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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Noise Suppression by
EMIFILr
Digital Equipment

Application Manual

Murata
Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Cat.No.C33E

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Introduction
Because the process of EMI noise emission, conduction
and radiation from electronic circuits is complicated, it
is very difficult for us to suppress such EMI noise. To
improve noise suppression efficiency, we must
thoroughly examine the places and methods for taking
noise suppressing measures.
In the first half of this manual, by referring to
experimental data, we will explain how electronic
circuits emit EMI noise and how EMI noise is conducted
through and radiated from circuits. Also, we will explain
the techniques for suppressing EMI noise. The second
half of this manual describes the precautions for using
EMI suppression filters for noise suppression, and
presents examples of EMI suppression filter
applications in typical electronic circuits.
We invite you to refer to this manual when considering
noise suppressing measures.
* EMIFIL, EMIGUARD and CERALOCK are
registered trademarks of Murata Manufacturing Co.,
Ltd.

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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YYYYYYYYY02
1. Digital Signals and Harmonic Components ..............................03
Example of Digital's Spectrum Measurement ................................04
Noise in IC Power Supply Line ......................................................05
2. Radiated Noise from Digital Circuit Boards ..............................06
Noise Generated by IC ..................................................................06
Radiated Noise from Patterns........................................................07
Effect of EMI Suppression Filter ....................................................08
3. Radiated Noise from Cables .......................................................09
Radiated Noise from Cable (1) ......................................................09
Example of Suppressing Radiated Noise from Cable (1) ..............10
Radiated Noise from Cable (2) ......................................................11
Radiated Noise from Cable (3) ......................................................12
Example of Suppressing Radiated Noise from Cable (2) ..............13
Radiated Noise from Cable (4) ......................................................14
Example of Suppressing Radiated Noise from Cable (3) ..............15
4. Causes of Common Mode Noise ................................................16
5. Summary of EMI Noise Sources .................................................16

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

1 Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission YYYYYYYYYYYY17


1. Approaches to Suppressing Emission of EMI Noise ...............17
EMI Noise Emission Suppression Model .......................................17
2. EMI Suppression Filters ..............................................................18
Using EMI Suppression Filters ......................................................18
Effectiveness of EMI Suppression Filters Performance .................19
How to Use Inductor Type EMI Suppression Filters ......................20
How to Use Capacitor Type EMI Suppression Filter (1) ................20
How to Use Capacitor Type EMI Suppression Filter (2) ................21
How to Use Capacitor Type EMI Suppression Filter (3) ................22
3. Improved Ground Pattern ...........................................................23
Influence of Ground Pattern ...........................................................24
Improved Ground Pattern with Ground Plane ................................25
4. Changing Component and Pattern Layout ................................26
Influence of Signal Frequency .......................................................27
Influence of Transmission Line Length ..........................................28
5. Influence of Signal Pattern Width ...............................................29
6. Influence of PWB Thickness .......................................................30
7. Shielding .......................................................................................31
Shielding of Case ...........................................................................31
Influence of Openings in Shielded Case ........................................32

3 How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters YY33


Relation between EMI Filters Noise Suppression Performance
and Signal Waveform Distortion (1) ...............................................33
Relation between EMI Filters Noise Suppression Performance
and Signal Waveform Distortion (2) ...............................................34
Relation between EMI Filters Noise Suppression Performance
and Signal Waveform Distortion (3) ...............................................35
1. Circuit Impedance and EMI Suppression Filters Performance.....36
2. Selecting Capacitor Type or Inductor Type EMI Suppression Filter ....37
3. Examples of EMI Suppression Filter Use at Noise Source ......38
1. Clock Line ..................................................................................38
2. Bus Line .....................................................................................38
4. Examples of EMI Suppression Filter Use on Conductive Noise Path ...39
1. Signal Cable Connecting Section ..............................................39
2. Power Supply Cable Connecting Section ..................................39
3. Power Supply Cable Connecting Section-2 ...............................40

4 Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect


Caused by Transmission Line Length YYYYYYYY41
1. Example of Change in Noise Suppressing Effect
Depending on Transmission Line Length .................................41
Experimental PWB and Measuring Method ...................................41
Radiation Noise Measurement ......................................................42
2. Analysis of Cause of Variations in Noise Suppressing Effect ...43
Analyzing Cause of Variations in Noise Suppressing Effect..........43
Current Distribution Change after Connection of Ferrite Beads Inductor ....44
Analysis of Cause of Variations .....................................................45
Difference in Peak Current Loss Depending on Transmission Line Length ....46
Influence of Transmission Line Length on Ferrite Beads
Inductor's Noise Suppressing Effect ..............................................47
3. How to Improve Noise Suppressing Effect ...............................48
How to Improve Noise Suppressing Effect Method 1 :
Considering Ferrite Beads Inductor Mounting Position .................48
Measurement Result on Shift of Ferrite Beads Inductor Mounting Position ....49
Correction of Method 1 : Noise Suppression Using Several Ferrite Beads Inductors ....50
How to Improve Noise Suppressing Effect Method 2 : Application of Capacitor ....51
Considering Addition of a Capacitor ..............................................52
4. Cause of Variations in Ferrite Beads Inductors Noise Suppressing
Effect and How to Improve the Noise Suppressing Effect ..................53

CONTENTS

Noise Sources in Digital


Equipment

Suppressing EMI Noise


Emission

How to Select and Use EMI


Suppression Filters

Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect


Caused by Transmission Line Length

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

1 Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

The electronic circuits that may raise EMI noise


problems use many ICs, which makes the process of
EMI noise emission very complicated. To explain the
EMI noise phenomena simply, this chapter describes
how electronic circuits, for example, experimental
circuits with only two or three ICs, emit EMI noise.

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

1. Digital Signals and Harmonic Components


!Digital Signals Higher Harmonics Analysis Model

1
T : Cycle Time
t =d : Duty Radio
T

(x)=d(1+2A1coswot+2A2cos2wot+...)
sink d
wo=2/T,Ak=
(k=1,2,...)
kd

0
d=49.5%
-20
Strength (dB)

As a cause of EMI noise emission from an electronic


circuit, a digital signal used in the electronic circuit is
considered.
A digital signal shows a rectangular voltage waveform,
which is formed by overlaying many sine waves. The
frequencies of these sine waves are integer times the
repetition frequency of the digital signal. A sine wave
with a frequency equal to the repetition frequency is
called a fundamental wave, and those with a frequency
n times the repetition frequency are called nth-order
harmonics. The charts above show the signal wave
calculation results, indicating that the resulting
waveform gradually becomes close to a rectangular
wave as a fundamental wave is combined with higherorder harmonics.
From these charts, you can see that a signal with a
sharper rising/falling edge is comprised of higher-order
harmonics, i.e. higher frequency components.
A digital signal with a 50% duty ratio is formed by
harmonics based only on odd numbers. However, if the
duty ratio is not 50%, the signal also includes
harmonics based on even numbers.

-40
-60
-80
-100
0

10

20

30

40

Harmonic Order

Strength (dB)

!Relationship between Harmonics and Waveform

Strength (dB)

Harmonic Order

Strength (dB)

Harmonic Order

Harmonic Order

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

Example of Digital's Spectrum Measurement

!Test Circuit

VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

Measurement
Point

High

GND
IC1 : HCU04

< Signal Waveform >

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00

< Signal Spectrum >

120
Found Value
110

dBV

100

90

80
H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

90

150

210

270

330

270

330

Frequency (MHz)

120
(Reference) Calculated Waveform
110

100
dBV

The charts above show the harmonics, measured by a


spectrum analyzer, included in an actual digital signal.
The digital signal is comprised of several tenth or higherorder harmonics. You can see that the frequency of this
signal reaches several hundred megahertz.
The harmonics included in the digital signal are
considered a principal cause of EMI noise emission from
the electronic circuit. Because of the high frequencies,
harmonics radiate easily. If a harmonic frequency is
close to the frequency of a radio or TV broadcast signal,
the harmonics will be superimposed on the radio wave,
causing receiving interference.

90

80
H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

90

150

210

Frequency (MHz)

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

Power supply noise is considered as another cause of


EMI noise emission from electronic circuits. Digital IC's
use DC power supplies, and the DC current on the
digital IC's power supply terminal will be interrupted
according to the IC operation. Such a sporadic change in
current causes EMI noise.
The charts above show the voltages, measured with an
oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer, on a power supply
terminal of an IC that will operate at 5MHz. According
to the IC operation timing, the power supply terminal
outputs an oscillation waveform, and the spectrum
analysis data on this oscillation waveform proves that
harmonics are included in the waveform. These
harmonic components cause EMI noise.

