DCC 3132: STATISTIC

DAY:

DATE:

DEPARTMENT:

TIME:

JKA

STUDENT
INFORMATION:
NAME

REG NUM

MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN SAIFOL BAHRI

01DKA14F1023

CLASS

IC NO.

DKA3A

960528385059

GUIDING LECTURE
1
2

ASSIGNMENT 1

1.1Know the statistical concepts.

1.1.1 Define statistics.
Statistics is concerned with measuring certain variables from existing data so that
effective managerial decisions can be made for the benefit of the organization, the
people and the country.
Statistic represent procedures and methods for collecting, organizing,
summarizing, presenting and analysing data, as well as obtaining useful
information, drawing valid conclusion and making effective decisions based on the
analysis .
These statistical processes are usually carried out as part of the decision-making
procedure in many organizations today . As a matter of fact, managers of today
need to have strong mathematical ablility to go through statistical analyses before
theycan come up with effective decissions.

1.1.2 Describe types of statistics : descriptive and inferential statistics.

Statistical techniques can be divided into two categories: descriptive statistics and
inferential or inductive statistics.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
For desriptive statistics, data are compiled, organized, summarized and presented
in suitable visual forms which are easy to understand and suitable for use. Various
tables, graph, charts and diagram are used to exhibit the information obtained from
the data. Thus , raw data are transformed into meaningful forms so that the user
and manager can make generalizations or conclusions just by taking a quick look at
visual presentations.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
In inferential statistics, we make generalizations about a population by anlsying
samples. If a sample is good representation of a population, accurate conclusions
about the population can be inferred from the analysis of this sample. This is
because the samples value are close representations of the actual values of ht
epopulation of interest. However, there is a certain amount of uncertainty about the
estimations. Therefore,probability is often used when stating the conclusions.
Thus, inferential statistical techniques are used to make inferences about the
population based on measurements obtained from the sample. The producedure is
to select a sample from the population, measure the variables of interest, analyse
the data, interpret the output and draw conclusions based on the analysis.

1.1.3 Identify the steps of statistic problem-solving.

What is Statistical Problem Solving ?
Statistical problem solving is the art of solving quality problems using statistical
quality control to achieve quality production, management and control. Uses
specific tools that help companies and organizations make the right quality
decisions. During this process, quality problems are identified in the production
process as well as in the product itself. Statistical problem solving does involve
Statistical Process Control (SPC) which is a random sample inspection of the output
from a process and determines the ultimate decision as to whether the process is
producing products with characteristics that fall within a predetermined range.
Serves as a means through which acceptance sampling is done in the process of
randomly inspecting a sample of goods and then deciding whether to accept the
entire lot based on the results. Ultimately, it determines whether a batch of goods
should be accepted or rejected.

1. Plan (Ask a question): formulate a statistical question that can be answered

with data. A good deal of time should be given to this step as it is the most
important step in the process.
2. Collect (Produce Data): design and implement a plan to collect appropriate
data. Data can be collected through numerous methods, such as observations,
interviews, questionnaires, databases, samplings or experimentation.
3. Process (Analyze the Data): organize and summarize the data by graphical or

numerical methods. Graph numerical data using histograms, dot plots, and/or box
plots, and analyze the strengths and weaknesses.
4. Discuss (Interpret the Results): interpret your finding from the analysis of the
data, in the context of the original problem. Give an interpretation of how the data
answers your original questions.

1.2 Understand the statistical terms.

1.2.1 Explain population and sample, statistic and parameter, census, sample
survey and pilot study

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

In statistics, the word population is used to designate the complete set of item that
are of interest in the research.
The term sample is used to designate a subset of item that are chosen from the
population. Data on variables of interest are obtained from the sample. The data are
then summarized,analysed and presented in useful forms so that effective
information and conclusions can be derived. For example, In a study on the reading
habits od secondary school children in Malaysia, while the sample may consist of
1000 secondary students randomly selected from 13 states in Malaysia.

