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OF D.C.OF D.C.
OF D.C.
OF D.C.OF D.C.
Main Disadvantages
Regenerative or
Hopkinsons Test
MACHINESMACHINES
MACHINES
MACHINESMACHINES
and
Answers
on
D.C. Motors.
Electrical Technology
R
N
=
=
Motor shaft
Then , shaft torque Tsh
=
Motor output power =
Tsh 2 N watt
2 9.81 N ( W W ) R watt
1
2
61.68 N ( W W ) R watt
1
2
)
Outut
N W1
W2 R
=
=
Input
VI
Te simple brake test described above can be used for small motors
only, because in te case of large motors, it is difficult to dissipate te larg
e
amount of eat generated at te brake.
Anoter simple metod of measuring motor output is by te use of
poney brake one form of wic is sown in Fig. 31.2 (a). A rope is wound
round te pulley and its two ends are attaced to two spring balances S1
and S . Te tension of te rope can be adjusted wit te elp of swivels.
Fig. 31.1
2
Obviously, te force acting tangentially on te pulley is equal to te difference between te readings of te two spring balances. If R is te pulley radius,
te torque at te pulley is T
= (S
s
S )R. If (= 2N) is the angular velocity of the ulley, then
1
2
motor outut = T
) R att.
= 2 N (S
sh
1
The motor inut may be measured as shon in Fig. 31.2 (b). Efficiency may,
as usual, be found by
using the relation = output/input.
Example 31.1. In a brake test te effective load on te branc pulley was
38.1 kg, te effective
diameter of te pulley 63.5 cm and speed 12 r.p.s.
Te motor took
49 A at 220 V.
Calculate te
output power and te efficiency at tis load.
Solution. Effective load ( W W ) = 38.1 kg. t ; radius = 0.635/2 = 0.317
5 m
1
2
Shaft torque = 38.1 0.3175 kg m = 9.81 38.1 0.3175 = 118.6 N m
Poer outut = torque angular velocity in rad/s = 118.6 2 12 = 8,945 W
8, 945
No, motor inut = 49 220 W
Motor =
= 0.8
3 or 83%
49 220
----------------------- Page 3----------------------Testing of D
.C. Macines
1093
Fig. 31.2 (a)
Fig.
31.2 (b)
Example 31.2(a).
Te following readings are obtained wen doing a loa
d test on a d.c. sunt
motor using a brake drum :
Spring balance reading
10 kg and 35 kg
Diameter of te
drum
40 cm
Speed of te motor
950 r.p.m.
Applied volta
ge
200 V
Line current
30 A
Calculate te output power and te efficiency.
(Electrical Engin
eering, Madras Univ. 1986)
Solution. Force on te drum surface F = (35 10) = 25 kg t = 25 9.8 N
Drum radius
R = 20 cm = 0.2 m ; Torque Tsh = F R = 25 9.8 0.2
= 49 N
N = 950/60 = 95/6 r..s. ; = 2 (95/6) = 99.5 rad/s
Motor outut
Motor inut
=
=
Solution.
Page 4
1094
Electrical Technology
Net torque = Force Radius
= 26.78 7/100
= 1.8746 N m
Poer outut
= Torque Radians/sec.
= 1.8746 2 1500/60
= 294 atts
Efficiency
% efficiency
= 294/(230 2) = 0.639
= 63.9%
1095
Then, the hot resistance, alloing a temerature rise of 50C is found thus :
1
65
+
R
= R (1 + 15 ) ; R
= (1 + 65 ), R
= R
0
15
0
0
65
0
65
15
1
15
+
0
234.5 + 65
= R
65
15
234.5 + 15
If we subtrct from the totl input the no-lod rmture Cu loss, then we
get constnt losses.
Constnt losses
W
c
= VI (I
I ) R
0
0
sh
a
Knoing the constant losses of the machine, its efficiency at any other lo
ad can be determined as given
belo. Let I = load current at hich efficiency is required.
