RunningHead:DISCUSSIONBOARD7

DiscussionBoardSeven:GroupFour
BUSI600,LibertyUniversity
SandraMilam
MonicaSerra
JosephShumaker
BarbaraSmithDawkins
ShelbySteele
KristianVelasco

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Question13.5
Thefourmainfaultsofthesurveyinstrumentdesigninclude;thewordingofthe
questions,instructionsonhowtocompletethesurvey,sequencingofsurveyquestions,and
buildingrapportwithparticipants.
TheWordingoftheQuestion
Sometimespeoplewillmisunderstandaquestion,thediligentquestiondesignerwillputa
surveyquestionsthroughmanyrevisionstoensurethatitmeetsthefollowingcriteria:
Isthequestionstatedintermsofsharedvocabulary(Cooper,Schindler,2014)?Aninstrument
designcanbefaultyduetounclearwordingonthequestionnaireitself.
a.Doesthequestioncontainunsupportedormisleadingassumptions(Cooper,Schindler,
2014,p.304)?
b.Doesthequestioncovertheentirescopeoftheresearch(Fourpossiblemajorfaultsofthe
surveyinstrumentdesign,2010).
c.Areadequatealternativespresentedwithinthequestion(Cooper,Schindler,2014,p.304)?
Instructions
Theinstructionstotheinterviewerorparticipanthaveagoaltoensurethatallparticipants
aretreatedequally,thusavoidingerrorintotheresult.Twoprinciplefoundationsforgood
instructions:clarityandcourtesy(Cooper,Schindler,2014,p.320).Instructionsforcompleting
thesurveymustalwaysbeincluded,nomatterhowobvioustheproceduremayseem.When
writingdirections;donotusejargon,anddonotuseabbreviationswithoutwritingoutthewords

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first(DesigningandDevelopingthesurveyinstrument).Wheneverpossible,itisadvisableto
placeinstructionsdirectlyinthesurveyinstrument,asopposedtoprovidingaseparatesheetof
instructions,whichcouldbetotallyoverlooked(Meyburg,n.d.).Unclearinstructionswillhave
aneffectonthesurveyoutcome.ThisiswheretheKISStheory(KeepItSimpleSam)canbe
applied.
TheOrderofQuestionsintheSurvey
Thedesignofsurveyquestionsisinfluencedbytheneedtorelateeachquestiontothe
othersintheinstrument(Cooper,Schindler,2014,p.317).Thenatureandneedoftheparticipant
mustdeterminethesequenceofthequestions.Thefollowingguidelinesshouldguidetheorder
ofquestions:
1. Thequestionprocessmustquicklyawakeninterestandmotivatetheparticipantto
participate.Putmoreinterestingandtargetquestionsearly.
2. Theparticipantshouldnotbeconfrontedbyearlysetofrequestsforinformationthatmight
beconsideredpersonaloregothreatening.
3. Thequestioningprocessshouldbeginwithsimpleitemsandthemovetothemorecomplex,
aswellmovefromgeneralitemstomorespecific.
4. Changesintheframeofreferenceshouldbesmallandshouldbeclearlypointedout(Cooper,
Schindler,2014,p.317)
Whendesigningasurveyavoidlongdiscussionoropenendedquestions.Iftherearetoo
manyofthesetheparticipantwillloseinterestinthesurvey.
BuildingRapportwithParticipants