!Test Circuit
Measurement
Point
CERALOCK
5MHz

VCC (+5V)

1F

HC04

22F
1F

1F

GND
HCU04
Oscillator

Noise Source

< Power Supply Waveform >


-250.000 ns

0.00000 s

250.000 ns

Cn.1
= 200.0 mVolts/diV
F100000 = 50.0 ns/diV

Offset = 5.200 Volts


Delay = 0.00000 s

200mV 50ns/diV

< Noise Spectrum >


100

80
Level (dBV)

Noise in IC Power Supply Line

60

40

20

100

200

300

400

500

Frequency (MHz)

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

2. Radiated Noise from Digital Circuit Boards


!Test Circuit
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

GND
IC2 : HC04

IC1 : HCU04

CERALOCK

10

!Board Layout

Entirely grounded

IC1
(HCU04)

17.5
(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
60

50

dBV/m

On the previous pages, we explained that noise emission


occurs according to the digital IC operation. Now, we
will explain how the noise is conducted through and
radiated from digital circuits by referring to some
experimental circuits.
As the simplest example of a digital circuit, we prepared
an oscillation circuit on a PWB, and measured the noise
radiation from this PWB.
This PWB is single-sided. Part of the front side is
equipped with the circuit, and the residual part of the
front side is entirely grounded. On the above PWB, IC1
oscillates at 16MHz, and the signal output terminal of
IC2 that receives the oscillation signal is open.
Both ICs' power supply terminals are equipped with
noise suppression components, so that the noise
radiation from the power supply terminal can be
thoroughly suppressed.
The chart above shows the noise radiated from this
PWB measured at a distance of 3m. You can see that
the noise level is sufficiently low relative to the
CISPRpub.22 limit value.
To radiate noise, both noise source and noise radiation
antenna are required. Because the above PWB has no
noise antenna, although its IC serves as a noise source,
we consider that the noise radiated from this PWB is
low.
With some of the recently used large ICs, their package
itself may serve as a noise antenna. In this case, the
noise radiation from the IC package cannot be ignored.

IC2
(HC04)

Noise Generated by IC

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

246

300

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

!Test Circuit

VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

High

GND
IC2 : HC04

IC1 : HCU04

IC3 : HC00

!Board Layout

3.8

Signal Pattern

10

0.3

IC1
(HCU04)

1.7

CERALOCK

IC3
(HC00)

4.2

10

IC2
(HC04)

Now we will show an experimental circuit with a noise


source connected to a signal pattern that serves as a
noise antenna. As shown in the diagram above, the IC2
output terminal, which is open in the previous
experiment, is connected to an approx. 10cm signal
pattern, and the signal pattern is terminated with IC3.
The noise radiation measurement from this PWB is
shown in the chart above. From noting the harmonics
with the IC oscillation frequency, i.e. 16MHz on this
chart, you can see that the noise levels at some
frequencies exceed the CISPRpub.22 limit value. This
phenomenon is probably because a noise antenna is
formed on the PWB when the IC2 output terminal is
connected to the signal pattern.
This noise antenna is made by the following signal
current flow: IC2 > signal pattern > IC3 > GND >
IC2. As shown in this example, the noise conducted in
the same level and in the reverse direction due to the
current flow between the signal pattern and GND
pattern is called "normal mode noise" (differential mode
noise). In this case, the noise and signal will flow in the
same conduction mode.

GND

(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
60

50

dBV/m

Radiated Noise from Patterns

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

Effect of EMI Suppression Filter

!Test Circuit
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

NFW31SP506X1E
(cut-off frequency 50MHz)

High

30
GND
IC2 : HC04

IC1 : HCU04

IC3 : HC00

!Board Layout

3.8

Signal Pattern
Filter

10

IC3
(HC00)

0.3

IC1
(HCU04)

1.7

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

GND

(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Without EMI Filter >
60

dBV/m

50

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< With EMI Filter >


60

50

dBV/m

This chart shows the result of the experiment for


suppressing the noise radiated through a signal pattern
that serves as a noise antenna (normal mode noise).
Inserting an EMI suppression filter between the IC2
output terminal and the signal pattern can remarkably
suppress the noise level. The EMI suppression filter
used in this experiment is a combination of the chip
EMIFIL for the signal line and a 30 resistor, so that
distortion of the digital signal waveform can be
suppressed.

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

3. Radiated Noise from Cables


!Test Circuit

10cm Cable
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz
Open

GND
IC2 : HC04

IC1 : HCU04

IC3 : HC00

!Board Layout

3.8

Open

10

IC3
(HC00)

0.3

IC1
(HCU04)

1.7

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

GND
10cm Cable

(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Before Cable Connection >
60

50

dBV/m

We will now show an example where IC2, or a noise


source, is connected to a cable instead of the signal
pattern.
As shown above, the IC2 output terminal is
disconnected from the signal pattern, and connected to a
10cm cable that has the same length as the signal
pattern. The noise radiated from this circuit is shown in
the charts above. In comparison with the previous case,
where the signal pattern is connected, the noise level in
this experiment is increased by approx. 10dB at the
maximum. You can see that the cable serves as a more
efficient noise antenna than the signal pattern.
When a signal is connected with a cable as shown above,
you must be aware of the strong noise radiation from
the cable.

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< After Cable Connection >


60

50

dBV/m

Radiated Noise from Cable (1)

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

Example of Suppressing Radiated Noise from


Cable (1)

10cm Cable
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

NFW31SP506X1E
(cut-off frequency
50MHz)

Open

30
GND
IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00

!Board Layout

IC1
(HCU04)

3.8

Open

10

IC3
(HC00)

0.3

Filter

1.7

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

GND

10cm Cable

(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Without EMI Filter >
60

dBV/m

50

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< With EMI Filter >


60

50

dBV/m

These charts show the results of the experiment for


suppressing noise radiation through the cable that
serves as an antenna. As with the case using the signal
pattern, inserting an EMI suppression filter between
the IC2 output terminal and the cable can remarkably
reduce the noise level.
In the case where a noise source is directly connected
with a noise radiation antenna as shown, inserting an
EMI suppression filter between the noise source and the
antenna results in a large noise suppressing effect.

!Test Circuit

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

10

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

!Test Circuit
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

High

1
GND
IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00

IC4 : HC04
1m
Cable

1m
Cable

!Board Layout

GND

10

IC3
(HC00)

0.3
3.8

Signal Pattern

1.7

IC1
(HCU04)

IC4
(HC04)

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

1m Cable

1m Cable
(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Before Cable Connection >
60

50

dBV/m

The next example shows a case where a cable mounted


to a PWB serves as an antenna through which noise is
radiated. As shown above, a signal pattern is connected
between IC2 and IC3 on a PWB, IC4 is mounted at the
end of the PWB, and a 1m cable is connected to the IC4
output terminal and GND. This cable is assumed to be
an interface cable. In this example, we suppose that IC4
will not operate, assuming that the interface circuit is
not activated. Therefore, no signal current is flowing
through the cable.
The charts show the radiation noise levels measured
before and after the cable connection. You can see that
the noise level increased remarkably after the cable
connection. In particular, it increased by 30dB at a
frequency of around 80MHz.
This phenomenon is probably because the noise emitted
from IC2 is conducted into IC4 via the power supply line
or GND line, and radiated from IC4 through the cable
that serves as a noise antenna. Also, we can consider
that the cause of the remarkable increase in noise level
at around 80MHz is that the cable serves as an antenna
with 1/4 of the wavelength at this frequency.
In actual electronic equipment connecting an interface
cable, we frequently see a similar phenomenon when
the interface circuit receives the noise emitted from the
internal circuit, and the interface cable serves as an
antenna through which the noise is radiated.

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< After Cable Connection >


60

50

dBV/m

Radiated Noise from Cable (2)

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

11

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

!Test Circuit
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

Signal cable is
removed
GND
IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00 IC4 : HC04


1m
Cable

!Board Layout

3.8

Signal Pattern

GND

10

0.3

IC1
(HCU04)

1.7

CERALOCK

IC3
(HC00)

4.2

10

1m Cable
(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Before Removal of Signal Cable >
60

dBV/m

50

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< After Removal of Signal Cable >


60

50

dBV/m

This experiment is intended to examine whether the


noise conducted through the cable in the previous
experiment is flowing on the signal line or GND line of
the cable. In this experiment, we measured the
radiation noise level by connecting either the signal line
or GND line. The noise levels, with only the signal line
or the GND line, are almost equal to the noise level
observed with both these lines. The charts show the
noise levels with only the GND line after the signal line
is disconnected.
From the results of this experiment, we can see that the
same level of noise is conducted through the signal line
and GND line, and the signal line and GND line
function like a single noise antenna. As shown above,
the noise conducted in the same level and in the same
direction due to the current flowing through all lines is
called "common mode noise."

IC4
(HC04)

Radiated Noise from Cable (3)

IC2
(HC04)

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

12

246

300

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

NFW31SP506X1E
(cut-off frequency 50MHz)

High

High

30
GND
IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00 IC4 : HC04

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)

1m
Cable

1m
Cable

!Board Layout

3.8

1.7

IC1
(HCU04)

10

Signal Pattern Filter


0.3

CERALOCK

IC3
(HC00)

4.2

10

GND

IC4
(HC04)

This diagram shows an example of the noise


suppression circuit that uses the cable described in the
previous experiment as an antenna for radiating
common mode noise. In this experiment, a GND plane is
used to improve the GND condition so that the common
mode noise conducted through the GND line can be
suppressed. Furthermore, an EMI suppression filter is
connected to the IC2 output terminal so that the noise
radiated from the signal pattern can be suppressed.
Through these noise suppressing measures, the
radiation noise level can be reduced markedly.
The GND plane is made of a metal plate with almost the
same size as the PWB. The metal plate is placed under
the PWB, and the GND terminals on the PWB are
connected with several parts of the metal plate. Using
the GND plane is effective in suppressing the common
mode noise conducted through the GND line.
To suppress common mode noise, you can use a common
mode choke coil, in addition to the GND improvement
method.