Then, armature current is
Ia = I Ish
...if machine is motoring
= I + Ish
...if machine is generating
EfEffficienciciency hen ry hen running as a motorunning as a motor
Efficiency hen running as a motor
EfEffficienciciency hen ry hen running as a motorunning as a motor
Inut = VI,
2
Armature Cu loss = I R = (I I
a a
Constant losses
...found above
= W
c
2
) R
sh
a
inut losses
2
VI ( I I
) R
sh
a
c
Total losses = (I I
VI
s
) R + W ;
a
c
input
2
) R ; Constant loss =
s
a
output
VI
2
Total losses = (I + I
2
VI + ( I + I
)
s
R
a
+ W
) R + W ; = output + losses
s
Electrical Technology
2
No load armature Cu loss = I
R = 1.4
a0 a
2
0.8 = 1.6 W
0.8 = 764 W
a
Total loss = 764 + 548.4 = 1312 W (arox.) ; Inut = 220 20 = 4,400 W
Outut = 4,400 1,312 = 3,088 W ; Efficiency = (3088/4400) 100 = 70.2%
In the above calculations, it has been assumed that :
1. mechanical losses remain constant even through motor seed changes from
no load to the given
load.
2. effect of armature reaction on main ole flux ith a consequent change
in iron losses has been
neglected.
3. decrease in flux due to increase in shunt resistance by heating has bee
n neglected.
Examle 31.4.
When running on no load, a 400 V shunt motor takes 5 A
. Armature resistance
is 0.5 and field resistance 200 . Find the output of the motor and efficiency w
hen running on fullload and taking a current of 50 A.
Also, find the percentage change in
speed from no-load to fullload.
(Electro Me
chanics, Allahabad Univ. 1991)
Solution. No-load input = 400 5 = 2,000
This input goes to meet all kinds of no-load losses i.e. armature Cu loss
and constant losses.
I
= 400/200 = 2 A ; No-load I = 5 2 = 3 A
sh
a
2
No load arm. Cu loss
= 3 0.5 = 4.5 W ; Constant losses = 2,000 4.
5 = 1,995.5 W
When line current is 50 A
2
Ia = 50 2 = 48 A ; Arm. Cu loss = 48
0.5 =
1,152 W
Total loss on F.L.
= 1,152 + 1,995.5 = 3,147.5 W ; Inut = 50 400
= 20,000 W
No,
= 376 V
Outut
=
F.L. efficiency
=
Eb 1 =
N 1
398.5
=
N 1 N 2
22.5
=
= 0.0598
N 2
Eb2
376
N 2
37
Examle 31.5.
The no load test of a 44.76 kW, 220 V, d.c. shunt mot
or gave the folloing
figures:
Inut current = 13.25 A ; field current = 2.55 A ; resistance of armature
at 75C = 0.032 and
brush drop = 2 V.
Estimate the full-load current and efficiency.
(Electrical En
gineering, Madras Univ. 1987)
Solution. No-load Condition
No-load input = 220 13.25 = 2915 ; Armature current = 13.25 2.55 = 10.7
A
2
Armature Cu loss
= 10.7 0.032 = 3.6 W
Loss due to brush dro
= 2 10.7 = 21.4 W
Variable loss = 21.4 + 3.6 = 25 W , Constant losses W = 2915 25 = 2890 W
e
c
Full load Condition
If I is the full load armature current, then full load motor inut curren
t is (I + 2.55) A.
a
a
F.L. motor oer inut = 220 (I + 2.55) W
a
This inut must be equal to the sum of
(i) outut = 44.76 kW = 44,760 W
(ii) W = 2,890 W
c
2
(iii) brush loss = 2Ia att
032 Ia
Page 7
Testing o
f D.C. Machines
1097
220 (I
+ 2.55)
a
a
2
or
0.032I
a
218 I + 47,090 = 0
a
2
218
or
218
= 223.5 A
a
Line inut current I
F.L. oer inut
F.L. efficiency
2 0.032
= Ia + Ish = 223.5 + 2.55 = 226 A
= 226 220 = 49,720 W
= 44,760/49,720 = 0.9 or 90%.
Examle 31.6.
A 200 V, shunt motor develos an outut of 17.158 kW h
en taking 20.2 kW.
The field resistance is 50 and armature resistance 0.06 . hat is the efficiency
and power input
when the output is 7.46 k ?
(Elect. Machines-I,
Aligarh Muslim Univ. 1989)
Solution. In the first case
Output
=
20,200
Total losses
=
,200/200 = 101 A
I
=
sh
(I
17,158
Input
= 101 4 = 97 A
a
2
= 97 0.06 = 564.5 W
= 3,042 564.5 = 2,477.5 = 2478 W (arox.)
