MT K THUT NH

S DNG BT NG THC
CAUCHY-SCHWARZ
V Quc B Cn

Thng thng khi s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz (tham kho

[1]) chng minh cc bt ng thc i xng (hoc hon v), ta lun
c gng nh gi sao cho tnh i xng (hoc hon v) ca chng vn
c gi nguyn sau bc nh gi, ri t tip tc nh gi tip
hon tt php chng minh. Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no nhng cch
nh gi nh th cng mang li hiu qu cao nht m i lc chng cn
hoc khng a ta n kt qu, hoc qu rm r, phc tp.
Vy, liu cn c cch no khc tt hn khi ta l xui xo gp phi nhng
trng hp nh th khng? Tht ra, cn mt cch nh gi CauchySchwarz cng kh hiu qu i vi cc bt ng thc loi ny, l s
dng yu t t nht. Mt ci tn nghe tht l!
Tuy nhin, n ng sau ci tn l mt ny l mt k thut c o v
th v. V di y, chng ta s cng tm hiu v n. Trc ht, ta hy
cng xem xt v d sau y.
V d 1 (Iranian IMO TST, 2009). Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn
iu kin a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
a2

1
1
3
1
+ 2
+ 2
6 .
2
2
2
+b +2 b +c +2 c +a +2
4

Phn tch v tm ti li gii. S dng tng ca k thut thm bt

(tham kho thm [1]), ta c th vit li bt ng thc thnh

 
 

1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
+
2
+
2
> ,
2
2
2
2 a +b +2
2 b +c +2
2 c +a +2
4
tng ng
a2 + b 2
b2 + c 2
c 2 + a2
3
+
+
> .
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b +2 b +c +2 c +a +2
2
73

74

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

n y, nu p dng Cauchy-Schwarz theo kiu thng thng

b2 + c 2
c2 + a2
a2 + b 2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 c 2 + a2 + 2
2
[(a2 + b2 ) + (b2 + c2 ) + (c2 + a2 )]
P 2
>
,
(a + b2 )(a2 + b2 + 2)
th ta s phi chng minh
2

3
4(a2 + b2 + c2 )
> .
2
2
2
2
(a2 + b2 ) + (b2 + c2 ) + (c2 + a2 ) + 4(a2 + b2 + c2 )
Nu quy ng ln, ta c mt bt ng thc bc 4 kh phc tp, hn
na ta li cng cha bit c tnh ng sai ca n. Trong iu kin thi
gian hn hp phng thi (ch rng y l mt bi ton trong thi
chn i tuyn ca Iran), nu tn nhiu thi gian vo mt bi ton phc
tp ( y l bt ng thc thu c sau nh gi) v c th bi ton
sai th tht l khng nn. V vy cch nh gi Cauchy-Schwarz nh
trn tht s khng kh thi, ta cn mt kiu nh gi khc.
Nhn thy nh gi trn c nhc im l to ra bc cao, ta c gng tm
mt nh gi khc trnh bc cao, v nh gi m ta ngh n l
b2 + c 2
c 2 + a2
a2 + b 2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 c 2 + a2 + 2

2
a2 + b 2 + b 2 + c 2 + c 2 + a2
> 2
.
(a + b2 + 2) + (b2 + c2 + 2) + (c2 + a2 + 2)
S dng nh gi ny gip chng ta thot khi bc cao, tuy nhin v
tnh n li to ra mt yu t phc tp khc l cn thc. M tiu ch
ca ta khi s dng Cauchy-Schwarz chng minh bt ng thc l a
bi ton tr v dng n gin nht c th. Nh th, cch lm ny cng
khng my kh thi. Vy ta cn phi lm sao va trnh c bc cao
m li va trnh c cn thc?
By gi, cc bn hy hng ng thc sau
(a + b)2 + (a b)2
a +b =
.
2
2

T bt ng thc trn c th c vit li thnh



(a + b)2
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
+
+
+
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 c 2 + a2 + 2


(a b)2
(b c)2
(c a)2
+ 2
+
+
> 3.
a + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 c 2 + a2 + 2

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 75

n y, chc hn bn c nhn ra mt
mi, l thay v p
P tng
a2 +b2
,
ta s tch n thnh
dng Cauchy-Schwarz cho tng ban u
a2 +b2 +2
hai tng v s dng Cauchy-Schwarz cho tng tng. iu c bit l
mi tng ny, cc hng t ca chng l nhng phn thc m t s ca
chng l cc bnh phng, nh vy ta c th thoi mi s dng CauchySchwarz m khng cn phi thm bt ra bc cao (nh cch ban u
trn) hay ra cn thc (cch 2). T tng ny, ta ngh n vic s
dng Cauchy-Schwarz nh sau
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
(a + b)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 c 2 + a2 + 2

2
(a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a)
> 2
.
(1)
(a + b2 + 2) + (b2 + c2 + 2) + (c2 + a2 + 2)
P (ab)2
Vn cn li l ta phi tm cch nh gi
sao cho hp l, bi
a2 +b2 +2
v nu s dng Cauchy-Schwarz sao cho vn m bo tnh hon v vng
quanh th ta s c
(b c)2
(c a)2
(a b)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 c 2 + a2 + 2

2
(a b) + (b c) + (c a)
> 2
= 0. (2)
(a + b2 + 2) + (b2 + c2 + 2) + (c2 + a2 + 2)
P (ab)2
> 0 m
Mt nh gi kh lng lo, v hin nhin ta c
a2 +b2 +2
khng cn phi nh gi g c. Ta cn tm mt kiu nh gi khc cho
kt qu cht hn. Cc bn hy cng quan st cch nh gi sau y
(b c)2
(a c)2
(a b)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 a2 + c 2 + 2
[(a b) + (b c) + (a c)]2
> 2
(a + b2 + 2) + (b2 + c2 + 2) + (c2 + a2 + 2)
4(a c)2
=
.
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 6

