Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meixia Tao
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Chapter 8: Digital Modulation Techniques
Selected from Chapter 10.1 10.5 of Fundamentals
of Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall
2005, by Proakis & Salehi
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
Topics to be Covered
Source
A/D
converter
Source
encoder
Channel
encoder
Absent if
source is
digital
User
D/A
converter
Modulator
Noise
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
Channel
Detector
Comparison study
Digital Modulation
In digital communications, the modulation process
corresponds to switching or keying the amplitude, frequency,
or phase of a sinusoidal carrier wave according to incoming
digital data
Three basic digital modulation techniques
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) - special case of AM
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) - special case of FM
Phase-shift keying (PSK) - special case of PM
Binary Modulation
In binary signaling, the modulator produces one of two
distinct signals in response to one bit of source data at a
time.
101101001
Binary FSK
Binary ASK
Modulation
1
0
bit duration
Then
and
s2
s1
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
Region R1
Decision rule:
s2
r
0
s1
Guess signal
(or binary 1) was transmitted if the
received signal point r falls in region R1
Guess signal
(or binary 0) was transmitted otherwise
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
Due to symmetry
r
0
depends on ratio
This ratio is normally called bit energy to noise density ratio
(or SNR/bit)
BPSK Transmitter
Input binary
data
Spectrum
shaping filter
m(t)
Product
modulator
Binary PSK
wave s(t)
Carrier wave
Rectangular
pulse
10
BPSK Receiver
Tb
0
dt
Decision
device
Threshold
demodulator
detector
11
Binary FSK
0
Modulation
1
0
f is selected so that
and
(Example?)
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
12
13
Decision boundary
Message
point
R1
Message point
14
15
16
17
Tb
0
dt
Decision
Device
Tb
0
Choose 1 if l>0
Choose 0 otherwise
dt
18
Binary ASK
Modulation
1
0
(On-off signaling)
Decision Region
Region R2
s2
Region R1
s1
19
Exercise: Prove Pe
20
BFSK
BASK
In general,
21
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
e.g.
-1
ASK/FSK
-2
-3
PSK
-4
-5
3dB
-6
-7
6
8
10
12
Eb/No in Meixia
[dB]Tao @ SJTU
14
22
Example
Binary data are transmitted over a microwave link at the
rate of 106 bits/sec and the PSD of the noise at the
receiver input is 10-10 watts/Hz.
a) Find the average carrier power required to maintain an
average probability of error
for coherent binary
FSK.
b) Repeat the calculation in a) for noncoherent binary FSK
23
We have discussed
Coherent modulation schemes, .e.g.
BPSK, BFSK, BASK
Update
24
25
26
Detector
27
Conditional pdf
Choose s1
>
<
Choose s2
Similarly,
28
i.e.
29
By definition
30
31
Comparator
(select
the
largest)
32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
ASK/FSK
-2
NC FSK
-3
BPSK
-4
DPSK
-5
-6
-7
6
8
10
12
Eb/No inMeixia
[dB]Tao @ SJTU
14
33
34
1
___________
d i = d i 1 mi
35
36
Delay
Tb
Tb
0
dt
Decision
device
Choose 1 if l > 0
Otherwise choose 0
Threshold of
zero volts
becomes irrelevant
If
if
Error performance
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
37
38
10
10
-1
ASK/FSK
-2
NC FSK
BPSK(QPSK)
10
10
10
10
10
-3
-4
DPSK
-5
-6
-7
6
8
10
Eb/No in [dB]
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
12
14
39
Topics to be Covered
Source
A/D
converter
Source
encoder
Channel
encoder
Absent if
source is
digital
User
D/A
converter
Modulator
Noise
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
Channel
Detector
Comparison study
40
M-ary Modulation ()
256 QAM
128 QAM
64QAM
41
MPSK
MFSK
MQAM
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
42
1
T
Basis functions
43
MPSK (contd)
Signal space representation
44
BPSK
QPSK
8PSK
16PSK
45
Euclidean distance
2 (m n)
2 Es 1 cos
2
sin
=
d min = 2 Es 1 cos
E
s
M
M
d min / 2
2Q
2Q 2 Es sin
=
N /2
M
46
Exercise
Consider the M=2, 4, 8 PSK signal constellations. All have
the same transmitted signal energy Es.
