wavin at
their factory in Balbriggan, Co
Dublin. Production is a highly
automated process using the most
up-to-date technology and precision
engineered equipment.
Pipes are extruded and fittings
injection moulded. Certain fittings
such as some of the Long Radius
Bends and Channel Access fittings
are fabricated.
42