Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By: A.K.Agarwal
PMI, Noida
Contents
Introduction:
Equipment earthing and neutral point earthing.
Methods & Importance of neutral earthing
INTRODUCTION
Importance of Earthing
in Power System
50 % Failure of equipments attributed to Earthing.
or
11
IS A POOR
CONDUCTOR
NON HOMOGENEOUS
CONDUCTORS BURIED IN SOIL HAVE COMPLICATED SHAPE
ACTIVE ONLY DURING FAULT CONDITIONS
MOST OF THE ANALYSIS OF EARTHING IS BY EMPIRICAL FORMULAE
What is Earthing?
Earthing means an electrical connection done through
a metal link between body of any electrical appliance,
or neutral point, as the case may be, to general mass
of earth (deeper ground soil) to provide safe passage
to fault current to enable to operate protective devices
and provide safety to personnel and equipments
The metal link is normally of MS flat, CI flat, GI wire
which should be penetrated to the ground earth grid
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Objectives of Earthing :
..Objectives of Earthing
Classification of Earthing
System or neutral earthing to ensure system security and
protection, it is a connection to ground from one of the currentcarrying conductors of an electrical power system (connection
between LV neutral of a power Transformer winding and earth)
17
Types of Grounding
Un-grounded System
A system of conductors in which there is no
intentional connection to ground
Early electrical systems were almost universally
operated ungrounded
On small systems an insulation failure on one
phase did not cause an outage
The failure could probably be found and
repaired at a convenient time without a forced
outage
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Solid grounding
Resistance grounding
Reactance grounding
Resonant grounding
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Effective Earthing
A system is called effectively earthed if
XO/X1 < 3 is true
&
R0/R1 < 1 is true
X0 : Zero sequence reactance
X1: Positive sequence reactance
R0 : Zero sequence resistance
Solid grounding
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Disadvantages of solidly
grounded systems
High fault currents interfere with communication
circuit.
Danger to personnel in the vicinity of fault is high.
Heavy fault currents may cause considerable damage to
equipments.
Resistance Grounding
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Y
R
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Reactance grounding
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B
Y
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Fault Analysis
The fault current and fault voltage at different
parts of the network will be affected by the
following
Type of fault
Position of the fault
Configuration of the network
Neutral earthing
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Fault Analysis
The most dangerous phenomena is normally the high current
that occurs at a short circuit
Open circuit faults not cause high Overcurrent or high
overvoltages and therefore normally not dangerous to network,
but cause heating in rotating machines, due to the negative
sequence current that will flow in the system. Machines
equipped with negative sequence current protection, needs no
fault calculation
The magnitude of the fault current is dependent on type of fault
that occurs. At earth faults the size of the fault current is
depending on the earthing resistance or reactance (if applicable)
and on the resistance in fault. The fault resistance for a phase
fault is much smaller than that for an earth fault
Three phase faults normally gives the highest short circuit
currents
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Symmetrical Components
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Symmetrical Components
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Symmetrical Components
Positive-sequence components, consist of three
phasors of equal magnitude, spaced 120 apart, and
rotating in the same direction as the phasors in the
power system under consideration, i.e. the positive
direction
Negative-sequence components, consist of three
phasors of equal magnitude, spaced 120 apart,
rotating in the same direction as the positive-sequence
phasors but in the reverse sequence
Zero-sequence components, which consist of three
phasors equal in magnitude and in phase with each
other, rotating in the same direction as the positive
sequence phasors
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Symmetrical Components
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Symmetrical Components
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SUBSTATION EARTHING
MAIN INTENTION OF EARTHING IS TO LIMIT THE TRANSIENT OVER
VOLTAGE CAUSED BY RESTRICTING GROUND FAULTS, TO THE LEVEL THAT
THE EQUIPMENT CAN BE DESIGNED TO WITHSTAND ABOUT 250 % OF
THE RATED VOLTAGE. FOR SAFETY TO MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL AND TO
LIMIT THE DAMAGE OF THE EQUIPMENT, IT IS ABSOLUTELY MUST OF FAST
CLEARING THE GROUND FAULT.