Armature Cu loss
Constant losses
In the second case :
Let,
I
+ 4) A
Inut current =
= armature current
a
a
inut oer
No,
2
= outut + I R + constant losses
a a
2
= 7,460 + 0.06 I + 2,478
a
200(I + 4)
a
2
0.06I
200I + 9,138 = 0
a
a
or
2
200
0.12
Ia
= 3,283.3 A or 46 A
200
4 0.06 9,138
2 0.06
200 194
=
Inut current
100
= 74.6%
Poer inut
I = Ia + Ish = 46 + 4 = 50 A
50 200
=
= 10 kW
1000
7, 460
=
10
, 000
Example 31.7. A 200-V, 14.92 kW dc sunt motor wen tested by te Swinbur
ne metod gave
te following results :
Running ligt : armature current was 6.5 A and field current 2.2 A.
Wit te armature locked,
te current was 70 A wen a potential difference of 3 V was applied to te brus
es.
Estimate te
efficiency of te motor wen working under full-load conditions.
(Electri
cal Engg.-I, Bombay Univ. 1985)
Solution. No-load input current = 6.5 + 2.2 = 8.7 A
No-load power input
= 200 8.7 = 1,740 W
No-load input equals Cu losses and stray losses.
Field Cu loss
= 200 2.2 = 440 W
2
Armature Cu loss
= 6.5 0.04286 = 1.8 W
( R = 3/70 = 0.04286 )
a
Constant losses
= 1,740 1.8 = 1738 W
We ill assume that constant losses are the same at full load also.
Let,
Ia = full load armature current
Page 8
1098
Electrical Technology
F.L. armature Cu loss
2
0.04286 Ia W ; Constant losses
= 1,738 W
F.L. total loss =
F.L. outut
=
+ 2.2) W
2
1,738 + 0.04286 Ia
14,920 W ; F.L. inut = 200 (I
a
inut =
We kno,
outut + losses
2
or
200 I
+ 440
a
a
2
or
0.04286 I
200 I
a
+ 16,218 = 0
a
Inut current =
F.L. oer inut
=
=
I = 82.5 A
a
and alf-load.
Solution. At no-load :
I =
a
Armature Cu loss
No-load input
Constant losses
At full load :
Outut
800 A ; Ish = 12 A
=
=
=
36 12 = 24 A ; R = 6/400 = 0.015
a
2
24 0.015 = 8.64 watt
total losses in machine = 250 36 = 9,000
9,000 8.64 = 8,991.4 W
= 800 + 12 = 812 A
2
F.L. armature Cu losses = 812
0.015 = 9890 W
=
20
Output
400 + 12 = 412 A
400 A
I
2
2
I R = 412 0.0
15 = 2,546 W
a
a a
111, 537
Example 31.9. A 250-V, 14.92
% and a speed of
700 r.p.m. wen delivering
tance of its sunt field
Determine the efficiency and speed
he mains.
Full-load output
= 14,920
80% of F.L. output
= 0.8 14.920 = 11,936 ; = 0.88
Input = 11,936/0.88 = 13,564 W
Total losses
= 13,564 11,936 = 1,628 W
As efficiency is maximum at this load, the variable loss is equal to const
ant losses.
2
2
W
= I R = 1,628/2
I R = 814
W
c
a a
a a
Solution.
No,
5 2.5 = 51.75 A
inut current
=
=
I
sh
Page 9
13,564/250 = 54.25 A
250/100 = 2.5 A
I = 54.2
a
Testing
of D.C. Machines
1099
2
51.75
814
R = 814/51.75 = 0.30
45
a
2
I
= 75.5
78 2.5 = 75.5 A
I R
0.3045 = 1,736 W
a
a a
Total losses
250 78 = 19,500 W
100 = 86.9%
19, 550
Speed :
N 2
Eb2
N2
227
=
; N = 680 r..m.
N 1
Eb1
=
234.25
or
=
700
be a
cre
asing the excitation of G or by reduc
ing the excitation of M and the corresonding values of different ammeters are r
ead.
Page 10
1100
Electrical Technology
The electrical outut of the generatorlus the small oer taken from the
suly, is taken by the motor
and is given out as a mechanical oer after sulying the motor losses.