STATISTIC AND PARAMETER

A summary measure such as mean, median, mode, or standard deviation,
computed from sample data is called a statistic. However, a summary measure for
the entire population is called a parameter. Statistician often estimate population
parameters from the corresponding sample statistics. For example in a country of
10 million students when we compute the mean of English oral scores of all 10
million students and find that the score is 60, this is called a population parameter.
If ten thousand students are randomly selected from ten million students in the
country and the average score of teir English oral test is calculated, then this is a
statistic.

CENSUS

If the population we wish to study is small, it is possible for us to measure a variable

for every unit in the population. If the study is carried out in this way on the whole
population, the end result is a census of the population .
For example, if we wish to study the monthly income of the fishermen in a
small fishing village, it is possible to obtain data on all the fishermen in that village.
This is a census of the population. Many countries carry out a census study of their
population every ten years in order to update the information on the residents. Our
country is undertaking a census every 10 years and the last census study was done
in 2001.

SAMPLE SURVEY
A sample survey, on the other hand, involves a subgroup (or sample) of a
population being chosen and questioned on set of topics. The researcher simply
asks the respondents to answer some questions. The results of this sample survey
are ussually used to make inferences about the larger population. A sample survey
is necessary if the population is large. Sample surveys reduce cost and time and the
results may be as accurate as the census study if the sample is selected using a
proper sampling technique.

PILOT STUDY
A pilot study is a study done before the actual fieldwork is carried out. The aim is to
identify possible problems and difficulties that the researcher may encounter when
the actual study is being carried out. This study is also used to test out
questionnaires and to improve them in terms of flow, question design, language and
clarity.

1.2.2 Explain the variables in statistic.

A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be
measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item. Age, sex,
business income and expenses, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades,

eye colour and vehicle type are examples of variables. It is called a variable
because the value may vary between data units in a population, and may change in
value over time.
For example; 'income' is a variable that can vary between data units in a population
(i.e. the people or businesses being studied may not have the same incomes) and
can also vary over time for each data unit (i.e. income can go up or down).

TYPE OF VARIABLES IN STATISTICS.

There are different ways variables can be described according to the ways they can
be studied, measured, and presented.
Numeric variables have values that describe a measurable quantity as a
number, like 'how many' or 'how much'. Therefore numeric variables are
quantitative variables.
Numeric variables may be further described as either continuous or discrete:

A continuous variable is a numeric variable. Observations can take

any value between a certain set of real numbers. The value given to an
observation for a continuous variable can include values as small as the
instrument of measurement allows. Examples of continuous variables include
height, time, age, and temperature.

A discrete variable is a numeric variable. Observations can take a

value based on a count from a set of distinct whole values. A discrete
variable cannot take the value of a fraction between one value and the next
closest value. Examples of discrete variables include the number of
registered cars, number of business locations, and number of children in a
family, all of of which measured as whole units (i.e. 1, 2, 3 cars).

The data collected for a numeric variable are quantitative data.

Categorical variables have values that describe a 'quality' or

'characteristic' of a data unit, like 'what type' or 'which

category'. Categorical variables fall into mutually exclusive (in one category or in
another) and exhaustive (include all possible options) categories. Therefore,
categorical variables are qualitative variables and tend to be represented by a nonnumeric value.
Categorical variables may be further described as ordinal or nominal:

An ordinal variable is a categorical variable. Observations can take a

value that can be logically ordered or ranked. The categories
associated with ordinal variables can be ranked higher or lower than another,
but do not necessarily establish a numeric difference between each category.
Examples of ordinal categorical variables include academic grades (i.e. A, B,
C), clothing size (i.e. small, medium, large, extra large) and attitudes (i.e.
strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree).

A nominal variable is a categorical variable. Observations can take a

value that is not able to be organised in a logical sequence. Examples
of nominal categorical variables include sex, business type, eye colour,
religion and brand.

The data collected for a categorical variable are qualitative data.