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Bybuildingrapportwiththesurveyparticipants,youcanovercomesomeparticipation
unwillingness.Youcanoffermaterialcompensationfortakingpartinthesurvey(Cooper,
Schindler,2014,p.323).Participantsinthesurveymustbeassuredthatquestionswouldbeused
incombinedtotals.
BiblicalIntegration
Therearemanyflawsthatcanoccurinsurveyinstrumentdesign.Therewerefourthat
werementionedhere.Othersinclude,spacingissuesinaquestionnaire,whichmeansdoesthe
participanthaveenoughspacetowriteinresponses?Thesizeoftypefaceused,theamountof
writingthatisrequired.Themostimportantfaultswerethewordingofquestions,instructionson
howtocompletethequestionnaire,theorderofthequestionsandestablishingarapportwith
participants.AsProverbs2:2says,Makingyourearattentivetowisdomandincliningyour
hearttounderstanding(ESV).Whenwearedesigningsurveyinstrumentswearetobewisein
thedesigningoftheinstrument.Thedesignwillhaveaneffectontheoutcome.
Question13.15
Question13.15ofCoopersandSchindlersBusinessResearchMethods(2014)provides
ascenariowheregovernmenteconomicdatarevealsthatyoungadults,notmiddleagedorolder
adults,arehavingthemostdifficulttimeintodayseconomy(pp.327).Further,Cooperand
Schindlerexplainthateventhoughthenationslabormarketshowsadeclineinthe
unemploymentrate,thepercentageofyoungadults,ages18to24,currentlyunemployed(54%)
isatthelowestlevelsincegovernmentdatacollectionbeganin1948(pp.327).Weareasked
whattopicsandquestionswouldwedesignintoasurveytoelaborateonthisfindingifwewere

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workingforanationalsurveyorganizationdoingageneralpublicsurveyofyoungadultsand
olderadults.
Inordertogatherthedatanecessarytodeterminewhyyoungadultunemploymentis
down,yetgovernmenteconomicdataisshowingyoungadultsashavingthemosteconomically
difficulttimewillrequirethepropersurveyquestionstobeaskedbothofyoungandolder
adults.Tobegin,thesurveyshoulddeterminetheamountofsupportreceivedfromyoung
adultsparents.Researchersmayaskthefollowingquestionsinanattempttoobtainaccurate
responsescontaininganadequateamountofinformation:

Didyourparentsmaintainasavingsordepositaccountforyouthroughoutyour

childhood?
Whatwasthetotalvalueofallyourownedassetsatthetimeyoumovedoutofyour

parentshouse?
Whatwasthetotalvalueofallyourcurrentdebtatthetimeyoumovedoutofyour

parentshouse?
Whatpercentageofyourdebtatthetimeyoumovedoutofyourparentshousewasthe

resultofstudentloans?
Didyoueverreturntolivingwithyourparentsduetoeconomichardship?
Doyoumaintainafinancialbudgetforyourhousehold?
Whatisyourhouseholdincome?
Doyoufeelthatyouarefinanciallysecure?
Ifyoudonotfeelfinanciallysecure,whatlevelofincomewouldprovideyousecurity?
Doyoufeelinabetterorworsefinancialpositionthanotheryoungadultsinyourage
range?
AccordingtoFriedline(2014),childrenwhoseparentsmaintainedasavingsaccountfor

themhadsubstantiallylessstudentloandebtuponcollegegraduation.Additionally,Friedline
(2014)foundthatchildrenwhohadresponsibilitiesovertheiraccount,suchassettingsavings

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goals,makingdeposits,orreviewingaccountstatementswerelessdependentandmore
financiallyresponsiblethantheiryoungadultcounterpartswere.Furthermore,accordingto
Dettling,Board,andHsu(2014),youngadultsarebeingreferredtoastheboomerang
generationduetotheirpooreconomicoutcomes.Toillustrate,anunprecedentednumberof
youngadultsaged18to31aremovingbackinwiththeirparents,largelyduetogreatamountsof
debtconsistingofprimarilystudentloans.
Askingthesequestionsofbothyoungadultandolderadultdemographicswillallowfor
comparisonbetweenresponses.Specifically,thedifferencesinresponsewillbeindicatorsofthe
reasoningforyoungadultscurrenthardship.Althoughthecauseislikelyduetostudentloans,
youngadultsshouldrememberwhatisstatedinRomans13:7,andpaytoallwhatisowedto
them:taxestowhomtaxesareowed,revenuetowhomrevenueisowed,respecttowhomrespect
isowed,honortowhomhonorisowed(EnglishStandardVersion).Thisversenotonly
addressesayoungadultpayingoffdebt,butalsoappliestoadultsmovingbackhome.Honor
andgratitudeshouldbegivenforallcarethatisprovidedtothem.
Question14.6
Designingthebestmethodforinterviewingasamplefortheconcertvenueistrickybut
thenonprobabilityfactordoestendtosimplifythesituation.Thistypeofsamplingisoften
subjectiveandnotboundbymanyoftherestraintsthatsomeotherformshave.Therearemany
possiblemethodsforinterviewing,yetthemethodofsendingoutinterviewersintothevenue
seemstobebest.Throughthismethodtheinterviewsassignedwillchoosetheirsubjects
seeminglyatrandom,yetnotso.Therewillbespecificfactors,maybeevenunknowntothe