If suly voltage is V, then
Motor inut
= V(I + I ), here I is the current take
n from the suly.
1
2
2
Generator outut
VI1
...(i)
Output of generator
= input = V(I
...(ii)
+ I ) =
1
V(I + I )
2
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we get
I
2
V(I + I )
1
2
1
=
VI
or
1
=
I + I
1
2
However, it is not quite correct to assume equal efficiencies for two mac
ines because teir armature
currents as well as excitations are different. We will not find te efficiencies
separately.
Let
R
= armature resistance of eac macine
a
I 3 = exciting current of te generator
I4 = exciting current of te motor
2
2
Armature Cu loss in generator = (I + I ) R ; Armature Cu loss in motor
= (I + I
I ) R
1
3
a
1
2
4
a
Shunt Cu loss in generator = VI ; Shunt Cu loss in motor = VI
3
4
But total motor and generator losses are equal to the oer sulied by th
e mains.
Poer dran from suly = VI
2
If e subtract the armature and shunt Cu losses from this, e get the stra
y losses of both machines.
=
1
1
g
VI + W
1
g
Total losses
2
(I + I I ) R + VI + W/2 = W
(say)
m
V ( I + I
) W
1
2
Inut
V(I
1
+ I )
2
=
m
V ( I1
+ I2)
31.6.31.6. AlterAlternanativtive Connectionse Connections f foror Hopkinson Hop
kinsonss TTestest
31.6. Alter native Connections for Hopkinsons Test
31.6.31.6. AlterAlternanativtive Connectionse Connections f foror Hopkinson Hop
kinsonss TTestest
In Fig. 31.7 is sown in sligtly different metod of connecting te two m
acines to te supply. Here,
te main difference is tat te sunt windings are directly connected across te
lines. Hence, te line input
current is I 1 excluding te field currents. Te efficiencies can be calculated
as detailed below :
2
2
Motor armature Cu loss = (I + I ) R
; Generator armature Cu los
s =I
R
1
2
a
2 a
Power drawn from te supply = V I1
Total stray losses i.e. iron, friction and windage losses for te two
macines are
2
2
= VI [(I + I ) R I R ] = W (say)
1
1
2
a
2 a
Page 11
Testing o
f D.C. Machines
1101
inut
Motor losses
ses
2
= (I + I ) R + VI + W/2 = W
1
2
a
3
W
Motor
W
input
m 100
(say)
m
W
input
Generator Efficiency
Generator output
/2 = W (say)
2
R + V I + W
= VI ; Generator losses = I
2
g
VI
Generator
2
+ W
VI
2
I 1
I + I
1
454.5
454.5 + 90 = 0.914 or 91.4%
Example 31.10 (b). In te Hopkinsons test on two d.c. macines, macine A a
s a field current
of 1.4 A and macine B as a field current of 1.3 A. Wic macine acts as a ge
nerator ?
(Barati
tasan University April 1997)
----------------------- Page 12-----------------------
1102
Electrical Tecnology
Solution. In Hopkinsons test (on two identical d.c. sunt macines), since t
e two macines are
coupled, te speed is common and is decided by te field current of te motor. T
e field windings of bot
te macines are in parallel wit a separate D.C. source.
Since te macines are identical and are running at te same speed, teir e
.m.fs are in proportion to
teir field currents.
E.M.F. induced in te armature of macine A
1.4
=
E.M.F. induced in te armature of macine B
1.3
E
= (1.4/1.3) E = 1.077 E
A
B
B
Since E is larger tan E , Macine A supplies power to Macine B. It me
ans, A is working as a
A
B
generator, and B is motoring.
Example 31.11. Two sunt macines loaded for te Hopkinsons test take 15 A
at 200 V from te
supply. Te motor current is 100 A and te sunt currents are 3 A and 2.5 A.
If te armature
resistance of eac macine is 0.05 om, calculate te efficiency of eac macine
for tis particular
load-condition.