PROPER SYSTEM EARTHING WILL GIVE A HIGH DEGREE OF PROTECTION
AGAINST STEEP WAVE FRONT SURGES ENTERING THE SUB STATION AND
PASSING TO EARTH THROUGH ITS GROUNDING SYSTEM.
UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS, THE FLOW OF CURRENT TO EARTH WILL
RESULT IN GRADIENTS WITHIN AND AROUND THE STATION. UNLESS THE
EARTHING SYSTEM IS DESIGNED CAREFULLY, THE MAXIMUM GRADIENT
ALONG THE SURFACE MAY BE GREAT ENOUGH TO ENDANGER A MAN
WALKING IN THE VICINITY.
EARTHING INSTALLATION
EARTHMAT IS USUALLY DESIGNED WITH THE FOLLOWING SIZES OF MS RODS.
400 KV SUB STATIONS
40 MM DIA.
220 KV SUB STATIONS
40 MM / 32 MM DIA.
110 KV SUBSTATIONS
32 MM / 25 MM DIA.
CONDUCTOR ABOVE GROUND LEVEL FOR EARTHING EQUIPMENT,
STRUCTURES, COLUMNS AND OTHER AUXILIARY STRUCTURES SHALL BE
GALVANISED FLATS. ROD ELECTRODES SHALL BE OF MILD STEEL OF SAME
DIAMETER AS EARTH CONDUCTORS AND OF LENGTH AS REQUIRED IN THE
DESIGN.
NEUTRAL POINTS OF SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENT VOLTAGES, METALLIC
ENCLOSURES, FRAMES OF ALL CURRENT CARRYING EQUIPMENTS AND ALL
METAL WORKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT CARRYING SYSTEM SHALL
BE CONNECTED TO THE SINGLE EARTHING SYSTEM. STEEL STRUCTURES,
COLLUMNS ETC. SHALL BE CONNECTED TO THE NEAREST EARTHING GRID BY
TWO EARTHING LEADS.
Earthmat Layout
DURING DRY SEASONS, EARTH PITS MAY BE REGULARLY WATERED AND KEPT
WET TO KEEP THE EARTH RESISTIVITY LOW. GRAVEL OR CRUSHED ROCK
COVERING IS ALSO HELPFUL TO RETARD THE EVAPORATION OF MOISTURE
FROM EARTH.
1 Conducting Electrode
2 Contact Point of the electrode and Soil
3 Soil
1
TYPES OF ELECTRODE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Plate electrode
Mesh electrode
Cast Iron Pipe electrode
G.I. Pipe electrode
Rod electrode
Strip electrode
Chemical electrode
PLATE ELECTRODE
Sizes of Plate electrode are 1.2m X 1.2m, 0.9m X 0.9m
and 0.6m X 0.6 m. Minimum size of plate should be
0.6m X 0.6m
The Resistance practically achieved is proportional to the
Linear dimension to the electrode.
Resistance achievable by different electrode sizes are,
1.2m X 1.2m = soil resistivity / 2.75
0.9m X 0.9m = soil resistivity / 2.20
0.6m X 0.6m = soil resistivity / 1.375
Careful
Plate electrode corrodes fast hence recommended thickness
Cast Iron = 12.00 mm
G.I
= 06.30 mm
Copper = 03.15 mm
600 mm
1500mm
min
600 mm
1500mm
min
Solid Stratum
16mm
25mm
100mm
1.0 m
0.91
0.88
0.81
0.59
1.2 m
0.78
0.76
0.70
0.51
2.0 m
0.51
0.49
0.46
0.35
2.4 m
0.44
0.42
0.39
0.30
3.0 m
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.25
3.6 m
0.31
0.30
0.25
0.22
Comparative Analysis
Reduction of soil resistivity
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
13mm
16mm
25mm
100mm
1.0m
1.2m
2.0m
2.4m
3.0m
3.6m
Parallel Electrodes
When number of rods are connected in
parallel, the resultant is the reciprocal of
the rods connected.