!Test Circuit

IC2
(HC04)

Example of Suppressing Radiated Noise from


Cable (2)

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)


1m Cable

1m Cable
(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Before Test >
60

dBV/m

50

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< After EMI Suppression Filter is added >


60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

dBV/m

< After Ground Plane is added >


60

30

20

30

20

10

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

246

300

30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

13

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

Radiated Noise from Cable (4)

!Test Circuit
VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

NFW31SP506X1E
(cut-off frequency
50MHz)

750kHz
High 750kHz
Oscillator
Circuit

30
GND

IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00 IC5 : HCU04 IC4 : HC04


IC6 : HC74

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)

1m
Cable

!Board Layout

IC5
(HCU04)

GND

IC6
(HC74)

3.8

1.7

IC1
(HCU04)

10

0.3

IC3
(HC00)

Signal Pattern
Filter

IC4
(HC04)

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

CERALOCK

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)


1m Cable

1m Cable
(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Before 750kHz Oscillator Circuit is Activated >
60

dBV/m

50

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< After 750kHz Oscillator Circuit is Activated >


60

50

dBV/m

Now consider the case where the interface circuit is


being activated.
On the experimental PWB with noise suppression
measures taken as shown above, a 750kHz oscillation
circuit is connected to IC4 to generate a 750kHz digital
signal from its output terminal. The charts show the
noise radiation from this PWB. When the cable receives
the 750kHz signal input, the harmonics of this signal
are radiated through the cable.
As shown, a signal flowing through an interface cable
may cause radiation noise.

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

14

246

300

1m
Cable

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

VCC (+5V)
CERALOCK
16MHz

NFW31SP506X1E
(cut-off frequency
50MHz)
30

High 750kHz
Oscillator
Circuit

NFM21CC102R1H3 (1000pF)
BLM18AG601SN1 (600)

GND
IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00 IC5 : HCU04 IC4 : HC04


IC6 : HC74

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)

1m
Cable

1m
Cable

!Board Layout

IC3
(HC00)

Signal Pattern
Filter
0.3

CERALOCK

IC5
(HCU04)

3.8

GND

IC6
(HC74)

1.7

IC1
(HCU04)

10

4.2

10

IC4
(HC04)

The diagram shows an example of the noise suppression


circuit for suppressing radiation noise due to the signal
flowing through a cable. In this experiment, an EMI
suppression filter is connected between the cable and
IC4 that serves as a new noise source. First, a
combination of chip EMIFIL and chip ferrite beads
inductor is connected to the signal line. As a result,
most of the radiation noise can be eliminated. Then,
another chip ferrite beads inductor is connected to the
GND line, resulting in a further noise suppressing
effect.
As shown, taking noise suppressing measures for both
the signal line and GND line can improve the noise
suppressing effect.

!Test Circuit

IC2
(HC04)

Example of Suppressing Radiated Noise from


Cable (3)

Filter 2

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)


Filter 4
1m Cable

Filter 3
1m Cable

(in cm)

!Radiated Noise
< Before Countermeasure >
60

dBV/m

50

40

30

20

10
30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

< With EMI Filter on Ground Line >


60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

dBV/m

< With EMI Filter on Signal Line >


60

30

20

30

20

10

10
30

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

246

300

30

84

138

192

246

300

Frequency (MHz)

15

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Noise Sources in Digital Equipment

4. Causes of Common Mode Noise

Now we will discuss the causes of the common mode


noise observed in the previous experimental circuit. In
this experimental circuit, a 16MHz digital signal is
generated from IC2, and transmitted to IC3. If the GND
functions ideally in this circuit, there should be no
voltage on the GND terminal, and accordingly no
common mode noise. However, since the GND pattern
on this experimental PWB is relatively small, the GND
pattern has inductance, causing voltage on the GND
terminal due to the return current of the signal. It can
be considered as a cause of the common mode noise. In
addition to this, the power supply current flowing
through the IC generates a voltage on the GND
terminal, causing common mode noise.
To suppress the common mode noise, it is effective to
reduce the GND impedance through GND improvement,
or to connect EMI suppression filters to the signal line
and power supply line to reduce the return current.

Potential difference
(Common mode noise)

Pattern's
inductance

IC2

Potential difference
(Common mode noise)

IC3

Current
dissipated
in IC2

Current
carrying
signal to IC3

5. Summary of EMI Noise Sources


This diagram summarizes the descriptions on the
previous pages. A digital IC serves as a noise source,
and noise is conducted through a signal line, power
supply line and GND line. When the noise flowing
through these lines is radiated directly from the PWB or
radiated via an I/O cable or power supply cable that
serves as an antenna, noise interference occurs. The
noise suppression using EMI suppression filters is
intended to suppress noise radiation by eliminating the
noise flowing through these transmission lines.

Noise Source

Noise Transfer Route

Radiation Noise Antennas

I/O Cable
(Signal line)

Signal Line
(High
Frequency
harmonics)

Signal Pattern
Induction
Power Supply
Cable

Digital IC
Power
Supply
Line Ground

Printed Circuit
Board
I/O Cable
(Power supply,
ground, shield)

16

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

2 Suppressing EMI Noise Emission


This chapter provides techniques for using EMI
suppression filters to suppress noise radiation from a
PWB.
For your reference on PWB design, we will present the
noise measurement data taken by changing the
component or pattern layout on a PWB, and by
improving the GND condition. Furthermore, for your
reference on PWB shielding, we will present the
measurement data on variations in noise suppressing
effect depending on the opening dimension of the
shielding.

1. Approaches to Suppressing Emission of EMI Noise


EMI Noise Emission Suppression Model
These diagrams show the noise suppression models of a
PWB using EMI suppression filters. The noise emitted
from a digital IC is radiated through a signal line that
serves as an antenna, or conducted into an interface
circuit and then radiated from the interface cable that
also serves as an antenna.
To suppress such noise, it is effective to connect an EMI
suppression filter to the signal line from which the noise
will be emitted first.
If the relevant circuit cannot be identified, or an EMI
suppression filter cannot be connected to the signal line
due to limitations on the signal specifications, then an
EMI suppression filter should be used for the interface
cable connection terminal.

!Without EMI Filter

(Antenna 1)
Signal Line
Coupled
(Antenna 2)

Digital Circuit Board

Interface Cable

!With EMI Filter

EMI Suppression Filter

Signal Line

EMI Suppression Filter

Digital Circuit Board

Interface Cable

17

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

2. EMI Suppression Filters


Using EMI Suppression Filters

The EMI suppression filters are connected to noise


transmission lines to eliminate noise emitted from a
noise source, or intruded from an external device.
Therefore, the EMI suppression filters can be used for
both noise suppression purposes: for suppression of
noise emission, and for improvement of noise immunity.
In order to prevent the noise on the filter input and
output sides from being mixed with each other, the EMI
suppression filters for suppressing noise emission
should be located near the noise source, and those for
improving noise immunity should be located near the
device exposed to external noise.
If you intend to use an EMI suppression filter for a
cable connection, it should be located at the root of the
cable.

Noise Source
Conductive Path (O/P)

(a) Suppressing Noise Formation

Noise Receiver
Conductive Path (I/P)

(b) Improving Noise Immunity

18

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

!Test Circuit

Effectiveness of EMI Suppression Filters


Performance
EMI suppression filters are generally classified into two
types: inductor type and capacitor type. Chip ferrite
beads are categorized as typical inductor type EMI
suppression filters, and the chip EMIFIL is categorized
as typical capacitor type EMI suppression filters. Both
types of EMI suppression filters are low pass filters,
which eliminate unnecessary harmonics from digital
signals.
The inductor type EMI suppression filter is connected to
a signal line in series to suppress unnecessary harmonic
current. The capacitor type EMI suppression filter is
connected to a signal line and GND line, so that
unnecessary harmonics are forced to flow into the GND
line via the bypass capacitor.
We will explain how to use these EMI suppression
filters on the following pages.

EMI Suppression Filter

VCC (+5V)
High

Measurement Point
16MHz
EMI Suppression Filter
GND
HC04

HC00

Signal Waveform

Spectrum

120

dBV

110

Without Filter

100
90
80

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

120

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


dBV

110
100
90
80
BLM18AG221SN1
(220 at 100MHz)

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

120

Chip EMI Filter


dBV

110
100
90
80
NFM21CC470U1H3
(47pF)

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

19

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

How to Use Inductor Type EMI Suppression


Filters

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

The inductor type EMI suppression filter (EMI


suppression filter whose primary component is inductor
"Examples : Ferrite bead inductor") should be inserted
into a noise transmission line in series. When the EMI
suppression filter is located near a noise source, it
should be connected only to a signal line. When the EMI
suppression filter is located at a distance from a noise
source, it should be connected to all transmission lines,
because noise may conduct through a power line and
GND line as well as the signal line.

a) Using at Noise Source


VCC (+5V)
Noise Source

GND

B) Using on Noise Transfer Route


Interface cable
VCC (+5V)

GND

How to Use Capacitor Type EMI Suppression


Filter (1)
The capacitor type EMI suppression filter (EMI
suppression filter that has capacitor built-in "Examples :
Three terminal capacitors, EMI suppression filters for
signal lines") should be inserted into a noise
transmission line in series, and also connected to a GND
line.
When the EMI suppression filter is located near a noise
source, it should be connected to the GND terminal of
the noise source at the minimum distance, so that a
preferable noise return path can be established from the
capacitor type EMI suppression filter to the noise
source.
When the EMI suppression filter is located at a distance
from a noise source, you should use a GND plane to
intensify the GND condition in addition to the noise
suppression component, because noise may conduct
through the GND line as well as the signal line.