(3)

R rng n cht hn nh gi (2) trn, hn na y nh gi ny li

cho ta mu thc ging vi nh gi (1) v nh th nu s dng n v
(1), ta s khng phi quy ng mu thc nhiu, tc l ta trnh c
vn v bc cao, mt vn nan gii trong bt ng thc.
By gi, t (1) v (3), ta a c bt ng thc v chng minh
4(a + b + c)2 + 4(a c)2
> 3,
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 6

76

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

hay tng ng
2(a + b + c)2 + 2(a c)2 > 3(a2 + b2 + c2 + 3).
Bt ng thc ny c th vit li thnh
(a + b + c)2 + 2(a c)2 > 3(a2 + b2 + c2 ),
hay
(a b)(b c) > 0.

(4)

C th d dng nhn thy bt ng thc (4) khng phi lun ng. Tuy
nhin ta vn c th p n ng. Tht vy, bng cch s dng cc nh
gi tng t (3) l
(a b)2
(c b)2
(a c)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 a2 + c 2 + 2
[(a b) + (c b) + (a c)]2
> 2
(a + b2 + 2) + (b2 + c2 + 2) + (c2 + a2 + 2)
4(a b)2
=
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 6
v

(b c)2
(a c)2
(b a)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2 a2 + c 2 + 2
[(b a) + (b c) + (a c)]2
> 2
(a + b2 + 2) + (b2 + c2 + 2) + (c2 + a2 + 2)
4(b c)2
=
,
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 6

ta cng ln lt a c bi ton v chng minh

(b c)(c a) > 0,

(5)

(c a)(a b) > 0.

(6)

Nh th, nu trong (4), (5), (6) c mt bt ng thc ng th bi ton

ca ta s c chng minh xong. Ta quan st v nhn thy rng




(ab)(bc) (bc)(ca) (ca)(ab) = (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 > 0,
do trong ba s (a b)(b c), (b c)(c a), (c a)(a b) c t nht
mt s khng m, tc trong (4), (5), (6) phi c t nht mt bt ng
thc ng. Php chng minh c hon tt. Ch rng ng thc xy
ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 77

Nhn xt. Qua li gii trn, t hn bn c hiu c ngha ca
yu t t nht m chng ti mun cp ti. Lu rng, ty vo bi
ton c th m ta c cc yu t t nht khc nhau.
V d 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 3.
Chng minh rng
a2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a2
+
+
> 3.
a+b
b+c
c+a
Chng minh. rng
cho c th vit li thnh

a2 +b2
a+b

a+b
2

(ab)2
,
2(a+b)

do bt ng thc

(a b)2
(b c)2
(c a)2
a+b+c+
+
+
> 3.
2(a + b) 2(b + c) 2(c + a)
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

2
(a b) + (b c) + (a c)
(a b)2
(b c)2
(a c)2
+
+
>
2(a + b) 2(b + c) 2(a + c)
2(a + b) + 2(b + c) + 2(a + c)
(a c)2
=
.
a+b+c
Bi ton c quy v chng minh
a+b+c+

(a c)2
> 3.
a+b+c

Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta li c

(a c)2
=
a+b+c
(a c)2 + (b a)(b c)
(a b)(b c)
=
+a+b+c+
a+b+c
a+b+c
2
2
2
2
(a b)(b c)
3(a + b + c ) (a + b + c)
=
+a+b+c+
2(a + b + c)
a+b+c
9
a + b + c (a b)(b c)
=
+
+
2(a + b + c)
2
a+b+c
(a b)(b c)
>3+
.
a+b+c

a+b+c+

Nh vy, bi ton s c chng minh xong nu ta c

(a b)(b c) > 0.

(1)

78

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

nh gi tng t, ta cng c cc bt ng thc

(b c)(c a) > 0,

(2)

(c a)(a b) > 0.

(3)

M theo lp lun ca bi trc, ta thy trong (1), (2), (3) c t nht mt

bt ng thc ng. Do , bi ton c gii quyt hon ton. ng
thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi ton 1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a2 +b2 +c2 = 1.
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
6 1.
5 6ab 5 6bc 5 6ca
Chng minh. Bt ng thc cho c th c vit li nh sau
 
 


1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+
+
> ,
2 5 6ab
2 5 6bc
2 5 6ca
2
1 2ab 1 2bc 1 2ca
1
+
+
> .
5 6ab 5 6bc 5 6ca
3
Do 1 2ab = a2 + b2 + c2 2ab = (a b)2 + c2 nn ta c
#

 "
a2
b2
c2
(b c)2 (c a)2 (a b)2
1
+
+
+
+
+
> .
5 6bc 5 6ca 5 6ab
5 6bc
5 6ca
5 6ab
3
Ti y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
b2
c2
(a + b + c)2
a2
+
+
>
5 6bc 5 6ca 5 6ab
(5 6bc) + (5 6ca) + (5 6ab)
(a + b + c)2
=
15 6(ab + bc + ca)
v

2
(b c) + (a c) + (a b)
(b c)2 (a c)2 (a b)2
+
+
>
5 6bc
5 6ca
5 6ab
(5 6bc) + (5 6ca) + (5 6ab)
4(a c)2
=
.
15 6(ab + bc + ca)
Ta cn chng minh
(a + b + c)2 + 4(a c)2 >

15 6(ab + bc + ca)
= 5 2(ab + bc + ca).
3

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 79

Thay 5 = 5(a2 + b2 + c2 ) v rt gn, ta c
4(a b)(b c) > 0.