(Bar
atitasan Univ. April 1997)
Solution. Line current into armature circuits = 15 A, Motor armature coppe
r-loss = 500 W
Motor-armature-current = 100 A, Generator armature copper loss = 361 W
Hence generator-armature-current = 85 A
For eac macine, No load Mecanical losses + Core-loss + Stray losses
2
2
= ( VI I
r I
r )
a
am am
ag ag
2
2
= (200 15 100
0.05 85
0.05)
= (3000 500 361) = 1069.5 W
Motor field coer loss
= 200 3 = 600 W 1.07 kW
Generator field coer loss
= 200 2.5 = 500 W
Total Losses in motor = 600 + 1069.5 + 500 = 2169.5 W
Total Losses in Generator
= 500 + 1069.5 + 361 = 1931 W
Motor outut
Efficiency of motor
=
100%
Motor inut
Motor Inut :
1103
Examle 31.12.
The Hokinsons test on to similar shunt machines gave t
he folloing full
load data :
Line voltage
= 110 V
Field currents are
3 A and 3.5 A
Line current
= 48 A
Arm. resistance of
each is 0.035
Motor arm. current
= 230 A
Calculate the efficiency of each machine assuming a brush contact drop of 1
volt per brush.
(Electrical Machi
nes, Nagpur Univ. 1992)
Solution. The motor-generator set is shown in Fig. 31.8. It should also be
noted that the machine with
lesser excitation is motoring. e will find the total armature Cu losses and bru
sh contact loss for both
machines.
Motor
2
Arm. Cu loss
= 230 0.035 = 1,851.5
Brush contact loss
= 230 2 = 460
Total arm. Cu loss
= 1851.5 +
460
= 2,312
Shunt Cu loss
= 110 3 = 330
Total Cu loss
= 2,312 + 330 = 2,642
Generator
Generator arm. current = 233 48 + 3.5
= 188.5 W
2
Arm. Cu loss = 188.5
0.035 = 1,244 W
Brush contact Cu loss = 188.5 2 = 377 W
Total arm. Cu loss = 1,244 + 377 = 1,621 W
Shunt Cu loss = 110 3.5 = 385 W ;
Total Cu loss = 1,621 + 385 = 2,006 W
For the Set
Total arm. and shunt Cu loss for the set
= 2,642 + 2,006 = 4,648 W
Fig. 31.8
= 632 W
Total inut = 110 48 = 5,280 W ; Stray losses for the set = 5,280 4,648
Electrical Technology
Solution. Motor arm. current = 200 + 30 = 230 A, as shown in Fig. 31.9.
2
Motor arm. Cu loss
= 230 0.075 + 230 2 = 4,428
Motor field Cu loss
= 500 1.8 = 900
2
Generator arm. Cu loss
= 200 0.075 +
200 2 = 3,400
Geneator field Cu loss =
500 3.5 = 1,750
Total Cu loss for two machines
= 4,428 + 900 + 3400 + 1750
= 10,478
Power taken from auxiliary supply
= 500 30 = 15,000
Stray losses for the two machines
= 15,000 10,478 = 4,522 W
=
=
100 = 93.09%
g
output + losses
107, 411
Example 31.14. Explain te Hopkinsons test on a pair of sunt motors.
In suc a test on 250-V macines, te line current was 50 A and te motor c
urrent 400 A not
including te field currents of 6 A and 5 A. Te armature resistance of eac ma
cine was 0.015 .
1105
0.02 = 2,888
2
Generator arm. Cu loss = 330
0.02 = 2,178
Power drawn from supply = 250 50 = 12,500
Stray losses for the two machines
= 12,500 (2,888 + 2,178) = 7.434 W
Stray losses er machine = 7,434/2 = 3,717 W
Motor Efficiency
Arm. Cu loss
= 2,888 W
Field Cu loss
= 250 4.2 = 1050 W
Stray losses = 3,717 W
Total loss = 2,888 + 1050 + 3,717
= 7,655 W
Motor inut
= 250 380 + 250 4.2
= 96,050 W
Motor outut
= 96,050 7,655
Fig. 31.11
= 88,395 W
= 380
*
If armature slos don ith no excitation, then energy of the armature is u
sed to overcome mechanical
losses only, there being no iron losses (see Ex. 31.19).
Page 16
1106
Electrical Technology
d
1
2
d
dt ( 2 I ) = I . dt
d
dN
To quantities need be knon (i) moment of inertia (I) of the armature and
(ii)
or
dt
dt
because N. These are found as follos :
d
(a) Finding
dt
Fig. 31.12
Fig. 31.13
As shon in Fig. 31.12, a voltmeter V is connected
across the armature.