20

a) Application at Noise Source


VCC (+5V)
Noise Source

Noise Current

GND
Connect to noise source with low impedance

b) Application on Noise Transfer Route


Interface cable
VCC (+5V)

GND
Ground Plane
Connect to stable ground with low impedance

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

How to Use Capacitor Type EMI Suppression


Filter (2)
These figures show examples of the pattern designs that
locate the capacitor type EMI suppression filter near a
noise source. The GND terminal of the EMI suppression
filter and the GND terminal of the IC that serves as a
noise source should be connected to the ground that
covers the entire back surface of the PWB, so that a
preferable noise return path can be established.
!Good
Filter's ground terminal is connected via a thru hole to
the back side whose entire surface is grounded.
1. Ground's high frequency impedance is small
2. The signal pattern-to-ground pattern loop is small

Thru hole
Three terminal capacitor
Ground Patterm

Board
(Entire back side surface grounded)

Ground Patterm

Thru hole
Ground Patterm

Entire surface
is grounded
Component Side

!Poor
1. Impedance between filter's ground and IC's ground
terminal large.
(Little noise current is returned to the ground.)
2. The signal pattern-to-ground pattern loop is large.
(Noise may be radiated from this loop.)

Back Side

Three terminal capacitor

Signal Patterm

Ground Patterm

Board
(No ground on back side)

21

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

How to Use Capacitor Type EMI Suppression


Filter (3)

These figures show examples of the pattern designs that


locate the capacitor type EMI suppression filter near an
interface connector.
The EMI suppression filter should be placed as close as
possible to the connector, and connected to the filter
GND terminal on the back surface of the PWB. This
filter GND terminal should be connected to the GND
plane to intensify the GND condition.
!Good
1. Signal pattern between three terminal capacitor and
connector is shot.
(Harder for noise to be induced signal pattern)
2. Filter's ground terminal is connected via a thru hole
to the back side whose entire surface is grounded.
(Ground pattern's high frequency impedance is small)
3. Ground pattern on the board and ground plane
connected by screws.

Connecor

Screw
Signal Pattern
Three terminal Capacitor

Board
(Entire back side surface grounded)
Screw
Ground Plane

Ground Patterm

Thru hole
Ground Patterm

Entire surface
is grounded
Component Side

Back Side

Connecor
Screw
Board
Ground Plane
Side View

!Poor
1. Signal pattern between three terminal capacitor and
connector is long.
(Noise induced to signal pattern)
2. Ground pattern has increased high frequency
impedance.
3. Increased high frequency impedance between board's
ground pattern and stable ground.
(ground plane)

Lead Wire
Screw
Connecor
Three terminal Capacitor

Ground Pattern

Signal Pattern

Board
(No ground on
back side)
Screw

22

Ground Plane

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

3. Improved Ground Pattern


As a technique for suppressing common mode noise, we
can consider intensification of the GND condition. When
a signal return current flows through the GND line, a
voltage applied to the GND terminal causes common
mode noise. To suppress such voltage on the GND
terminal, we must reduce the GND impedance between
the signal sending and receiving ICs, with attention to
the high speed signal in the circuit.
In order to prevent noise interference between circuit
blocks, we must reduce the GND impedance between
individual circuit blocks, so that the GND current from
individual circuit blocks will not interfere with each
other.
1. Ground impedance is reduced by making the ground
pattern between the signal IC's input and output
wide and short. This minimizes the potential
difference relative to the ground.

[Good]
High speed Signal

IC1

IC2

Ground Pattern

[Poor]

High speed Signal

IC1

IC2

Ground Pattern

2. Common impedance is reduced by broadening the


ground pattern to minimize cross talk between signal
lines.

[Good]

IC1

IC2

IC3

IC4

IC4

IC2

Ground Pattern

[Poor]

IC1

IC3

Impedance of this ground pattern


is the common impedance.

23

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

!Test Circuit

Influence of Ground Pattern

VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

High

GND
IC1 : HCU04

IC2 : HC04

IC3 : HC00

!Board Layout and Noise Radiation


Board Layout

Radiated Noise
70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

10

IC3
(HC00)

0.3
Signal Pattern

dBV/m

IC1
(HCU04)

1.7

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

30
20

20

10
30

84

5.5

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

84

192

246

(in cm)

10
300

300

860

1000

440

580

720

860

1000

860

1000

Frequency (MHz)

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

dBV/m

10

IC3
(HC00)

138

70

30

10
30

720

20

20

GND

580

30

Frequency (MHz)

2.0
2.5
5.5

Signal Pattern

440

Frequency (MHz)

70

10
30

10

24

10
300

300

70

(in cm)

IC1
(HCU04)

246

20

GND

CERALOCK

192

dBV/m

Signal Pattern

dBV/m

10

IC3
(HC00)

0.3

IC2
(HC04)

4.2

10

IC1
(HCU04)

138

Frequency (MHz)

(in cm)

CERALOCK

30

3.8

GND

IC2
(HC04)

We carried out an experiment to confirm variations in


noise radiation level depending on changes in GND
pattern width, and the results of this experiment are
shown in the charts. When the GND pattern is provided
only on the front surface of the PWB (although the
original PWB has GND patterns on both the front and
back surfaces), the noise radiation level is increased by
10dB or more. Furthermore, when the front GND
pattern width is reduced and the gap between the GND
pattern and the signal pattern is enlarged, the noise
radiation level is further increased by approx. 10dB.
As shown, as the GND pattern width decreases, the
noise radiation level increases. To suppress the noise
radiated from the PWB, inserting an EMI suppression
filter into the signal line and providing a GND plane to
intensify the GND condition, as described on the next
page, are effective.

30
20

84

138

192

Frequency (MHz)

246

300

10
300

440

580

720

Frequency (MHz)

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

!Test Circuit

Improved Ground Pattern with Ground Plane

VCC (+5V)

CERALOCK
16MHz

High

GND
IC2 : HC04

IC1 : HCU04

IC3 : HC00

!Board Layout and Noise Radiation


Board Layout

Radiated Noise
70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

dBV/m

10

IC3
(HC00)

Signal Pattern

IC1
(HCU04)

5.5

Initial

IC2
(HC04)

CERALOCK

2.5

2.0

10

30
20

30
20

GND
10
30

5.5

dBV/m

Signal Pattern

IC1
(HCU04)

10

IC3
(HC00)

CERALOCK

IC2
(HC04)

Ground
Strengthening
Only

2.5

2.0

10

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

10
300

300

60

60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

(in cm)

30
20

GND

10
30

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

30
20

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

10
300

300

(in cm)

Signal Pattern

IC1
(HCU04)

dBV/m

40

dBV/m

50

40

10

2.0

50
IC3
(HC00)

60

2.5

CERALOCK

30
+NFW31SP506X1E
Filter

60

30
20

5.5

EMI Suppression
Filter Only

IC2
(HC04)

10

GND

10
30

20

84

(in cm)

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

60

60

50

50

40

40

30
20

GND

10
30

Ground Plane (Metal Plate)

10
300

300

dBV/m

IC3
(HC00)

10

Signal Pattern

dBV/m

IC1
(HCU04)

30
+NFW31SP506X1E
Filter

2.5

CERALOCK

5.5

EMI Suppression
Filter and
Ground
Strengthening

IC2
(HC04)

2.0

10

30

30
20

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

300

10
300

(in cm)

25

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

4. Changing Component and Pattern Layout

Even if a circuit is designed for a similar operation, the


noise level varies depending on the component or
pattern layout on the PWB. As shown in the
experimental data on the following pages, the noise
level increases as the signal frequency increases, or as
the signal line is extended. Therefore, we can suppress
the noise level by reducing the length of a high speed
signal line with higher priority over other low speed
signal lines.
If a circuit that may emit strong noise is located near an
interface cable, the noise emitted from the circuit may
conduct through the cable, resulting in radiation from
the cable. To prevent such radiation noise, the high
speed signal circuit that may emit strong noise must be
located at as long a distance from the interface cable as
possible.
1. Shorten shortening of high speed signal line to
minimize radiated noise and common mode noise
generation from signal line.

[Good]

Low speed Signal

High speed
Signal

IC1

5MHz

IC2

20MHz
IC3

[Poor]

High speed Signal

Low speed
Signal

IC1

20MHz
5MHz

IC2

2. Separate high noise level circuit and cable to


minimize noise coupling.

[Good]

High speed Signal Area

20MHz
IC1

IC2

Interface Cable

[Poor]
High speed Signal Area

20MHz
IC1

IC2

Interface Cable

26

IC3

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

!Experimental PWB
29.7cm
Resonator or Oscillator
5V

3.3V

Transmission line L=20cm

3.3V

74HCU04 74LVC04

74LVC00

Double-sided epoxy-glass PWB (the back surface of the PWB is entirely grounded).
Thickness t=0.8mm =4.7
Characteristic impedance 130
Signal frequency 5MHz
25MHz
100MHz

!Radiated noise (actual measurement)


5MHz
60

Radiation (dBV/m)

50

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

800

1000

800

1000

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

25MHz
60

Radiation (dBV/m)

50

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

100MHz
60

50
Radiation (dBV/m)

These charts show the variations in noise radiation level


depending on changes in signal frequency. As the signal
frequency increases, the spectrum interval increases,
and the noise level also increases. The frequency range
where the noise radiation is observed extends to higher
frequencies.

7cm

Influence of Signal Frequency

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

27

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

!Note Please read rating and !CAUTION (for storage, operating, rating, soldering, mounting and handling) in this PDF catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

!Experimental PWB

Influence of Transmission Line Length


These charts show the variations in noise level
depending on changes in transmission line length at the
same signal frequencies.
You can see that the noise level increases, particularly
at low frequencies, as the transmission line is extended.