(1)

nh gi tng t, ta cng ln lt thu c cc bt ng thc

4(b c)(c a) > 0,

(2)

4(c a)(a b) > 0.

(3)

T lp lun ca bi 1 trn, ta thy trong (1), (2), (3) lun c mt bt

ng thc ng. T d dng suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc
xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 13 .
Nhn xt. T bi ton ny, ta c th d dng suy ra kt qu p mt
sau trn tp ch Crux Mathematicorum:
Nu a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, th
1
1
1
9
+
+
6 .
1 bc 1 ca 1 ab
2

(4)

Tht vy, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

1
(1 + 3)2
12
32
16

=
6
+
.
6 1 bc
1 + (5 6bc)
1
5 6bc
T suy ra




8
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
63+9
3 1 bc 1 ca 1 ab
5 6bc 5 6ca 5 6ab
6 3 + 9 1 = 12.
Nhn mi v ca bt ng thc ny cho 38 , ta thu c ngay (4).
Bi ton 2 (Mediterranean Mathematical Competition, 2009). Chng minh
rng vi mi a, b, c dng, ta u c
a
b
c
ab
bc
ca
+
+
> 2
+ 2
+ 2
.
2
2
2a + b 2b + c 2c + a
a + ab + b
b + bc + c
c + ca + a2
2

(ab)
ab
1
Chng minh. rng a2 +ab+b
2 = 3 3(a2 +ab+b2 ) , do bt ng thc
cn chng minh c th c vit li thnh

(a b)2
(b c)2
(c a)2
+
+
+
a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc+ c2 c2 + ca + a2

a
b
c
+3
+
+
> 3.
2a + b 2b + c 2c + a

80

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

a
b
c
(a + b + c)2
+
+
>
2a + b 2b + c 2c + a
a(2a + b) + b(2b + c) + c(2c + a)
v
(a b)2
(b c)2
(a c)2
+
+
>
a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 a2 + ac + c2

2
(a b) + (b c) + (a c)
> 2
.
(a + ab + b2 ) + (b2 + bc + c2 ) + (a2 + ac + c2 )
T , bi ton c a v chng minh
3(a + b + c)2 + 4(a c)2
> 3.
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + ab + bc + ca
Sau khi khai trin v rt gn, ta c
(a c)2 + 3(a b)(b c) > 0.
Do (a c)2 > 0 nn bt ng thc ng nu ta c
(a b)(b c) > 0.

(1)

Hon ton tng t, ta cng c th a c bi ton v xt tnh ng

n ca cc bt ng thc
(c a)(a b) > 0,

(2)

(b c)(c a) > 0.

(3)

Nu trong (1), (2), (3) c mt bt ng thc ng th bi ton c

chng minh xong. Tuy nhin, iu ny l hin nhin, bi v




(ab)(bc) (bc)(ca) (ca)(ab) = (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 > 0.
Php chng minh c hon tt. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c.
Bi ton 3. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn iu kin xyz = 1.
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
6 1.
x+y+1 y+z+1 z+x+1

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 81

Chng minh. t x = a2 , y = b2 v z = c2 vi a, b, c > 0, khi d
thy ta cng c abc = 1. Vi php t ny, bt ng thc cn chng
minh c th vit li nh sau
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
6 1,
2
2
+ c + 1 c + a + 1 a + b2 + 1
 
 


1
1
1
+ 1 2
+ 1 2
> 2,
1 2
b + c2 + 1
c + a2 + 1
a + b2 + 1
b2

a2 + b 2
b2 + c 2
c 2 + a2
+
+
> 2.
a2 + b 2 + 1 b 2 + c 2 + 1 c 2 + a2 + 1
Do a2 + b2 =
"

(a+b)2 +(ab)2
2

nn ta c

#
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
(a + b)2
+
+
+
a2 + b 2 + 1 b 2 + c 2 + 1 c 2 + a2 + 1
#
"
(b c)2
(c a)2
(a b)2
+
+
> 4.
+ 2
a + b 2 + 1 b 2 + c 2 + 1 c 2 + a2 + 1

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

(a + b)2
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 1 b 2 + c 2 + 1 c 2 + a2 + 1

2
(a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a)
> 2
(a + b2 + 1) + (b2 + c2 + 1) + (c2 + a2 + 1)
v
(b c)2
(a c)2
(a b)2
+
+
>
a2 + b 2 + 1 b 2 + c 2 + 1 c 2 + a2 + 1

2
(a b) + (b c) + (a c)
> 2
.
(a + b2 + 1) + (b2 + c2 + 1) + (c2 + a2 + 1)
T bi ton c quy v chng minh
4(a + b + c)2 + 4(a c)2
> 4,
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 3
hay tng ng
(a + b + c)2 + (a c)2 > 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 3.

82

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

Theo bt ng thc AM-GM,

3
3 = 3 a2 b2 c2 6 ab + bc + ca.
Suy ra ta ch cn chng minh
(a + b + c)2 + (a c)2 > 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + (ab + bc + ca).
Sau khi khai trin v rt gn, ta c
(a b)(b c) > 0.

(1)

Ngoi ra, bng cch nh gi tng t, ta cng ln lt thu c cc

bt ng thc sau
(b c)(c a) > 0,
(2)
(c a)(a b) > 0.

(3)

T lp lun trong phn chng minh ca bi 1, ta thy trong (1), (2), (3)
phi c mt bt ng thc ng. T d dng suy ra iu phi chng
minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c, tc x = y = z = 1.
Nhn xt. Nu t x = a3 , y = b3 v z = c3 , th ta c abc = 1 v
1
1
= 3
,
x+y+1
a + b3 + abc
do vy bt ng thc nu bi cn c th vit li thnh
a3

1
1
1
1
+ 3
+ 3
6
.
3
3
3
+ b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc
abc

y chnh l bi ton USAMO 1997.

