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650:351 Thermodynamics
Chapter 1

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Mahsa Mortazavi
Email: mahsa.mortazavi89@gmail.com
Oce hours: Tuesday, 2:00 - 3:30 pm

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Summer 2015

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Overview of Course

Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Equation of state
Property tables and charts

All problems in this course are solved using the above

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units
All physical processes involve units
The fundamental units in the SI system are

Dimension

Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Electric current
Amount of light
Amount of matter

Unit

meter (m)
kilogram (kg)
second (s)
kelvin (K)
ampere (A)
candela (cd)
mole (mol)

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units

The fundamental units in the English system are

Dimension

Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Electric current

Unit

foot (ft)
slug (slug)
second (s)
rankine (R)
ampere (A)

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units

The fundamental units can be converted between English and SI

1 foot = 0.3048 meters

1 slug = 14.5939029 kilograms
1 deg R = 0.55556 deg K

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units

Derived units

Unit

Force
Energy
Power

English

pound force (lbf)

British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Horsepower (HP)

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

SI

Newton (Nt)
Joule (J)
Watt (W)

Fundamental Units

Derived units can be converted between English and SI

1 lbf = 4.44822162 Nt
1 BTU = 1055.05585 J
1 HP = 745.699872 W

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units
What is pound mass (lbm) ?

One lbm is the amount of mass that weighs one lbf on earth
Since weight is the force of gravity on an object

weight = 1 lbm gravity

1 lbf = 1 lbm 32.17 ft/s2
1 slugft/s2 = 1 lbm 32.17 ft/s2
and therefore
1 lbm =

1
slug
32.17

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units
The dierences between lbm and lbf and slug are important
Failure to understand the dierences can lead to an error of nearly
two orders of magnitude and thus . . .

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Fundamental Units
The dierences between lbm and lbf and slug are important
Failure to understand the dierences can lead to an error of nearly
two orders of magnitude and thus . . .

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Systems and Control Volumes

A system is a quantity of matter or region of space
A closed system comprises a xed amount of mass
An open system is a properly selected region of space

Closed system

Closed system
moving boundary

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

Open system
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State and Equilibrium

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
An equilibrium state represents a condition wherein there are no

unbalanced forces or potentials in the system

Thermal equilibrium implies that the temperature is the same

throughout the system

Mechanical equilibrium implies that the net forces and moments on

the system are zero

Phase equilibrium implies that the mass of each phase (e.g., solid,

liquid and gas) remains constant

Chemical equilibrium implies that the chemical composition of the

system remains constant

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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State Postulate
Once a sucient number of properties of a system are specied, the

remaining properties can be determined

As an example, consider the ideal gas equation

p V = n RT

For a given volume V , knowing the pressure p , and temperature T is

sucient to determine1 the number of moles n
The State Postulate

The state of a simple compressible system

is completely specied by
two independent, intensive properties
1 R = 8.31447

kJ/kmoleK is the Universal Gas Constant

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Processes and Cycles

The change of a system from one state to another is a process
The series of states through which a system passes from its initial to

nal state is the path

The path may be quasi-equilibrium or non-equilibrium

Processes
650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

pV

diagram
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Steady Flow Processes

During a steady ow process, the ow variables at a xed location

do not change in time; however, they may change with position

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Two bodies in thermal equilibrium with a third body are in thermal

equilibrium with each other (i.e., all have the same temperature)

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Pressure
Pressure is the average normal force on a small element of uid,

either at rest or in motion

The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa)

1 Pa = 1 Nt/m2
There are several other units for pressure
Unit

bar
atm
psi

Denition

105 Pa
101, 325 Pa
6, 894.75 Pa

The actual pressure is the absolute pressure

The gage pressure is dened as

pgage = p patm where patm is 1 bar (1 atm)

What does the pressure gage for an automobile tire measure ?

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Variation of Pressure with Depth

In a uid at rest the pressure varies linearly with depth

dp
= g
dz

where g = 9.8 m/s2 , is the uid density and z is measured positive

upwards

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Variation of Pressure with Depth

Under hydrostatic (i.e., uid at rest) conditions, the pressure is the

same at all positions on a horizontal plane regardless of geometry,

provided that the points are interconnected by the same uid

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Pressure Measurement Devices

The barometer measures the atmospheric pressure provided that the

gap at the top of the tube is a vacuum

pC + gh = pB = patm thus patm = gh if pC = 0

Note: The pressure on the open uid surface is patm . Since point B
and the open surface are connected by the same uid, pB = patm
650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Manometer
The manometer measures pressure in the same manner as the

barometer

p1 = p2 = patm + gh
since the open end of the tube is subject to patm

The specic gravity of a uid is dened by

SG = uid /water
650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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Manometer
Note that pA = pB (Why ?)
Therefore assuming the uid is the same tube is at rest

and thus

p1 + 1 g (a + h) = p2 + 1 ga + 2 gh
p1 p2 = (2 1 ) gh

650:351 Thermodynamics Mahsa Mortazavi

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