29.7cm
25MHz Resonator (CERALOCK)
3.3V

7cm

5V

Transmission line length L=5cm

10cm

20cm

3.3V

Ferrite Beads
x=1cm
74HCU04 74LVC04

74LVC00

Double-sided epoxy-glass PWB (the back surface of the PWB is entirely grounded).
Thickness t=0.8mm =4.7
Characteristic impedance Z=130

2
!Radiated noise and signal waveform (actual measurement)

60
H : 10ns/diV
V : 2.0V/diV

Transmission line length


L=5cm

Radiation (dBV/m)

50

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

60
H : 10ns/diV
V : 2.0V/diV

Transmission line length


L=10cm

Radiation (dBV/m)

50

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

60
H : 10ns/diV
V : 2.0V/diV

Transmission line length


L=20cm

Radiation (dBV/m)

50

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

28

800

1000

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

!Note Please read rating and !CAUTION (for storage, operating, rating, soldering, mounting and handling) in this PDF catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

5. Influence of Signal Pattern Width

Characteristic Impedance : Z
L
C
L : Inductance per unit length
C : Capacitance per unit length

!Experimental PWB

25MHz Resonator (CERALOCK)


5V

Transmission line L=20cm

3.3V

74LVC00

Double-sided epoxy-glass PWB (the back surface of the PWB is entirely grounded).
Thickness t=0.8mm =4.7
Transmission line pattern width w=1.5mm
0.15mm
Characteristic impedance
Z=50
130
Transmission
line pattern
width
w=1.5mm

!Radiated noise and signal waveform (actual


measurement)
60
w=1.5mm, Z=50
w=0.15mm, Z=130

50
Radiation (dBV/m)

Vi Vr

Z
Z
Vi : Traveling wave voltage
Vr : Reflected wave voltage

3.3V

74HCU04 74LVC04

Z=

CurrentI =

Waveform measuring point

29.7cm

7cm

The charts show the variations in radiation noise level


and waveform depending on changes in transmission
line pattern width. As the transmission line pattern
width reduces, the radiation noise level reduces. This
phenomenon is probably because the current flowing
through the line decreases as the characteristic
impedance of the line increases.
Regarding the waveform, we can see that the ringing of
the waveform is suppressed as the transmission line
pattern width increases. It is probably because
increasing the pattern width lowers the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line, and when the line
impedance is reduced to the IC's output impedance
(approx. 20 in this example), the signal reflection is
minimized.

40

30

20

10
0

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

!Signal waveform (actual measurement)


Transmission line pattern width w=1.5mm
(Z=50)
H : 10ns/diV
V : 2V/diV

Transmission line pattern width w=0.15mm


(Z=130)
H : 10ns/diV
V : 2V/diV

29

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

6. Influence of PWB Thickness


!Experimental PWB
29.7cm
25MHz Resonator (CERALOCK)
5V

3.3V

Transmission line L=20cm

3.3V

7cm

74HCU04 74LVC04

74LVC00

Double-sided epoxy-glass PWB (the back surface of the PWB is entirely grounded) =4.7
PWB Thickness
t=1.6mm
0.8mm
0.8mm
Transmission line pattern width w=2.9mm
2.9mm
1.5mm
Characteristic impedance
z=50
32
50
Transmission
line pattern
width
w=2.9mm

!Radiated noise and signal waveform (actual


measurement)
t=1.6mm, w=2.9mm, Z=50

60

t=0.8mm, w=2.9mm, Z=32


t=0.8mm, w=1.5mm, Z=50

50
Radiation (dBV/m)

This chart shows the variations in radiation noise level


depending on changes in PWB thickness.
When the PWB thickness and pattern width are
changed simultaneously so that the same characteristic
impedance can be obtained, the radiation noise level is
lowered as the PWB thickness is reduced.

40
30
20
10

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

30

800

1000

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

7. Shielding
!Principle of Shielding

Shielding of Case
We will now explain the precautions for shielding a
PWB. Generally, a shielding effect depends on reflection
and absorption. However, when a PWB is shielded with
a metal case, in the 30MHz or higher frequency range
subjected to digital equipment noise regulations,
reflection is more predominant than absorption. As a
general shielding method, we should shield a PWB with
a conductive material such as iron or aluminum.
A key point to shielding effect improvement is how to
design the openings and gaps between connecting parts
in the shielding case. To improve the shielding effect, we
must increase the number of connecting parts in the
shielding case, so that the longest side of the openings
and gaps can be minimized.
The connecting parts in the shielding case must have
low impedance, and must be in close contact with each
other without clearance, Make sure that the metal
surface of the shielding case is not coated with an
insulating material.

Absorption

Circuit Board

Reflection
Shield Case

!Shield Point
Good

Poor

Opening
Area
Shield Case

Shield Case

Intersperse smaller holes.

Shield Case

Shield Case

Shield Case

Shield Case

Cover
Connection

Use shorter intervals for low impedance connection.

31

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Suppressing EMI Noise Emission

Influence of Openings in Shielded Case

Shape of Opening Area

Noise Emission

20mm Z 8 (2513mm2)

60

30

m
m

Noise Level (dBV)

30mm

20mm

Shield Case

50
40
30
20
10
300

50mm Z 50mm (2500mm2)

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

440

580
720
Frequency (MHz)

860

1000

60

50

Noise Level (dBV)

50mm

Shield Case

50
40
30
20
10
300

125mm Z 20mm (2500mm2)

60
Noise Level (dBV)

20mm

5m

12

Shield Case

50
40
30
20
10
300

60

00

Noise Level (dBV)

3500mm

25

The charts show the variations in noise radiated from a


digital circuit under various shielding conditions. On
the assumption that a shielding case has a total of
approx. 2500mm2 in opening area, the opening
dimensions change as shown above. From these
measurements, we can observe a preferable shielding
effect when the opening area is divided into small holes.
However, the shielding effect is reduced markedly when
the shielding case has a single rectangular opening.

Shield Case

Test board is shielded in a metal case and measured for radiated noise using 1 meter method.
(Signal frequency : 25MHz)

32

50
40
30
20
10
300

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

3 How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters


This chapter describes how to select EMI suppression
filters for noise suppression, and how to use the EMI
suppression filters effectively by referring to examples
of EMI suppression filter applications in typical circuits.

Relation between EMI Filters


Noise Suppression Performance and Signal
Waveform Distortion (1)

!Example of Capacitor Type EMI Suppression Filter's


Insertion Loss

Generally, EMI suppression filters are low pass filters,


which will distort the signal waveform while
eliminating noise. Therefore, when selecting EMI
suppression filters, we should pay attention to the
signal waveform quality.
The noise suppressing effects of the capacitor type EMI
suppression filters and the inductor type EMI
suppression filters improve as the capacitance
increases, and as the impedance increases, respectively.
However, with an increase in noise suppressing effect,
distortion of the signal waveform also increases.
Murata offers various types of EMI suppression filters,
so you can select the optimum filters according to your
intended applications.

Chip Three Terminal Capacitor


(Chip EMI Filter NFM21CC Series)
0

22pF
47pF
100pF

Insertion Loss (dB)

10
20

220pF
470pF
1000pF
2200pF

30
40

22000pF
50
60
1

10

100
Frequency (MHz)

1000 2000

!Example of Inductor Type EMI Suppression Filter's


Impedance Characteristic

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


(BLM18AG/PG Series)
1500

1200
BLM18PG600SN1

Impedance ()

BLM18AG102SN1

BLM18PG300SN1

BLM18AG601SN1

900

BLM18AG221SN1
600
BLM18AG121SN1
300

10

100

1000

Frequency (MHz)

33

!Note Please read rating and !CAUTION (for storage, operating, rating, soldering, mounting and handling) in this PDF catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

!Test Circuit

Relation between EMI Filters


Noise Suppression Performance and Signal
Waveform Distortion (2)

VCC (+5V)

These charts show examples of the signal waveform and


harmonic spectra (cause of noise) measured in a circuit
that uses a three terminal capacitor for a digital signal
line. From these measurements, you can see that
increasing the capacitance of the three terminal
capacitor can improve the noise suppressing effect, but
results in large distortion of the signal waveform.

High

Measurement Point
16MHz
EMI Suppression Filter
GND
HC04

HC00

!Relation between EMI Suppression Filter's Noise Suppression Performance and Signal Waveform Rounding
EMI Suppression Filter

Signal Waveform

Spectrum

120

dBV

110

Without Filter

100
90
80

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

120

Chip EMI Filter


dBV

110
100
90
80
NFM21CC470U1H3
(47pF)

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

120

Chip EMI Filter


110
dBV

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

100
90
80

NFM21CC101U1H3
(100pF)

34

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

!Note Please read rating and !CAUTION (for storage, operating, rating, soldering, mounting and handling) in this PDF catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

!EMI Suppression Filter's Insertion Loss


Characteristic

Relation between EMI Filters


Noise Suppression Performance and Signal
Waveform Distortion (3)
The EMI suppression filter for a signal line provides
sharp frequency characteristics so that it can minimize
distortion of the signal waveform while eliminating
noise. We measured the signal waveform and harmonic
spectra in a circuit that uses this EMI suppression filter
for a digital signal line. The measurements are shown
above, in comparison with the data obtained with the
three terminal capacitor. From these measurements,
you can see that the EMI suppression filter for a signal
line can reduce the distortion of the signal waveform
and provide a significant noise suppressing effect.