C th thy cc v d trn ta c gng phn tch cc t s thnh tng
ca hai bnh phng, trong mt bnh phng c dng (a b)2 (hoc
(b c)2 , (c a)2 ) (bn c hy th ngm ngh v sao li l cc dng ny
m khng l cc dng khc?).
Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no cng nh vy, m i lc ta cn phn tch
theo nhiu kiu khc na. Sau y l mt vi v d.
Bi ton 4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 3.
Chng minh rng
7a2

a
b
c
1
+ 2
+ 2
6 .
+ 11 7b + 11 7c + 11
6

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 83

Chng minh. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

 
 

14a
14b
14c
2
1 2
+ 1 2
+ 1 2
> ,
7a + 11
7b + 11
7c + 11
3
hay

4


1
1
1
+
+
+
7a2 + 11 7b2 + 11 7c2 + 11
#
"
(b 1)2
(c 1)2
2
(a 1)2
+ 2
+ 2
> .
+7
2
7a + 11 7b + 11 7c + 11
3

Ti y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

1
1
1
(1 + 1 + 1)2
+
+
>
7a2 + 11 7b2 + 11 7c2 + 11
(7a2 + 11) + (7b2 + 11) + (7c2 + 11)
3(a + b + c)2
=
21(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 11(a + b + c)2
v

2
(a 1) + (1 b) + (1 c)
(1 b)2
(1 c)2
(a 1)2
+
+
>
7a2 + 11 7b2 + 11 7c2 + 11
(7a2 + 11) + (7b2 + 11) + (7c2 + 11)
4(2a b c)2
.
= 
3 21(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 11(a + b + c)2
T bi ton c quy v chng minh
18(a + b + c)2 + 14(2a b c)2 > 21(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 11(a + b + c)2 ,
hay tng ng
42(a b)(a c) > 0.

(1)

R rng (1) khng phi lun ng, nhng t n ta vn c th i n

c iu phi chng minh. Bng cch s dng cc nh gi tng t

2
(1 a) + (b 1) + (1 c)
(b 1)2
(1 c)2
(1 a)2
+
+
>
,
7a2 + 11 7b2 + 11 7c2 + 11
(7a2 + 11) + (7b2 + 11) + (7c2 + 11)

2
(1 a) + (1 b) + (c 1)
(1 a)2
(1 b)2
(c 1)2
+
+
>
,
7a2 + 11 7b2 + 11 7c2 + 11
(7a2 + 11) + (7b2 + 11) + (7c2 + 11)
ta cng ln lt a c bi ton v xt tnh ng sai ca
42(b c)(b a) > 0,

(2)

84

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

42(c a)(c b) > 0.

(3)

Ta c
(ab)(ac)+(bc)(ba)+(ca)(cb) = a2 +b2 +c2 abbcca > 0,
do trong (1), (2), (3) phi c t nht mt bt ng thc ng.
T d dng suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v
ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi ton 5 (Chinese Northern MO, 2006). Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha
mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
a2 + 9
b2 + 9
c2 + 9
+
+
6 5.
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
Chng minh. Bt ng thc cn chng minh c th c vit li thnh

 
 

a2 + 9
b2 + 9
c2 + 9
2
+ 2
+ 2
> 1,
2a2 + (3 a)2
2b2 + (3 b)2
2c2 + (3 c)2
tng ng
5b2 12b + 9
5c2 12c + 9
5a2 12a + 9
+
+
> 1.
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
2

Do 5a2 12a + 9 = 9(a1) 2+(3a) = 9(a1) 2+(b+c) nn ta c

"
#
(b 1)2
(c 1)2
(a 1)2
+
+
9
+
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
"
#
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
(a + b)2
+
+
+
> 2.
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(1 b)2
(1 c)2
(a 1)2
+
+
>
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2

2
(a 1) + (1 b) + (1 c)
 
 

>
2a2 + (b + c)2 + 2b2 + (c + a)2 + 2c2 + (a + b)2
2(2a b c)2
=
9 [2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + ab + bc + ca]

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 85

v
(b + c)2
(c + a)2
(a + b)2
+
+
>
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2

2
(b + c) + (c + a) + (a + b)
 
 

>
2a2 + (b + c)2 + 2b2 + (c + a)2 + 2c2 + (a + b)2
=

2(a + b + c)2
.
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + ab + bc + ca

Do ta ch cn chng minh
(2a b c)2 + (a + b + c)2 > 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + ab + bc + ca.
Sau khi khai trin v rt gn, ta c
3(a b)(a c) > 0.

(1)

Ngoi ra, bng cch nh gi tng t, ta cng c

3(b c)(b a) > 0,

(2)

3(c a)(c b) > 0.