Parallel electrodes should be outside the
resistance area of each other.
Mutual separation shall more than the
depth of the driven electrode
13mm
rod
1.2 m
1.2 m min
1 rod R= 27.0
2 rod R = 13.5
3 rod R = 09.0
Strip Earthing
The sizes of strip electrode
generally used are 25 X 3,
50 X 6, 75 X 6 flats and 70
sqmm round bare cables.
Where the sub stratum is
very hard and going deep
does not help in lowering of
resistance, strip electrode is
an effective solution
A ready guide for using a
strip electrode is presented
to you.
The maximum drop in
resistance is in the first 50m.
600mm
HARD ROCK
Comparative Analysis
Reduction of soil resistivity
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
25 X 3
50 X 6
75 X 6
70 sq mm
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
3m
6m
10m
20m
50m
Material of Electrode
Most corrosive but accepted electrode material are cast
iron, wrought iron, mild steel etc.
Z-90 grade GI has much better life compared to bare
material
Most preferred material of electrode is copper
In many cases molecularly bonded copper over steel is
being effectively used.In case of molecularly bonded
copper 250 micron thickness of copper is needed over
steel.
In case the installation is protected by cathodic
protection, the material used for grounding should have
the same galvanic voltage as that of the cathodically
protected installation. Such material may be selected
referring the galvanic series. Please take care that Copper
may not be suitable in this case
Resistivity Values
TEREC +
Miracle Compound for
maintenance free Earthing
Horizontal Setting up
AVAILABLE IN INDIA
R8
R6
R2
R7
R1
R4
R3
R5
TEMPERATURE
SEASONAL VARIATION
CURRENT MAGNITUDE
SEASONAL VARIATIONS
To account for the seasonal variations , the average Soil
resistivity is multiplied by the factor as shown below, which is
termed as the apparent resistivity.
1.0
Winter
1.15
Rainy
1.3
The
The objectives
objectives of
of earthing
earthing system
system :-: Safety to operating personnel
objectives ofwhich
earthinginfluence
system :- the earthing
TheThe
Parameters
system :
89
The objectives
of earthing
systemCurrent::Magnitude
& Time
of Fault
Earthing Conductor:-
91
Earthing Conductor size:For MS Rod conductor & corrosion allowance of 0.12mm /yr for 40 years
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
31.5kA
1
406
40kA
1
515.5
50kA
1
664.4
63kA
1
811.9
22.7
25.6
28.6
32.2
32.3
35.2
38.2
41.8
92
Effects on Humans
Threshold of perception
Let go currents
Pain full, hard to let go
Muscular contractions
Ventricular fibrillation
1 mA
1-6 mA
9-25 mA
25-60 mA
60-100 mA
0,11
6
for t = .03s to 3s
93
94
0,11
6
95
98
99
100
101
Soil Resistivity
2.
3.
Provide auxiliary earth mat in a near by place where
the resistivity is low and connect it to the main earth
mat.
4.
Treating the earthmat and the electrode with
suitable chemicals.
Depending upon the situation any one or more of the
above methods can be used to reduce the earth
resistance.
Satellite Earthmat
EARTH POTENTIAL RISE ( E.P.R )
SATELLITE EARTHMAT
Is
In
TRANS.
Is
MAIN EARTHMAT
GROUND WIRE
Igw
FAULT-2
Im
Ig
FAULT-1
If
Ig5
Ig4
Ig3
Ig2
Ig1
In = Im = If = Ig+Igr+Is
Ig = Ig1+Ig2+Ig3.........+Ign
References
1. IEEE guide for AC Substation Grounding ( IEEE 80)
2. IEEE guide for Measuring earth Resistivity, Ground
impedance, and earth surface potentials for a ground
system(IEEE 81)
3. IEE recommended practice for grounding industrial and
commercial power systems ( IEEE 142)
Thank You