DISCUSSIONBOARD7GROUPSUBMISSION

interviewerthatwillaffecttheirdecisions.Whilethisisacceptable,asfarasnonprobability
samplinggoes,therearemeasuresthatcouldbetakentohelpwiththedata.
Assigningasetnumberofpeople(theinterviewers)torandomlyselectpeopleto
interviewthroughoutthevenueswillbeadecentmethod.Thiswillallowforawidecoverage
areaofsamplingand,dependingupontheinterviewsselected,willalsohaveavariablemixof
participants.Theinterviewerswouldbeagroupcomposedofsomemalesandfemales,withan
assortmentofracesrepresented.Thiswillallowforawidersamplingastheseindividualsmaybe
morelikelytointerviewcertaingenderorracecombinationswithinthecrowd.Thisdoesnot
guaranteethattherewillbeawideassortmentofparticipantsbutitdoesincreasetheoverall
likelihood.Theinterviewquestionswouldbesimpleandbrief,allowingforagreateraccuracyof
responseandalsoencouragingparticipation(Kapoulas&Mitic,2012).Iftheinterviewersare
abletokeeptheinterviewbrief,thelikelihoodofsupportandinterestwillbemuchhigher.
Selectinginterviewerswithsimilarmusicpreferencesmayalsobehelpful,especiallyif
thetypeofresearchdealswiththatinformation.Notonlywillthesesinterviewersbeableto
betterrelatetothesubjectmaterial,buttheymayalsobeabletointegrateintothecrowdsat
greaterlevelsofease.Thiswillbeespeciallyimportantincertainspecificgenresofmusicthat
maynotbeasmainstreamasothers.Thetypeofinformationbeinggatheredwilldetermine
theusefulnessofthis,butitisanimportantfactortoconsider.Whileinterviewswillbethe
methodusedtocollectinformation,therecouldalsobesomemixedmethodologyinvolved.
Someformofpostconcertsurveycouldbeconsideredtobetterenhancethesurveyresults.Such
resultsareoftenmoreusefulandaccuratewhentakenthroughmultiple,ormixed,methods

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(Malina,Hanne,Nrreklit,&Selto,2011)Whilethatisoutsidethepurviewofthisparticular
instanceitisaninterestingidea.
Thesimpleapproachthatthistypeofresearchtakesseemsalmosttooeasywhen
comparedtoothermethods.Yet,inthisinstance,itmaybethebestwaytomeasurethe
appropriatedata.Sometimesthesesimplermethodsarejustmoreeffectiveand,inthesearchof
knowledge,itisbesttoembracethem.TheBiblestatesin1Corinthians3:18,Letnoman
deceivehimself.Ifanymanamongyouseemethtobewiseinthisworld,lethimbecomeafool,
thathemaybewise(NKJV).Inordertogainthecorrectknowledge,inordertobewise,
sometimeswehavetoresorttosimplermeans.
Question14.7

Forthisscenario,alargefirmischangingtoacustomercenteredorganizationstructure
andemployeeswhorarelyhavecustomercontactwillnowhavesignificantinfluenceon
customersatisfactionandretention.Thetransitionplanneedstohaveanevaluationofthemorale
ofthefirmscomputertechnicians.Toevaluatethisyouhavetouseanunrestrictedsampleof
sometype.Forthisevaluation,theuseofasimplerandomwhichisaprobabilitysamplingwill
beused.
Thesimplerandomsampleisusedtocreateequalselectionprobabilitywithina
populationofindividualswhichinthiscasewouldbethecomputertechnicians.Thismeansthat
eachcomputertechnicianhasanequalchancetobechosenfortheevaluation.Thereareseveral
stepstocreatingasimplerandomsample.Thefirststepistodefinethepopulationwhichwould
bethefirmscomputertechnicianssincethereisnoothercriteriathatwearebreakingitdownto.