(3)

V (a b)(a c) + (b c)(b a) + (c a)(c b) = a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca

l mt s khng m nn ta suy ra c mt bt ng thc ng trong (1),
(2), (3). T d dng suy ra kt qu bi ton. ng thc xy ra khi
v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Nhn xt. Ngoi cch trn, ta cn c th chng minh bt ng thc
5a2 12a + 9
5b2 12b + 9
5c2 12c + 9
+
+
>1
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
theo cch khc (cng bng cch s dng Cauchy-Schwarz) nh sau:
S dng Cauchy-Schwarz vi ch rng 5a2 12a + 9 > 0, ta c
5a2 12a + 9
5a2 12a + 9
5a2 12a + 9
>
=
.
2a2 + 2(b2 + c2 )
2(a2 + b2 + c2 )
2a2 + (b + c)2
T bt ng thc ny v hai bt ng thc tng t, ta a c bi
ton v chng minh
(5a2 12a + 9) + (5b2 12b + 9) + (5c2 12c + 9) > 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ),

86

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

hay tng ng
3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) > 9,
Bt ng thc ny ng do theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) > (a + b + c)2 = 9.
Bi ton 6. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 3.
Chng minh rng
18a 35
18b 35
18c 35
+ 2
+ 2
> 17.
4a + 6 b 4b + 6 c 4c + 6

a2

Chng minh. Bt ng thc cho c th c vit li thnh

 
 


18b 35
18c 35
18a 35
+ 7+ 2
+ 7+ 2
> 4,
7+ 2
a 4a + 6
b 4b + 6
c 4c + 6
7a2 10a + 7 7b2 10b + 7 7c2 10c + 7
+ 2
+ 2
> 4.
a2 4a + 6
b 4b + 6
c 4c + 6
Do 7a2 10a + 7 = (a + 1)2 + 6(a 1)2 nn ta c
"
#
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
(a + 1)2
+
+
+
a2 4a + 6 b2 4b + 6 c2 4c + 6
"
#
(a 1)2
(b 1)2
(c 1)2
+6 2
+
+
> 4.
a 4a + 6 b2 4b + 6 c2 4c + 6
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(a + 1)2
(b + 1)2
(c + 1)2
+
+
>
a2 4a + 6 b2 4b + 6 c2 4c + 6

2
(a + 1) + (b + 1) + (c + 1)
> 2
(a 4a + 6) + (b2 4b + 6) + (c2 4c + 6)
12(a + b + c)2
4(a + b + c)2
=
= 2
a + b2 + c 2 + 6
3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2(a + b + c)2
v
(a 1)2
(1 b)2
(1 c)2
+
+
>
a2 4a + 6 b2 4b + 6 c2 4c + 6

2
(a 1) + (1 b) + (1 c)
> 2
(a 4a + 6) + (b2 4b + 6) + (c2 4c + 6)
4(2a b c)2
4(2a b c)2
.
=
= 
9(a2 + b2 + c2 + 6)
3 3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2(a + b + c)2

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 87

Bi ton c quy v chng minh
3(a + b + c)2 + 2(2a b c)2 > 3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2(a + b + c)2 ,
hay tng ng vi
6(a b)(a c) > 0.

(1)

nh gi tng t, ta cng c cc bt ng thc

6(b c)(b a) > 0,

(2)

6(c a)(c b) > 0.

(3)

n y, ta li thy
(ab)(ac)+(bc)(ba)+(ca)(cb) = a2 +b2 +c2 abbcca > 0,
nn trong (1), (2), (3) phi c mt bt ng thc ng.
T d dng suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v
ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Quan st li gii ca cc bi ton trn, ta thy c mt im chung l
on cui ca php chng minh, ta lun c cc bt ng thc dng
(a b)(b c) > 0

(i)

(a b)(a c) > 0.

(ii)

hoc
V chc hn bn c cng thc mc l ti sao chng ti li phi nh
gi thng qua tch hoc tng (c th l
Y

(a b)(b c) = (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 > 0,
(iii)
X
(a b)(a c) = a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca > 0)?
(iv)
Bi l tht ra chng ta hon ton c th nh gi n gin hn, chng
hn nu ta s dng tnh i xng (hoc hon v) ca bi ton m gi
s b nm gia a v c th (i) s ng, v nu ta gi s a = max{a, b, c}
(hoc a = min{a, b, c}) th (ii) s ng.
Cc nh gi thng qua (iii), (iv) khng qu phc tp nhng li khin
cho chng minh ca ta tr nn di v cng knh hn. Vy mc ch ca
vic s dng (iii), (iv) y l g?
Tht ra, iu m chng ti mun nhn mnh y chnh l ch: khi m
s sp th t cc bin khng cn tc dng na th yu t t nht vn c th
s dng c kh hiu qu khi phi hp vi bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz.

88

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

Ta cng xt v d sau.
Bi ton 7. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 1.
Chng minh rng
a2
b2
c2
+
+
6 1.
6a2 4a + 1 6b2 4b + 1 6c2 4c + 1
Phn tch v tm ti li gii. Cng tng t cc bi ton khc, ta tm
cch chuyn bt ng thc v dng ca bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
a2
6 12 v
dng phn thc. Ta nhn thy 6a2 4a+1
1
a2
(2a 1)2

=
.
2 6a2 4a + 1
2(6a2 4a + 1)
Do ta vit c bt ng thc li thnh
(2a 1)2
(2b 1)2
(2c 1)2
+
+
> 1.
6a2 4a + 1 6b2 4b + 1 6c2 4c + 1
Tuy nhin, nu lc ny p dng Cauchy-Schwarz kiu nh thng dng
(2b 1)2
(2c 1)2
(2a 1)2
+
+
>
6a2 4a + 1 6b2 4b + 1 6c2 4c + 1

2
(2a 1) + (2b 1) + (2c 1)
>
,
(6a2 4a + 1) + (6b2 4b + 1) + (6c2 4c + 1)
th bt ng thc thu c sau s khng ng. L do tht n gin.
Cc bn hy quan st bt ng thc cho bi, ngoi trng hp
ng thc thng thng l a = b = c = 31 ra, th n cn xy ra du bng
khi a = b = 21 , c = 0 (v cc hon v).
Trong khi , nh gi trn c du bng khi
2a 1
2b 1
2c 1
= 2
= 2
,
4a + 1
6b 4b + 1
6c 4c + 1


v hn nhin b s 21 , 12 , 0 khng tha mn h phng trnh ny. Nh
vy, ta cn thay i cch s dng Cauchy-Schwarz sao cho hiu qu hn.
By gi, ta gi nh ngoi trng hp ng thc a = b = c = 13 th bt
ng thc s ch xy ra du bng ti mt b na l a = b = 12 , c = 0
(tc ta khng xt n cc hon v ca b ny). Khi , c th d dng
6a2