This voltmeter is used as a seed
indicator by suitably graduating it, because E N. When
suly is cut off, the armature seed and hence voltme
ter reading falls. By noting different amounts of voltage
fall in different amounts of time, a curve is dran be
teen time and the seed (obtained from voltage values)
as shon in Fig. 31.13.
From any oint P hich corresonds to normal seed,
a tangentAB is dran.
dN
OB (in r..m.)
Then
=
dt
OA (in seconds)
d
From (i), above
W = I dt
t ound generator
No
2N
60
Shun
...(N in r..m.)
2
2N
2N
dN
dN
;
0.011
=
. .
. .
I N
dt
W = I ( 60 ) dt ( 60
...(ii)
) W = ( 60 ) I N
dt
Testing of
D.C. Machines
1107
2 2
( 60 ) (I + I 1)N
(I + I )
dN
1
dt
2
dN
dt
or
dN
dt2
I + I 1
I
1
(
/
dN dt
dN
dt
1
dN
dt
2
)
dt
I = I 1
I =
I 1
= I 1
1
(
/ ) (
/
dN dt
dN dt
)
dt dt
t t
1
1
dN
. .
( 60 ) I N dt1
W =
W + W
W + W
2
2
. . dN
( 60 ) I N dt2
dt1
If dN is the same
dt2
t2
=
W
dt2
W= W
or
dt1 dt 2
t1 t2
here
dN
=
dt
1
dN
W = W
=
l load.
dt
2
Examle 31.16.
In a retardation test on a searately excited motor,
the induced e.m.f. in the
armature falls from 220 V to 190 V in 30 seconds on disconnecting the armature
from the suly.
The same fall takes lace in 20 seconds if, immediately after disconnection, ar
mature is connected
to a resistance hich takes 10 A (average) during this fall.
Find str
ay losses of the motor.
(Adv. Elect. Mac
hines, A.M.I.E. Sec. B, 1992)
Solution. Let
W =
)
Average voltage across resistance = (200 + 190)/2 = 195 V, Average current
= 10 A
an
average
t2
t1
t2
Here,
Page 18
1108
Electrical Technology
No,
5 = 50 r..m. ; dt = 25
W
N
4000
I = 121.8 kg.
m .
Examle 31.18. A retardation test is made on a searately excited d.c. mac
hine as a motor. The
oss
Power absorbed =
232.5 10 = 2,325
and
t = 30 second, t = 6 second ; = stray l
1
Using
2
t2
= 734.1 , we get
=
t t
1
2
6
Stray losses
= 24 A
W =
Inut current =
2325
= 734.1 W
25 6
25 A ; I = 250/250 = 1 A ; I
sh
= 25 1
a
2
Armature Cu loss =
1 = 250 W
Total
losses =
Inut =
= 5,035 W
=
5,035/6,250 = 0.806 or 80.6%
Example 31.19. A retardation test is carried out on a 1000 r.p.m. d.c. mac
ine. Te time taken
for te speed to fall from 1030 r.p.m. to 970 r.p.m. is :
(a) 36 seconds wit no excitation
(b) 15 seconds wit full excitation and
(c) 9 seconds wit full excitation and te armature supplying an extra l
oad of 10 A at 219 V.
2
Calculate (i) te moment of inertia of te armature in kg. m (ii) iron lo
sses and (iii) te mecanical losses at te mean speed of 1000 r.p.m.
Solution. It sould be noted tat
(i) wen armature slows down wit no excitation, its kinetic energy is u
sed to overcome mecanical
losses only ; because due to te absence of flux, tere is no iron loss.
(ii) wit excitation, kinetic energy is used to supply mecanical and iro
n losses collectively known as
stray losses.
2
(iii) If I is taken in kg-m unit, ten rate of loss of energy is in watts
.
2
2
dN
Mechanical loss
W
...Art. 31.8
=
. .
I N
m
Here
conds, N = 1000 r..m.
( 60 )
dt
dN
2
2
60
. .
( 60 ) I N 36
Wm
=
...(i)
2
2
Similarly
W
=
...(ii)
s
(
60
Also W
= 3,285 W
60
. .