50
10dB
Attenuator

Specimen

50
10dB
Attenuator

50
RF Voltmeter
50
SG
MIL-STD-220 Test Circuit

NFW31S Series
Chip EMI Filter

Insertion Loss (dB)

20

40

60

80

EMI Suppression Filter

10

50 100
Frequency (MHz)

Signal Waveform

500 1000 2000

Spectrum

120

EMI Suppression Filter for


Signal Lines
dBV

110

30+NFW31SP506X1E
(Cutoff frequency: 50MHz)

100
90
80

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

90

150
210
270
Frequency (MHz)

330

120

Chip EMI Filter


dBV

110
100
90
80
NFM21CC470U1H3
(47pF)

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

120

Chip EMI Filter


dBV

110
100
90
80
NFM21CC101U1H3
(100pF)

H : 10ns/diV
V : 1V/diV

70
30

35

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

!Note Please read rating and !CAUTION (for storage, operating, rating, soldering, mounting and handling) in this PDF catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

1. Circuit Impedance and EMI Suppression Filters Performance

Chip Three-terminal Capacitor (Chip EMI Filter)


(NFM21CC101U1H3 : 100pF)
0
Parameter
: Circuit impedance

Insertion Loss (dB)

20

Calculated Values

10
50
200
1k
5k

40
60
80
100
100k

1M

10M
100M
Frequency (Hz)

1G

10G

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


(BLM18AG601SN1 : 600 at 100MHz)
0
Parameter
: Circuit impedance
Insertion Loss (dB)

EMI suppression filters' noise suppressing effect varies


depending on the impedance of the circuit where the
filter is mounted. Generally, the capacitor type and
inductor type EMI suppression filters have significant
noise suppressing effects in high impedance circuits and
low impedance circuits, respectively. Using the
capacitor type EMI suppression filter easily provides a
relatively large noise suppressing effect. On the other
hand, the inductor type EMI suppression filter is easy to
mount, because it does not need to be connected to a
GND line, and provides a stable noise suppressing
effect.

10

20

30

40
100k

36

Calculated Values

5k
1k
200
50k
10k

1M

10M
100M
Frequency (Hz)

1G

10G

!Note Please read rating and !CAUTION (for storage, operating, rating, soldering, mounting and handling) in this PDF catalog to prevent smoking and/or burning, etc.
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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

2. Selecting Capacitor Type or Inductor Type EMI Suppression Filter


l. At Noise Source
(a) Capacitor type EMI suppression filter as primary
device
Line with high circuit input or output impedance
Line with high noise level
(Ex. Clock line; control bus line)
(b) Inductor type EMI suppression filter as primary
device
Line with low circuit input or output impedance
(Ex. Power supply line to which bus controller is
connected)
Line with relatively low noise level
(Because filter grounding is unnecessary and
installation is simple)
Line requiring current control
(Ex. Multiple lines that switch simultaneously and
in which large current flows to the ground:
Address/data bus; control bus)

2. Noise on Conductive Path


Use a combination of capacitor type and inductor type
EMI suppression filters.
To suppress noise in a transmission line such as an
interface cable connector, you should use the inductor
type EMI suppression filter in combination with the
capacitor type EMI suppression filter, because such a
line needs a significant noise suppressing effect and,
in most cases, cannot provide a stable GND condition.
When using a combination of many capacitors and
inductors, make sure that different types of
components are adjacent to each other (i.e. the
capacitors and inductors should be alternately
connected).

37

Note This PDF catalog is downloaded from the website of Murata Manufacturing co., ltd. Therefore, its specifications are subject to change or our products in it may be discontinued without advance notice. Please check with our

sales representatives or product engineers before ordering.


This PDF catalog has only typical specifications because there is no space for detailed specifications. Therefore, please approve our product specifications or transact the approval sheet for product specifications before ordering.

C33E.pdf
11.2.16

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

3. Examples of EMI Suppression Filter Use at Noise Source


1. Clock Line

A clock signal has the highest frequency in a circuit.


When the signal line is long, the clock signal may emit
strong noise. Furthermore, since the signal frequency is
close to the noise frequency, it is difficult to eliminate
noise from a clock signal line while maintaining the
signal waveform. Therefore, you should use the EMI
suppression filter for the signal line that provides sharp
frequency characteristics, or the chip ferrite beads
inductor for high-speed signal lines to eliminate noise
from the clock signal line.
If the signal line can be shortened, you may use the chip
ferrite beads inductor, because a relatively low noise
suppressing effect is enough for the line.
To eliminate noise emitted from a power supply for an
IC driving a clock signal, you should use a chip ferrite
beads inductor in combination with a bypass capacitor.

2. Bus Line

Since many signals are simultaneously turned ON/OFF


in a bus line, a large current flows through the power
supply line and GND line instantaneously, causing
noise interference. To eliminate such noise, it is
effective to suppress the current flowing through the
power supply line and GND line by reducing the current
flowing through a signal line. For this purpose, you
should use a ferrite beads inductor for each signal line.
If a larger noise suppressing effect is required, you
should use the chip EMIFIL for a signal line that has
internal resistance.

38

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor
BLM18PG300SN1
BLM18PG300SN1
(30 at 100MHz)
(30 at 100MHz)
Chip EMI Filter for Signals
Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor
NFW31SP506X1E
BLM18BB141SN1
(Cut-off Frequency 50MHz)
(140 at 100MHz)
Gate
Array

Gate
Array

Gate
Array

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


BLM18PG600SN1
(60 at 100MHz)
VCC (+5V)
Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor
BLM18AG601SN1 (600 at 100MHz)
Address Bus

CPU

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


BLM18AG601SN1 (600 at 100MHz)
Data Bus
Chip EMI Filter for Signals
NFR21GD4701012 (Cut-off Frequency
500MHz)
Control Bus

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

4. Examples of EMI Suppression Filter Use on Conductive Noise Path


1. Signal Cable Connecting Section
If a larger noise suppressing effect is required, you
should use the chip EMIFIL, or capacitor type EMI
suppression filter, in combination with a chip ferrite
beads inductor. If a relatively low noise suppressing
effect is enough for the line, you may use just the chip
ferrite beads inductor.
To utilize the capacitor type EMI suppression filter
more effectively, you must connect the GND terminal of
the EMI suppression filter to a stable ground. If a stable
ground is not available, you should provide a ground
plane to intensify the GND condition.

Chip Ferrite Bead Inductor


BLM18PG601SN1 (600 at 100MHz)
Interface Cable

Chip EMI Filter


NFM21CC102R1H3 (1000pF)

Board
Ground Plane

2. Power Supply Cable Connecting Section


For EMI noise suppression on a power supply line, the
mode of the noise that is being conducted must be
determined and an EMI suppression filter appropriate
for the particular noise mode must be used. In a circuit
with relatively stable ground, normal mode noise is the
primary noise. In a circuit with unstable ground,
common mode noise is also present.
When both normal mode and common mode noises exist,
a measure that is effective against both must be taken.

Chip EMI Filter


NFM55PC155F1H4 (1.5F)
VCC (+5V)

GND
DC Chip Common Mode Choke Coil
DLW5AHN402SQ2
(4k at 100MHz)

39

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

How to Select and Use EMI Suppression Filters

3. Power Supply Cable Connecting Section-2

!Test Board

Using the test board in Chapters 1 and 2, noise


suppression was tested against power supply cables.
This test board initially had measures against both
normal mode and common mode noises using the
following EMI suppression filters to reduce radiation of
noise from power supply cable:
Against normal mode noise: Three terminal capacitor
(Chip solid EMI Filter)
Against common mode noise: Common mode choke
coil

CERALOCK
16MHz
Open

The test involved removing one of these EMI


suppression filters, and the results were as indicated by
the data shown above. The data shows that this board's
power supply cable was radiating both common mode
noise and normal mode noise.

Measured Against Normal and Common Mode Noise

Measured Against Normal Mode Noise Only

60
Chip EMI Filter
NFM41PC204F1H3 (0.2F)

60
Chip EMI Filter
NFM41PC204F1H3 (0.2F)

Common Mode Choke Coil


DLW5AHN402SQ2
(4k at 100MHz)

40
30
20

40
30
20

10

10
30

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

300

No Filter

30

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

300

246

300

Measured Against Common Mode Noise Only


60

50

50

40

40

dBV/m

60

30
Common Mode Choke Coil
DLW5AHN402SQ2
(4k at 100MHz)

20
10
30

40

50
dBV/m

dBV/m

50

dBV/m

EMI Suppression Filter

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

246

300

30
20
10
30

84

138
192
Frequency (MHz)

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

4 Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length


EMI suppression filters' noise suppressing effect varies
significantly depending on the conditions of the
transmission line between the input and output circuits,
even if the same input/output circuits are used. This
chapter shows examples of variations in a ferrite beads
inductor's noise suppressing effect depending on the
transmission line length and analyzes possible causes of
the variations in noise suppressing effect.
To analyze the cause of variations, we measured the
current distribution in the transmission line to examine
the relationship between the measured current
distribution and the ferrite beads inductor's noise
suppressing effect.
At the end of this chapter, we will explain how to
improve the noise suppressing effect when a single
ferrite beads inductor cannot provide a sufficient noise
suppressing effect.

1. Example of Change in Noise Suppressing Effect Depending on Transmission Line Length


The PWB and noise measuring conditions used in this
experiment are shown above. We prepared a digital
signal with a frequency of 25MHz and measured the
signal waveform and radiation noise level when the
digital signal was flowing through the transmission line
(micro strip line).
When a ferrite beads inductor is connected to this signal
line, a decrease in the noise radiated from the signal
line is defined as the ferrite beads inductor's noise
suppressing effect.
We carried out this experiment to evaluate variations in
noise suppressing effect by changing the transmission
line length from 5cm to 20cm.