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 89

nhn thy c cch s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz sau y s
m bo c iu kin ng thc

2
(2a 1) + (2b 1)
(2a 1)2
(2b 1)2
+
>
6a2 4a + 1 6b2 4b + 1
(6a2 4a + 1) + (6b2 4b + 1)
4c2
.
=
(6a2 4a + 1) + (6b2 4b + 1)
V t nh gi ny, ta s phi chng minh
4c2
(2c 1)2
+
> 1.
(6a2 4a + 1) + (6b2 4b + 1) 6c2 4c + 1
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
(2c 1)2
2c2
4c2
>
1

=
,
(6a2 4a + 1) + (6b2 4b + 1)
6c2 4c + 1
6c2 4c + 1
v do 2c2 > 0 nn ta ch cn chng minh
2(6c2 4c + 1) > (6a2 4a + 1) + (6b2 4b + 1).

(1)

Nu bt ng thc (1) ng th bi ton s c chng minh xong. Tuy

nhin trn thc t, (1) khng phi lc no cng ng, ngay c khi ta
sp th t cc bin a > b > c (da trn iu kin ng thc a = b = 21 ,
c = 0), th (1) cng cha chc c tha mn (bn c c th th kim
tra). C v nh ta ang ng cng?
Tht ra khng phi vy u cc bn . T tng yu t t nht vn c
th s dng kh hiu qu cho bi ny. Tht vy, bng nh gi tng t
nh trn, ta cng ln lt c cc bt ng thc
2(6a2 4a + 1) > (6b2 4b + 1) + (6c2 4c + 1),

(2)

2(6b2 4b + 1) > (6c2 4c + 1) + (6a2 4a + 1).

(3)

V nu (1) hoc (2) hoc (3) c tha mn th cng ng ngha vi vic

bi ton c chng minh xong. By gi ta li thy
X

2(6a2 4a + 1) (6b2 4b + 1) (6c2 4c + 1) = 0.
Do trong (1), (2), (3) phi c mt bt ng thc ng. iu ny cho
php ta kt thc php chng minh y.

90

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

y l mt v d rt in hnh minh ha cho tnh ni bt ca yu t

t nht so vi vic sp th t cc bin. Sau y l mt bi ton khc
vi cch gii tng t.
Bi ton 8. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a + b + c = 1.
Chng minh rng
b2
c2
1
a2
+ 2
+ 2
> .
2
3a 2a + 3 3b 2b + 3 3c 2c + 3
8
Chng minh. rng
X

2(3a2 2a + 3) (3b2 2b + 3) (3c2 2c + 3) = 0,
do trong cc s
2(3a2 2a + 3) (3b2 2b + 3) (3c2 2c + 3),
2(3b2 2b + 3) (3c2 2c + 3) (3a2 2a + 3),
2(3c2 2c + 3) (3a2 2a + 3) (3b2 2b + 3),
phi c mt s khng m. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
2(3a2 2a + 3) > (3b2 2b + 3) + (3c2 2c + 3).
Khi , s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
b2
c2
(b + c)2
+
>
3b2 2b + 3 3c2 2c + 3
(3b2 2b + 3) + (3c2 2c + 3)
(b + c)2
(1 a)2
>
=
.
2(3a2 2a + 3)
2(3a2 2a + 3)
Ta cn chng minh
a2
(1 a)2
1
+
> .
2
2
3a 2a + 3 2(3a 2a + 3)
8
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
8a2 + 4(1 a)2 > 3a2 2a + 3,
ng v 8a2 + 4(1 a)2 (3a2 2a + 3) = (3a 1)2 > 0.
Bi ton c chng minh xong. Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = 13 .

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 91

Nhn xt. Mt im cn lu l c th s dng thnh cng c
yu t t nht (theo cch ging nh hai bi trn) cc bi ton c cng
dng nh hai bi ton trn th cc mu s cc phn thc phi tha
mn mt s iu kin nht nh:
Xt hiu A = 2(6a2 4a + 1) (6b2 4b + 1) (6c2 4c + 1) bi 7.
Khi b = c th ta c a + 2b = 1, v lc ny


A = 2(6a2 4a + 1) 2(6b2 4b + 1) = 4(a b) 3(a + b) 2


= 4(a b) 3(a + b) 2(a + 2b) = 4(a b)2 .
Tng t, xt hiu
B = 2(3a2 2a + 3) (3b2 2b + 3) (3c2 2c + 3)
bi 8. Khi b = c th ta c a + 2b = 1 v


B = 2(3a2 2a + 3) 2(3b2 2b + 3) = 2(a b) 3(a + b) 2


= 2(a b) 3(a + b) 2(a + 2b) = 2(a b)2 .
Nh vy, iu kin y l nu c hai bin bng nhau th A, B phi phn
tch ra c cc bnh phng.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t khng phi bi ton no cng cng c nhng
tnh cht c bit nh th. Do , ta cn c cch lm khc hiu qu hn.
Phn di y chng ti s gii thiu mt k thut khc cng kh hiu
qu gii cc bi ton dng ny.
Nh ta bit, phn ln nhng bt ng thc c t bin th s d chng
minh hn cc bt ng thc c nhiu bin. Chnh v vy, mt trong nhng
tng thng c s dng trong chng minh bt ng thc, l a
cc bt ng thc vi nhiu bin s tr v dng c t bin s hn.
C nhiu cng c h tr ta thc hin iu ny nh phng php dn
bin, EV, . . . Di y chng ta s cng xem xt ng dng ca yu t
t nht v bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz trong vic lm gim s bin
ca bt ng thc. C th hn, ta s a mt bt ng thc t ba bin
v dng mt bin chng minh.
tng ca k thut nh sau: Vi bn s thc bt k a, b, c, k, ta c