Determine the minimum distance
signal points
d min
between adjacent
47
4dB
5dB
6dB
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
48
16QAM
49
MQAM
Signal set:
Basis functions:
50
51
3kEb
Pe 4Q
( M 1) N 0
(for M = 2k )
Exercise:
Determine the increase in Eb required to maintain the same error
performance if the number of bits per symbol is increased from k to
k+1, where k is large.
52
where
53
MFSK (contd)
-0.217
54
( E , 0, 0,, 0)
= ( 0, E , 0, , 0 )
s0 =
s1
s M 1 = 0, 0, , 0, Es
2
cos 2 ( f c + mf ) t
T
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
55
56
57
Example
The 16-QAM signal constellation shown below is an
international standard for telephone-line modems (called
V.29).
a)
b)
c)
58
and
59
11
01
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
10
00
60
For MFSK
When an error occurs anyone of the other symbols may result
equally likely.
Thus, k/2 bits every k bits will on average be in error when there is
a symbol error
Bit error rate is approximately half of the symbol error rate
Pb
1
Pe
2
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
61
Think
Why 4G LTE prefers MQAM over MPSK/MFSK?
256QAM
62
Topics to be Covered
Source
A/D
converter
Source
encoder
Channel
encoder
Absent if
source is
digital
User
D/A
converter
Modulator
Noise
Source
decoder
Channel
decoder
Channel
Detector
Comparison study
63
64
Example
A wireless remote
control system
Use unlicensed
band
Purpose: control
devices remotely
A fixed wireless
system
Use licensed band
Transmitter and
receiver fixed with
power supply
Voice and data
connections in rural
areas
65
MPSK
66
MPSK
BPSK and QPSK have the same energy efficiency
At fixed Eb/No, increase M degrades Pb
At fixed Pb, increase M increases the Eb/No requirement
67
Spectrum
shaping filter
Signal point
mapper
MPSK/MQAM
signal
Spectrum
shaping filter
If
is rectangular, the bandwidth of mainlope is
If it has a raised cosine spectrum, the bandwidth is
But
= bit rate
(bits/sec/Hz)
69
16
32
64
0.75
0.5
0.3125
0.1875
(bits/s/Hz)
70
Fundamental Tradeoff :
Bandwidth Efficiency and Energy Efficiency
To see the ultimate power-bandwidth tradeoff, we need to
use Shannons channel capacity theorem:
Channel Capacity is the theoretical upper bound for the maximum
rate at which information could be transmitted without error
(Shannon 1948)
For a bandlimited channel corrupted by AWGN, the maximum rate
achievable is given by
Ps
)
R C = B log2 (1 + SNR ) = B log2 (1 +
N0 B
Note that Eb PsT
P
PB
B
=
= s = s = SNR
N 0 N 0 RN 0 RN 0 B
R
Thus
Eb B R / B
= (2 1)
N0 R
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
71
Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff
Capacity boundary
with R = C
Unachievable
Region with R > C
Shannon
limit
72
goes to 0, we get
73
Power Limited
Systems:
Power scarce
Bandwidth available
Bandwidth Limited
Systems:
Bandwidth scarce
Power available
74
Example
A wireless remote
control system
Use unlicensed
band
Purpose: control
devices remotely
A fixed wireless
system
Use licensed band
Transmitter and
receiver fixed with
power supply
Voice and data
connections in rural
areas
75
Practical Applications
BPSK:
WLAN IEEE802.11b (1 Mbps)
QPSK:
WLAN IEEE802.11b (2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, 11 Mbps)
3G WDMA
DVB-T (with OFDM)
QAM
Telephone modem (16QAM)
Downstream of Cable modem (64QAM, 256QAM)
WLAN IEEE802.11a/g (16QAM for 24Mbps, 36Mbps; 64QAM for 38Mbps
and 54 Mbps)
LTE Cellular Systems
FSK:
Cordless telephone
Paging system
Meixia Tao @ SJTU
76