!Experimental PWB
29.7cm
25MHz Resonator (CERALOCK)
5V

3.3V

Transmission line length L=5cm

7cm

Experimental PWB and Measuring Method

10cm

20cm

3.3V

Ferrite Beads
x=1cm
74HCU04 74LVC04

74LVC00

Double-sided epoxy-glass PWB (the back surface of the PWB is entirely grounded).
Thickness t=0.8mm =4.7
Characteristic impedance Z=130

L=20cm

L=5cm

!Measuring position
Horizontal

Test Board

3m
DC Power Supply

Conforming to CISPR

41

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

!Mounted Ferrite Beads Inductor

Radiation Noise Measurement

200

150

|Z|

100
R
X

50

200

400
600
Frequency (MHz)

1000

800

BLM18AG121S (120 at 100MHz)

!Radiated noise (actual measurement)


Before Mounting Ferrite Beads Inductor

After Mounting Ferrite Beads Inductor

60

60

50

50

Radiation (dBV/m)

L=5cm

Radiation (dBV/m)

375MHz

40
30
20
10

200

400

600

800

40
30
20
10

1000

200

60

60

50

50

40
30
20
10

200

400

600

400

600

800

1000

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

Radiation (dBV/m)

L=10cm

Radiation (dBV/m)

Frequency (MHz)

800

40
30
20
10

1000

375MHz

200

Frequency (MHz)

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

60

60

50

50

L=20cm

Radiation (dBV/m)

375MHz
Radiation (dBV/m)

These charts show the impedance vs. frequency


characteristics of the ferrite beads inductor used as a
sample and the radiation noise measurements.
Although the initial noise level varies slightly
depending on the transmission line length, the peak
frequency and the peak noise level are almost constant.
However, after connection of the ferrite beads inductor,
the radiation noise level shows a remarkable difference
depending on the transmission line length. In
particular, a significant change is observed at a
frequency of 375Hz, where the peak noise level is
measured. With the 5cm transmission line, the noise
level is reduced as much as 13dB. With the 20cm line,
however, the noise level is reduced by only 2dB.
From these measurements, we can see that the noise
suppressing effect varies significantly depending on the
transmission line length, even if the same ferrite beads
inductor is used.

Impedance |z| ()

40
30
20
10

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

Change in Noise Suppressing Effect Depending on Transmission Line Length

42

40
30
20
10

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

800

1000

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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This catalog has only typical specifications. Therefore, you are requested to approve our product specifications or to transact the approval sheet for product specificaions before ordering.

Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

2. Analysis of Cause of Variations in Noise Suppressing Effect


Analyzing Cause of Variations in Noise
Suppressing Effect
To analyze possible causes of variations in a ferrite
beads inductor's noise suppressing effect depending on
transmission line length, we measured the current and
voltage distributions in the transmission line.
For the current measurement, we used a magnetic field
probe and a spectrum analyzer and prepared a
calibration PWB to derive a current correction
coefficient.
For the voltage measurement, we used a voltage probe
and a spectrum analyzer.
The charts above show the measurements of current
and voltage distributions for a 20cm transmission line
prior to connection of the ferrite beads inductor. As you
can see from this example, the current and voltage in
the transmission line vary depending on the measuring
position in the line, and the current/voltage distribution
also varies depending on the measuring frequency.

!Current/voltage distribution measuring method


Current distribution: Magnetic field probe
(Frequency band: 1MHz - 1GHz)
(To derive the correction coefficient,
a calibration PWB was prepared.)

Voltage distribution: Voltage probe


(Frequency band: 2.5GHz)

!Examples of current/voltage distribution measurements (when transmission line length is 20cm)


Current Distribution (Actual measurement)
85

Voltage Distribution (Actual measurement)


130

Frequency (MHz)

Frequency (MHz)

120
75

175
55
275
45

Current (dBA, rms)

Current (dBA, rms)

110
75

65

75

100
90

175

80
275
70

375

60

475

50

375

35
25

10
Position (cm)

15

20

40

475
0

10
Position (cm)

15

20

The The current/voltage in a transmission line varies depending on the measuring position in the line.
Also, the current/voltage distribution varies depending on the measuring frequency.

43

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

Current Distribution Change after Connection


of Ferrite Beads Inductor

!375MHz Current Distribution (Actual measurement). Focusing on the frequency shows a remarkable difference in
the noise suppression effect.
L=5cm

75
Current (dBA, rms)

70

Mounting position

65
No Filter
60
Current drop: Large

55
50

BLM

45
40
35

10

15

20

Position (cm)

L=10cm

75
Current (dBA, rms)

70

Mounting position

65
No Filter
60
Current drop: Medium

55
50

BLM

45
40
35

10

15

20

Position (cm)

L=20cm

75
70
Current (dBA, rms)

Now, the current distribution prior to connection of the


ferrite beads inductor is compared with the data after
connection of the inductor. To compare the current
distributions, our attention is focused on the data at
375MHz, because we observed a remarkable difference
in the ferrite beads inductor's noise suppressing effect
at 375MHz when the transmission line length on the
prototype experimental PWB was changed. The charts
above show the measurements of current distributions
for individual transmission line lengths.
From these measurements, we can see that the current
distribution at 375MHz, as well as the radiation noise
level, is reduced as the transmission line is shortened.
With the 5cm transmission line, the measured current
is reduced as a whole and the peak current is reduced
by 13dB, as seen in the radiation noise measurement
result.
With the 20cm transmission line, however, there is no
remarkable current drop, and the peak current is
reduced by only 2dB, as seen in the radiation noise
measurements.

Mounting position

65
60
No Filter

Current drop: Small

55
50
45

BLM

40
35

10
Position (cm)

44

15

20

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

!Comparison of current values at filter mounting


position (before connection of the filter)
Filter Mounting Position
75

Current Large

Current (dBA, rms)

We have learned that there is a relationship between a


current distribution change and radiation noise change.
We will compare the current distribution data for
individual transmission line lengths before connection
of the ferrite beads inductor.
With attention to the current distribution at the ferrite
beads inductor mounting position, we observed a large
current in the 5cm and 10cm transmission lines, where
the ferrite beads inductor had significant noise
suppression effects. On the other hand, with the 20cm
transmission line, where the ferrite beads inductor's
noise suppression effect is low, the current measured at
the filter mounting position was the minimum value,
and the peak current appeared at a distance from the
filter mounting position or at a position slightly near the
load.
Then, we calculated the impedance by dividing the
current value by the voltage value. The impedance at
the filter mounting position in the 5cm and 10cm
transmission lines was less than 100. On the other
hand, the impedance at the filter mounting position in
the 20cm transmission line was approx. 1k, which was
extremely larger than the former value.
Since the ferrite beads inductor is an impedance
component, it provides a significant noise suppressing
effect when the impedance at the filter mounting
position is small. However, when the impedance at the
filter mounting position is large, it can hardly provide a
sufficient noise suppressing effect. In the experiment
using the 20cm transmission line, the impedance at the
filter mounting position was as large as 1k, although
the ferrite beads inductor's impedance is 166.
Therefore, we conclude that the ferrite beads inductor
cannot provide a sufficient noise suppressing effect in a
20cm transmission line.

Signal Length

65

L=5cm

55

L=10cm

45
L=20cm

Current Small

35

10
15
Position (cm)

20

!Comparison of impedance at filter mounting position


(before connection of the filter)

Impedance=Voltage/Current
Filter Mounting Position

Impedance Large
Current Small
Ferrite Beads Inductor's
Noise Suppressing
Effect is small.

Impedance Small
Current Large
Ferrite Beads Inductor's
Noise Suppressing
Effect is Large.

10000
Current (dBA, rms)

Analysis of Cause of Variations

Signal Length

1000

L=5cm

100

L=10cm

10
L=20cm
1

10
15
Position (cm)

20

45

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

!Peak Current Loss (Definition)

Difference in Peak Current Loss Depending on


Transmission Line Length

Derivation of peak current

Current (dBA, rms)

65
55
45
35
25

10
15
Position (cm)

20

375
Frequency (MHz)

Peak current loss = Peak current measured without filter - Peak


current measured with filter
(Used as a reference value for evaluation of the filter's noise
suppressing effect)

!Peak current loss measurement result


Transmission
Line Length 5cm

Transmission
Line Length 10cm

BLM18AG121S
BLM18AG221S
BLM18AG471S

10
20
30

30
40
50

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

800

1000

20

50

BLM18AG121S
BLM18AG221S
BLM18AG471S

-10

10

40

BLM18AG121S
BLM18AG221S
BLM18AG471S

-10

Insertion Loss (dB)

Transmission
Line Length 20cm

Insertion Loss (dB)

-10

Insertion Loss (dB)

Through previous studies, we have learned that the


current and voltage in a transmission line vary
depending on the measuring position in the line, and
the current and voltage distributions vary depending on
the measuring frequency. Also, we have learned that
the difference in the current/voltage distribution
influences the ferrite beads inductor's noise suppressing
effect.
In previous experiments, our attention was focused on
the frequency of 375MHz, but as the next step, we will
study how the noise suppressing effect changes
depending on the measuring frequency.
This study is based on peak current loss, which is
obtained by subtracting the peak current measured in a
transmission line with a filter from the peak current
measured without a filter at each measuring frequency.
The peak current loss can be used as a reference value
for evaluation of the filter's noise suppressing effect on
radiation noise.
The charts above show the measurements of the peak
current loss in 5cm, 10cm and 20cm transmission lines.
From these charts, we can see that the frequency at
which the ferrite beads inductor's noise suppressing
effect becomes low varies depending on the transmission
line length.

Current (dBA, rms)

10
20
30
40

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

800

1000

50

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

The frequency at which the ferrite beads inductor's noise suppressing effect becomes low varies depending on the transmission line length.

46

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

Influence of Transmission Line Length on


Ferrite Beads Inductor's Noise Suppressing
Effect
The table lists the frequencies at which the ferrite beads
inductor on the prototype experimental PWB can hardly
provide a sufficient noise suppressing effect.
Assuming that the ferrite beads inductor is used for a
general C-MOS digital circuit, the measurements
suggest a strong possibility that the ferrite beads
inductor provides a sufficient noise suppressing effect at
1GHz or lower frequencies in the 5cm transmission line.
If the transmission line becomes longer, however, the
frequencies at which the ferrite beads inductor can
hardly provide a sufficient noise suppressing effect will
be more clearly observed.