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Forthepopulation,wecouldchooseonlymale,onlyfemale,onlyfulltimeemployeesaswell
butforthisevaluationwearelookingatallthetechnicians.Thesecondstepistodecideonthe
samplingsize;inthiscasewewillsaythattherearetwohundredcomputertechniciansandwe
wantoursamplesizetobehalfofthepopulationoronehundredcomputertechnicians.Forthe
samplingsizeyoualsoneedtothinkabouttheconfidenceintervalandtheconfidencelevel.The
confidenceintervalistheplusorminusthatyouseewithresultsthusifyourconfidenceinterval
isfourandfortysevenpercentrespondedthenyoucanbeconfidentthatfortythreetofiftyone
percentofthepopulationwouldhaveansweredthequestioninthatway.Theconfidenceinterval
isimpactedbysamplesize,percentageandpopulationsizewherethelargeryoursamplesizethe
moresureyoucanbethattheresponsesreflecttheactualpopulation.ConfidenceLevelindicates
yourconfidencelevelintheanswersgivenandmostresearchersgowithninetyfivepercent
confidence.Thethirdstepwouldbetotakethepopulationandputitinarepositoryofsomesort
andassigneachpersonanumbertowhichisstepfour.Eachpersoninthepopulationiscalleda
unitofthepopulation.Thefifthstepistorandomlypickthenumbersinwhichcanbedonebya
computerprogramandthesixstepwouldbetonametheunitsthatwillbeapartofthe
evaluation.Corinthians8:13states,ourdesireisnotthatothersmightberelievedwhileyouare
hardpressed,butthattheremightbeequalityisrelatedtoequalitywithinthepopulationwhen
choosingthesamplepopulationorunitsthatwillparticipateintheevaluation.Thesesixstepsare
ratherquickandoverlapwitheachotherasyoumovethroughthem.Usingacomputerprogram
willmaketheworkmovequickerbutcertainlyyoucoulddosomethingassimpleasdrawing
numbersfromahat.

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Aswithanything,thereareadvantagesanddisadvantageswithsimplerandomsampling.
Someoftheadvantagesareremovingthehumanbiasfromtheselectioncriteria,beingableto
makegeneralizationsaboutthepopulationandgettingagroupthatisrepresentativeofthe
populationthatyouareobserving.Thedisadvantagestosimplerandomsamplingconsistof
needingtohaveacompletelistofthepopulation,theevaluatormayneedtoputsubliststogether
toformanentirelistforthepopulationandanadequatenumberofthepopulationhavetobe
evaluatedinordertomaketheresearchsound.
Inconclusion,thecompanywouldchoosetouseasimplerandomsamplingtoevaluate
themoraleofthecomputertechniciansthatareemployed.Thesimplerandomsamplingisa
probabilitysamplethroughwhichallowfortheentirepopulation,inthiscasecomputer
techniciansthatareemployed,tohaveanequalchanceatbeingpartoftheevaluation.Thisis
importantbecauseyouneedtohavearandomsamplingfromthegroupinorderforthe
evaluationtobeafairrepresentationofthepopulationthatisbeingmonitored.
Question14.10
Inquestion14.10weareaskedtodescribethesampleframeforeachtechniquelisted,
includingsimplerandom,systematic,stratified,cluster,anddoublesamplesinrelationtoskills
neededfornewhireswithinacertainindustry.Icurrentlyworkinthehealthcareindustrysomy
answerswillbebaseduponthosefindingsandresearch.
SimpleRandom.
Inthistypeofresearcheachpopulationelementhasaknownandequalchanceof
selection,accordingtoCooperandSchindler(2014,p.349).Withthatinmind,thehealthcare

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fieldiseverychangingmedicallyandgrowingpersonnelwise.Inordertoconductastudybased
uponskillneedswithnewhiresonewayasimplerandomstudycouldbeperformedwouldbeto
accessallformerandcurrentemployeesfiles.Thiscouldbedonebycomputerrandomization,
electronic(suchaspayroll),orevenpaperfilesanddrawingrandomemployees.Themain
advantagetothisistheautomaticsystemthatcanbeimplementedsuchascomputerizedvoice
responseorrandomdigitdialing;thedisadvantagewouldbeacquiringthepopulationneededand
gatheringalargesamplesizetoconducttheresearch(Cooper&Schindler,2014,p.349).