(ak)(bk) (bk)(ck) (ck)(ak) = (a k)2 (b k)2 (c k)2 > 0.
Do trong ba s (a k)(b k), (b k)(c k), (c k)(a k) phi c
t nht mt s khng m. Ta gi s s l (a k)(b k), th th
a2 + b2 = k 2 + (a + b k)2 2(a k)(b k) 6 k 2 + (a + b k)2 .

92

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

Nh vy, chng minh mt bt ng thc c gi thit a + b + c = s v

ng thc xy ra khi c hai bin bng mt gi tr m no th ta c th
p dng nh gi trn lm gim s bin ca bt ng thc ban u.
C th l ta s chn k = m ( m bo du bng) v nh th ta s c
a2 + b2 6 m2 + (a + b m) = m2 + (s c m)2 ,
c ngha l nu s dng nh gi ny vo bi ton th ta s ch cn phi
chng minh mt bt ng thc ca mt bin l c.
nm r hn, ta cng xt v d sau.
Bi ton 9 (Polish MO, 1996). Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha mn iu
kin a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
a2

b
c
9
a
+ 2
+ 2
6 .
+1 b +1 c +1
10

Phn tch v tm ti li gii. Nhn xt rng ng thc xy ra ti mt

b im duy nht l a = b = c = 31 . Do , bng cch gi a, b l hai s




sao cho a 13 b 13 > 0 v tin hnh nh gi nh trn, ta c


2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
c .
(1)
a +b 6 + a+b
= +
9
3
9
3
Nu mun p dng Cauchy-Schwarz c i lng a2 + b2 xut hin (
c th s dng (1)), ta cn chuyn v hai phn thc a2a+1 , b2b+1 v thm
bt c bnh phng xut hin. Ta bin i nh sau

 

1
a
1
b
1
c
6

,
c2 + 1
2 a2 + 1
2 b2 + 1
10
(a 1)2 (b 1)2
1
2c
+
>
.
+
a2 + 1
b2 + 1
5 c2 + 1
By gi, ta c th s dng Cauchy-Schwarz v nh gi (1) trn:

2
(a 1) + (b 1)
(a 1)2 (b 1)2
(c + 1)2
+
>
=
a2 + 1
b2 + 1
(a2 + 1) + (b2 + 1)
(a2 + b2 ) + 2
(c + 1)2
9(c + 1)2
>
=
.

2
1
23 12c + 9c2
+ 2 c +2
3

Nh vy ta ch cn phi chng minh mt bt ng thc mt bin l

9(c + 1)2
1 + 10c + c2
>
.
23 12c + 9c2
5(1 + c2 )

(2)

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 93

Cng vic ny tht n gin. Bng cch quy ng v phn tch nhn t
chung (lu rng ta lun phn tch c (3c 1)2 lm nhn t chung),
ta vit c (2) di dng
(3c 1)2 (2c2 + 2c + 11) > 0,
v v 2c2 + 2c + 11 > 0 nn bt ng thc trn lun ng. n y th
php chng minh c hon tt.
Bi ton 10 (Japanese MO, 1997). Chng minh rng vi cc s thc
dng a, b, c ty , ta u c
(b + c a)2
(c + a b)2
(a + b c)2
3
+
+
> .
2
2
2
5
a2 + (b + c)
b2 + (c + a)
c2 + (a + b)
Chng minh. Do bt ng thc cho l thun nht vi ba bin a, b, c
nn ta hon ton c th chun ha cho a + b + c = 1. Khi , ta vit
c n li di dng
(1 2b)2
(1 2c)2
3
(1 2a)2
+
+
> .
2
2
2
2a 2a + 1 2b 2b + 1 2c 2c + 1
5




Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a 13 b 31 > 0. Ta c


2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
c .
a +b 6 + a+b
= +
9
3
9
3
T y s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

2
(1 2a) + (1 2b)
(1 2a)2
(1 2b)2
+
>
2a2 2a + 1 2b2 2b + 1
(2a2 2a + 1) + (2b2 2b + 1)
2c2
2c2
>
= 2

2
1
a + b2 + c
+ 2 c +c
9

18c2
= 2
.
9c 3c + 5
Ta cn chng minh
(1 2c)2
18c2
3
+
> .
2
2
2c 2c + 1 9c 3c + 5
5
Sau khi khai trin v rt gn, ta c bt ng thc hin nhin ng
(3c 1)2 (17c2 8c + 5) > 0,
ng thc xy xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.