) I N
15
t2
= 219 10
t t
1
2
15 9
Page 19
Testi
ng of D.C. Machines
1109
2
( 60 )
60
I 1000 15
2
(i)
I =
W
75 kg.m
15
m
=
W
36
s
(ii)
(iii)
Wm
Iron losses
=
=
.d. of generator ; I
= load current.
2
= VI ; outut = V I .
set
2 2
Total losses in the s
et,
W = VI
t
V I
1
2 2
2
2
Armature and field Cu
losses W
cu
= (R + 2R
)I
+ I R
se 1
a
R
=
s
W W
t
W W
t
2
cu
cu
Stray losses are equally divided beteen the machines because of their equ
Motor losses
V I
1 1
V I W
1 1
m
V I
1 1
Electrical Tecnology
Generator Efficiency
Te generator efficiency will be of little use because it is running under
abnormal conditions of separate
excitation. However, te efficiency under tese unusual conditions can be found
if desired.
Generator output
= V I
2 2
2
Field Cu loss
= I 1Rse
( Mo
tor current is passing troug it.)
2
Armature Cu loss
= I R ; Stray losses = W
2 a
s
2
2
Total losses
= I R
+ I R + W = W (say)
1 se
2 a
s
g
V
I
2 2
=
g
V I + W
2 2
g
It sould be noted tat altoug te two macines are mecanically coupled
yet it is not a regenerative
metod, because te generator output is wasted instead of being fed back into t
e motor as in Hopkinsons
(back-to-back) test.
Example 31.20. A test on two coupled similar tramway motors, wit teir f
ields connected in
series, gave te following results wen one macine acted as a motor and te ot
er as a generator.
Motor :
Armature current
= 56 A ; Armature voltage
= 590 V
Voltage drop across field winding
= 40 V
Generator :
Armature current
= 44 A ; Armature voltage
= 400 V
Field voltage drop
= 40 V ; Resistance of ea
c armature = 0.3
Calculate the efficiency of the motor and gearing at this load.
Stray losses/machine=
11,674/2 = 5,837 W
Motor Efficiency
Motor armature inut = arm. voltage motor
Fig. 31.15
current = 590 56 = 33,040 W
Armature circuit Cu loss
2
= (0.3 + 0.714) 56 = 3,180 W
= 5,837 W found above
= 3,180 + 5,837 = 9,017 , Output = 33,040 9,0
Stray loss
Total losses
17 = 24,023 W
ng of D.C. Macines
1111
Generator Efficiency
2
Armature Cu loss
0 56 = 2,240 W
Stray losses
837 = 8,658 W
Output
= 44
=
= 400 44 = 17,600 W
= 17,600/(17,600 + 8,658) = 0.67 or 67%
g
TTutorutorial Prial Problem No.oblem N
o. 31.1 31.1
Tutorial Problem No. 31.1
TTutorutorial Prial Problem No.oblem N
o. 31.1 31.1
1. A 500-V, sunt motor takes a total current of 5 A wen running unloa
ded.
Te resistance of
armature circuit is 0.25 and the field resistance is 125 . Calculate the effic
iency and output when the
motor is loaded and taking a current of 100 A.
[90.4% ; 45.2 k]
2. A d.c. shunt motor rated at 12.5 k output runs at no-load at 1000 r
.p.m. from a 250-V supply
. Baroda 1980)
m
g
OBJECTIVE TEST 31
3. Te most
losses
(a) Ho
(b) Sw
(c) re
(d) Fi
4. Retarda
findinglos
(a) st
(b) co
(c) fr
(d) ir
Electrical Tecnology
ANSWERS
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. a
5. b
6.
a
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON D.C. MOTORS
Q. 1. How may te direction of rotation of a d.c. motor be reversed ?
Ans.
By reversing eiter te field current or current troug te armatu
re. Usually, reversal of
current troug te armature is adopted.
Q. 2. Wat will appen if bot currents are reversed ?
Ans.
Te motor will run in te original direction.
Q. 3. Wat will appen if te field of a d.c. sunt motor is opened ?
Ans.
Te motor will acieve dangerously ig speed and may destroy itsel
f.
Q. 4. Wat appens if te direction of current at te terminals of a seri
es motor is reversed ?
Ans.