Systematic.
Thissurveyisusedbyselectingafixedsampleinterval(i.e.every6thinterval)and
proceedsinasystematicwaythroughouttheentirestudy(Rose,Grais,Coulombier,&Ritter,
2006).Easierthansimplerandomsurveys,tocreatesystematicsamplingtherearefoursteps
1.
2.
3.
4.

Identify,list,andnumbertheelementsinthepopulation.
Identifytheskipinterval.
Identifytherandomstart.
Drawasamplebychoosingeverycertaininterval(Cooper&Schindler,2014,p.

351).
Withthatbeingnotedonecouldalphabetizeallemployeesandselectevery6thnametobedrawn
inwhichwillbesurveyedorthecomputerizationmethodcouldbeusedwhichlistallemployees
bytheirpersonalidentificationnumberandselectevery6thintervaltoparticipate.
Stratified.

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Inthissamplingmethod,allitemsinthepopulationaredividedintoseveral
subpopulations,calledstrata,fromwhichasimplerandomsampleisindependentlytaken
(Buddhakulsomsiri&Parthanadee,2008).Thistypeofinstancewecouldtakeahospitalasthe
entirepopulationandbreakitdowntothevarioussevenfloorssuchaspediatrics,cardiac,
mother/baby,ICU,emergencyroom,respiratory,andmedsurg.Wewouldthenobtainasimple
randomsamplefrom15peopleoneachofthesevenfloorsincludingfromnurses,certified
nursingassistants,medicalsecretaries,andofficemanagers.Oursamplewouldfinallybe
concludedofsevenfloorsmultipliedbyourfifteenpeoplefromeachfloortoconsistof105
membersforourresearch.Wewouldobtainthisinformationfromhumanresourcesordatafrom
computerswithinthehospitaltohelpverifyourselections.
Cluster.
Manypeopletendtogetstratifiedandclustersamplesmixedupduetotheirrelative
closeness.Thistypeofsamplinghoweveroffersasolutiontotheproblemofestimatingthe
abundanceofrare,clusteredpopulations(Naddeo&Pisani,2005).Theauthors(2005)
explainedthedesignbystartingwithaninitialsampleandaddinginotherunitswhichinturn
createstheclusteredeffect.Inhealthcarewecouldmodelthisbyonceagainusingtheentire
hospitalasourpopulationandbreakingitdowntotheprevioussevenfloorslistedabove.From
hereselectingoneemployeefromdayandnightshiftwouldfurtherrandomizeoursample.Our
finalsamplewouldbeofeachemployeethatwasselectedfromdayandnightshiftfromthe
sevenvariousfloorstoparticipateinourstudy.Oursamplestudywouldbebasedoffofhuman
resourcesinformationorindependentlygatheringinformationfromfloormanagerstohelpinthe
process.

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Double.
Doublesamplingisalsoknownassequentialormultiphasesamplingtowhichconsistof
amoreefficientandtaskconsiderateoptionaccordingtoAlyssaSloan(2007).Thisapproach
acquiresthesinglesampleplanningwithasmallersamplesizeandtwovariouslevels.Oncethe
informationisfoundthatneedstoberesearchedasubsampleisrequiredforfurtherstudies.An
exampleofthisinthehealthcarefieldwouldbesamplingsimilartothestratifieddesign;using
thehospitalasthepopulation,thedifferentfloorsasthesubpopulationsandthenfromthereeach
occupationcanbesurveyed.Iftheresearchneededisfoundtobesufficientandmeetsthe
criterianomorequestionsareneeded,howeverifitdoesnotyieldthecorrectamountof
informationyouwouldcontinuewiththeresearchandsubgroups.
Eachmethodoffersvariousstrengthsandweaknesses.Itisbesttodeterminewhich
specificdesignisbestfortheindividualresearchprocess.Prepareyourworkoutside;get
everythingreadyforyourselfinthefield,andafterthatbuildyourhouseProverbs3:5statesand
withresearchthatiscrucialforsuccess.

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