!Examples of the Frequencies at which Ferrite Beads Inductor's Noise Suppressing Effect becomes Low
Transmission Line Length
5cm

10cm

20cm
350MHz

1GHz

600MHz
700MHz

(When the Ferrite Beads Inductor is Used for a C-MOS Digital Circuit)
The Ferrite Beads Inductor Noise Suppressing Effect
When the Transmission Line Length is 5cm or Less

The Ferrite Beads Inductor can Easily Provide a Sufficient Noise Suppressing
Effect at 1GHz or Lower Frequencies.

When the Transmission Line is Longer than 5cm

The Frequencies at which the Ferrite Beads Inductor cannot Provide a Sufficient
Noise Suppressing Effect are Clearly Observed.

47

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

3. How to Improve Noise Suppressing Effect

In a general C-MOS digital circuit, we have learned that


the ferrite beads inductor may hardly provide a
sufficient noise suppressing effect depending on the
transmission line length. We will now discuss how to
improve the noise suppressing effect to cope with such a
case.
From the results of previous studies, we have learned
that the ferrite beads inductor's insufficient noise
suppressing effect is caused by the minute current at
the ferrite beads mounting position. We then carried out
the following experiment, assuming that changing the
ferrite beads mounting position to the peak current
point can improve the noise suppressing effect.
In this experiment, we used a 20cm transmission line
and paid attention to the noise level at 375MHz.

48

375MHz Current Distribution


(Transmission Line Length 20cm : Actual Measurement)
Current Peak Point
x=12cm

65

Current (dBA, rms)

How to Improve Noise Suppressing Effect


Method 1 : Considering Ferrite Beads Inductor
Mounting Position

55
Frequency
(MHz)
45

375

35

25

10
Position (cm)

15

20

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

Measurement Result on Shift of Ferrite Beads


Inductor Mounting Position

!Radiation Noise (Transmission Line Length 20cm :


Actual Measurement)

These charts show the radiation noise level


measurements when shifting the ferrite beads inductor
to the peak current point at a frequency of 375MHz.
Contrary to our expectation, the radiation noise level
measured at 375MHz is higher than the initial value.
To examine the cause of this phenomenon, we measured
the current distribution at 375MHz. The charts also
show the current distribution measurements. When the
ferrite beads inductor is moved away from the
transmission terminal, the current flowing through the
transmission line between the ferrite beads inductor
and the transmission terminal becomes large, so we
consider that it is a cause of the increased radiation
noise level.
Taking such a phenomenon into consideration, we
should, in most cases, mount the ferrite beads inductor
close to the transmission terminal in order to improve
the noise suppressing effect.

Mounting Position : x=1cm


(Transmission terminal)

Radiation (dBV/m)

60
50
40
30
20
10

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

Mounting Position : x=12cm


(Current Peak Point)

Radiation (dBV/m)

60

50
40
30
20
10

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

The Radiated Noise


Level is Increased

!375MHz Current Distribution (Transmission Line


Length 20cm : Actual Measurement)

65
Mounting Position

Current (dBA, rms)

60
55
50
45
No Filter
40
BLM18AG121S
x=12cm

35
30
25

10
Position (cm)

15

20

49

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

When a ferrite beads inductor is mounted to the peak


current point (at 12cm distance from the transmission
terminal) to suppress the current at 375MHz, the
current flowing through the transmission line in the
upstream of the ferrite beads inductor increases. To
suppress the increased current, the same ferrite beads
inductor is mounted to the transmission terminal in
addition to the peak current point. The current
distribution measurement is shown in the chart above.
The peak current is reduced by 7dB from the value
measured without the filter.
Also, we evaluated the noise suppressing effect in terms
of the noise radiation level. When ferrite beads
inductors are mounted to both the transmission
terminal and peak current point, we can see that the
radiation noise level at 375MHz is reduced by 7dB from
the value without the ferrite beads inductor.
The radiation noise is 3dB lower than the value with a
ferrite beads inductor with approx. twice the impedance
mounted to the transmission terminal.
From these results, we can see that mounting ferrite
beads inductors at two points (transmission terminal
and peak current point) can provide a sufficient noise
suppressing effect, even if a single ferrite beads inductor
with higher impedance cannot provide a sufficient noise
suppressing effect.
This corrective method is not intended for general use
because it needs the step of finding the peak current
point. However, it can be applied to a case where only
the ferrite beads inductor can be used (a capacitor
cannot be used) due to limitations on current
consumption.

50

!375MHz Current Distribution (Transmission Line


Length 20cm : Actual Measurement)
65
Mounting Position

Mounting Position

60
55

Current (dBA, rms)

Correction of Method 1 : Noise Suppression


Using Several Ferrite Beads Inductors

No Filter
50
BLM18AG121S
x=1cm

45
40
35

BLM18AG121S
x=12cm

30

BLM18AG121S
x=1cm and 12cm

25

10
Position (cm)

15

20

!Radiation Noise (Transmission Line Length 20cm :


Actual Measurement)
350MHz
x=12cm (BLM18AG121S)
No Filter
x=1cm (BLM18AG121S)
x=1cm (BLM18AG221S)
x=1cm and 12cm
(BLM18AG121S)

60
Radiation (dBV/m)

50

Impedance of the Mounted


Ferrite Beads Inductor
BLM18AG121S : 120 at 100MHz
BLM18AG221S : 220 at 100MHz

40
30
20
10

200

400

600

Frequency (MHz)

800

1000

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

We will now discuss the second method.


At the frequency of 375MHz that we have mentioned so
far, the ferrite beads inductor cannot provide a
sufficient noise suppressing effect because of the large
impedance at the filter mounting position. In such a
case, a bypass capacitor works effectively to lead the
noise current from the transmission line into the ground
by reducing the impedance between the transmission
line and the ground. We will now consider applying a
capacitor.

!375MHz Impedance (Transmission Line Length


20cm: No Filter)

10000
Filter Mounting Positions

Impedance |Z| ()

How to Improve Noise Suppressing Effect


Method 2 : Application of Capacitor

1000

100

10

10
Position (cm)

15

20

!Function of the Capacitor

The Bypass Capacitor Leads


Noise Current into the Ground.

51

C33E.pdf 04.5.12

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Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

Considering Addition of a Capacitor


Absorption of noise current

The Bypass of
Noise Current

Ferrite Beads Inductor

Addition of a
capacitor

!Radiation Noise (Transmission Line Length 20cm : Actual Measurement)


BLM18AG121S (120 at 100MHz)

BLM18AG121S+10pF
60
Radiation (dBV/m)

Radiation (dBV/m)

60
50
40
30
20
10

200

400

600

800

50
40
30
20
10

1000

Frequency (MHz)

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

10pF
60
Radiation (dBV/m)

After removing the ferrite beads inductor, we mounted a


capacitor with the relatively small capacitance of 10pF.
The capacitor's noise suppressing effect was observed at
some frequencies, but could not be observed at other
frequencies.
A ferrite beads inductor provides a significant noise
suppressing effect when the impedance at the mounting
position is low. On the other hand, a capacitor provides
a significant noise suppressing effect when the
impedance at the mounting position is high. Therefore,
in this experiment, we mounted a ferrite beads inductor
in combination with a capacitor, where they could
provide a significant noise suppressing effect in a wide
frequency range.
The radiation noise level at 375MHz was reduced by
18dB from the value without the filters.
Thus, we can see that the combined use of a capacitor
and a ferrite beads inductor provides a significant noise
suppressing effect when a single ferrite beads inductor
alone cannot. Also, we confirmed the waveform obtained
with the combination of a ferrite beads inductor and a
capacitor, in comparison with the waveform obtained
with a single ferrite beads inductor.
Since the additional capacitor's capacitance is relatively
small (10pF), it has little influence on distortion of the
waveform at a signal frequency of 25MHz.

375MHz Noise Suppressing Effect is Large

50
40
30
20
10

200

400

600

800

1000

Frequency (MHz)

!Load waveform (Transmission Line Length 20cm : Actual Measurement)

BLM18AG121S
BLM18AG121S+10pF

H : 10ns/diV
V : 2.0V/diV

52

Little influence on distortion


of the waveform

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C33E.pdf 04.5.12

Differences in Noise Suppressing Effect Caused by Transmission Line Length

4. Cause of Variations in Ferrite Beads Inductors Noise Suppressing Effect and How to Improve the Noise Suppressing Effect
This chapter shows examples of variations in a ferrite
beads inductor's noise suppressing effect depending on
the transmission line length, and analyzes possible
causes of the variations. We measured the current
distribution in the transmission line to examine the
relationship between the current distribution and the
ferrite beads inductor's noise suppressing effect. From
the measurements, we can see that the current/voltage
in the transmission line varies depending on the
measuring position in the line, and that the
current/voltage distribution also varies depending on
transmission line conditions such as the line length.
Through the comparison of the current distribution data
at individual frequencies and the ferrite beads
inductor's radiation noise suppressing effects, we can
see that the ferrite beads inductor can hardly provide a
sufficient noise suppressing effect at the frequency
where the current at the ferrite beads inductor
mounting position is minimized. To cope with such a
case, we consider that the following methods are
effective for improving the noise suppressing effect:
1) Mount ferrite beads inductors to both the
transmission terminal and the peak current point.
2) Mount a ferrite beads inductor in combination with a
capacitor.

53

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