It does not reverse te direction of rotation of motor because curr
ent flows troug te
armature in te same direction as troug te field.
Q. 5. Explain wat appens wen a d.c. motor is connected across an a.c.
supply ?
Ans.
1. Since on a.c. supply, reactance will come into te picture, t
e a.c. supply will be offered
impedance (not resistance) by te armature winding. Consequent
ly, wit a.c. supply,
current will be muc less. Te motor will run but it would not
carry te same load as it
Testing of D.C.
1113
Q. 9. A d.c. motor fails to start wen switced on. Wat could be te possibl
e reasons and
remedies ?
Ans. Any one of te following reasons could be responsible :
1. Open-circuit in controllersould be cecked for open starting resis
tance or open switc
or open fuse.
2. Low terminal voltagesould be adjusted to name-plate value.
3. Overloadsould be reduced if possible oterwise larger motor sould
be installed.
4. Excessive frictionbearing lubrication sould be cecked.
Q. 10. A d.c. motor is found to stop running after a sort period of time. Wa
t do you tink
could be te reasons ? How would you remedy eac ?
Ans. Possible causes are as under :
1. Motor not getting enoug powerceck voltage at motor terminals as w
ell as fuses, clups
and overload relay.
2. Weak or no fieldin te case of adjustable-speed motors, ceck if r
eostat is correctly
set. Also, ceck field winding for any open.
Additionally
, look for any loose
winding or broken connection.
3. Motor torque insufficient for driving te given loadceck line volt
age wit name-plate
voltage. If necessary, use larger motor to matc te load.
Q. 11. Wat are te likely causes if a d.c. motor is found to run too slow und
er load ? And
te remedy ?
Ans. 1. Supply line voltage too lowremove any excessive resistance in suppl
y line, connections
or controller.
2. Bruses aead of neutralset tem on neutral.
3. Overloadreduce it to allowable value or use larger motor.
Q. 12. Wy does a d.c. motor sometime run too fast wen under load ? Give diff
erent possible
causes and teir remedies.
Ans. Different possible causes are as under :
1. Weak fieldremove any extra resistance in sunt field circuit. Also,
ceck for grounds.
2. Line voltage too igreduce it to name-plate value.
3. Bruses back of neutralset tem on neutral.
Q. 13. Under wat conditions is sparking produced at te bruses of a d.c. mot
or ? How
would you remedy it ?
Ans. 1. Commutator in bad conditionclean and reset bruses.
2. commutator eiter eccentric or rouggrind and true te commutator.
Also, undercut
mica.
3. Excessive vibrationbalance armature. Make sure tat bruses ride fr
eely in olders.
4. Brus-olding spring broken or sluggisreplace spring a
nd adjust pressure to
recommended value.
5. Motor overloadedreduce load or install motor of proper rating.
6. Sort-circuit in armature circuitremove any metallic particles betw
een commutator
segments and ceck for sort between adjacent commutator risers. L
ocate and repair
internal armature sort if any.
Q. 14. Sometimes a issing noise (or brus catter) is eard to emanate from t
e commutator
end of a running d.c. motor. Wat could it be due to and ow could it b
e removed ?
----------------------- Page 24----------------------Electrical Tecnology
1114
Ans.
Q. 15.
.c. motor ?
Ans.
1. Poor brus fit on commutatorsand-in te bruses and polis commu
tator.
2. Bruses binding in te brus oldersclean olders and bruses an
d remove any irregularities on surfaces of brus olders or roug spots on bruses
.
3. Excessive or insufficient pressure on brusesadjust pressure.
4. Bruses off neutralset tem on neutral.
Q. 16. Wy does a d.c. motor sometime spark on ligt load ?
Ans. Due to te presence of paint spray, cemical, oil or grease etc. on
commutator.
Q. 17. Wen is te armature of a d.c. motor likely to get over-eated ?
Ans.
1. Wen motor is over-loaded.
2. Wen it is installed at a place aving restricted ventilation.
3. Wen armature winding is sorted.
Q. 18. Wat causes are responsible for over-eating of commutator in a d.c.
motor ?
Ans. It could be due eiter to te bruses being off neutral or being und
er excessive spring
pressure. Accordingly, bruses sould be adjusted proper
ly and te spring pressure
sould be reduced but not to te point were sparking is introduced.