94

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

Nhn xt. Ngoi cch gii trn, bi ny cn c th gii bng cch khc
(cng da trn yu t t nht) nh sau: rng
(b + c a)2
1 7(2a b c)2 + (5b + 5c 2a)2


= +
.
3
a2 + (b + c)2
24 a2 + (b + c)2
Do bt ng thc cho c th vit li thnh
"
#
(2a b c)2 (2b c a)2 (2c a b)2
7
+
+
+
a2 + (b + c)2
b2 + (c + a)2
c2 + (a + b)2
#
"
192
(5b + 5c 2a)2 (5c + 5a 2b)2 (5a + 5b 2c)2
>
+
.
2 +
2 +
2
2
2
2
5
a + (b + c)
b + (c + a)
c + (a + b)
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(2a b c)2 (2b c a)2 (2c a b)2
+
+
>
a2 + (b + c)2
b2 + (c + a)2
c2 + (a + b)2

2
(2a b c) + (a + c 2b) + (a + b 2c)
 
 

>
a2 + (b + c)2 + b2 + (c + a)2 + c2 + (a + b)2
v
(5b + 5c 2a)2 (5c + 5a 2b)2 (5a + 5b 2c)2
+
+
>
a2 + (b + c)2
b2 + (c + a)2
c2 + (a + b)2

2
(5b + 5c 2a) + (5c + 5a 2b) + (5a + 5b 2c)
 
 
 .
> 
a2 + (b + c)2 + b2 + (c + a)2 + c2 + (a + b)2
T hai nh gi ny, ta a c bi ton v chng minh


35(2a b c)2 + 80(a + b + c)2 > 48 3(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2(ab + bc + ca) ,
hay
76a2 29b2 29c2 76ab 76ac + 134bc > 0.

(1)

Thc hin nh gi tng t, ta cng ln lt c

76b2 29c2 29a2 76bc 76ba + 134ca > 0,

(2)

76c2 29a2 29b2 76ca 76cb + 134ab > 0.

(3)

By gi, ta c ch rng
X
X
X 
(76a2 29b2 29c2 76ab 76ac + 134bc) = 18
a2
ab

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 95

l mt s khng m. Do , trong (1), (2), (3) phi c t nht mt bt
ng thc ng. T d dng suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Chng ta s kt li bi vit ny bng mt ng dng th v khc ca k
th s dng yu t t nht.
Bi ton 11. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc tha mn a + b + c + d = 0.
Chng minh rng
2

7(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 ) > 12(a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 ).

(1)

Phn tch v tm ti li gii. bi ny, nu thay d = (a + b + c) th

ta s c mt bt ng thc ba bin theo a, b, c, v khi cc biu thc
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 v d4 s c biu din theo hai i lng a2 + b2 + c2
v ab + bc + ca. Do vy, c th thy mt tng t nhin gii bi
ton ny chnh l tm cch nh gi chn trn ca a4 + b4 + c4 theo
a2 + b2 + c2 v ab + bc + ca. Ta c rng
2

a4 + b4 + c4 = (a2 + b2 + c2 ) 2(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ).
Do , rt t nhin ta ngh n vic s dng nh gi quen thuc
(ab + bc + ca)2
,
a b +b c +c a >
3
2 2

2 2

2 2

v n s gip ta tm c mt chn trn cho a4 + b4 + c4 theo a2 + b2 + c2

v ab + bc + ca. C th l
2
2
a4 + b4 + c4 6 (a2 + b2 + c2 ) (ab + bc + ca)2 .
3
Nh vy ta s cn phi chng minh


2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
4
7(a + b + c + d ) > 12 (a + b + c ) (ab + bc + ca) + d .
3
Thay d2 = (a + b + c)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 2(ab + bc + ca) vo, ta vit c
bt ng thc trn li thnh


2 2
2
2
2
7(2x + 2y) > 12 x y + (x + 2y) ,
3
trong x = a2 + b2 + c2 v y = ab + bc + ca.
V sau khi khai trin v rt gn, ta c
4(x y)(x + 3y) > 0.

96

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

Do x y = (a2 + b2 + c2 ) (ab + bc + ca) > 0 nn ta ch cn chng minh

a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca) > 0.

(2)

Trn thc t, (2) khng phi lun ng (bn c c th d dng kim tra
c bt ng thc ny sai vi a = 3, b = c = 1). Tuy nhin, vi vic
s dng yu t t nht ta li c th buc n phi ng. Tht vy, v
X

a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca) = 3(a + b + c + d)2 = 0,
nn trong bn s
a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca),
b2 + c2 + d2 + 3(bc + cd + db),
c2 + d2 + a2 + 3(cd + da + ac),
d2 + a2 + b2 + 3(da + ab + bd),
phi c t nht mt s khng m. V do tnh i xng nn ta hon ton
c th gi s c
a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca) > 0,
tc (2) ng v bi ton c chng minh hon ton. Ch rng ng
thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d3 , hoc cc hon v.
Nhn xt. T li gii ca bt ng thc (1), ta tm c mt chng
minh th v cho bi bt ng thc trong chn i tuyn Vit Nam d
thi Olympic Ton Quc t nm 1996:
Nu a, b, c l cc s thc ty , th
4
(b + c)4 + (c + a)4 + (a + b)4 > (a4 + b4 + c4 ).
7

(3)

Tht vy, trong (1) thay d = (a + b + c), ta c

 2
2 12  4

a + b2 + c2 + (a + b + c)2 >
a + b4 + c4 + (a + b + c)4 .
7
12 4
(4)
> (a + b4 + c4 ).
7
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz th
 2
2 
2
a + b2 + c2 + (a + b + c)2 = (b + c)2 + (c + a)2 + (a + b)2


6 3 (b + c)4 + (c + a)4 + (a + b)4 . (5)
Kt hp (4) v (5) li, ta c ngay (3).

Mt k thut nh s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz 97

Cui cng, chng ti xin c xut thm mt s bi ton khc m
ta vn c th p dng k thut yu t t nht gii. y, chng ti
s khng nu li gii chi tit cho cc bi ton ny. Bn c hy th sc
vi chng cm nhn c r rng nhng nt th v ca k thut m
chng ta va nghin cu y.
Bi tp 1. Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha mn iu kin a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
Chng minh rng
1 2bc
1 2ca
1 2ab
1
+
+
> .
2
2
2
5 5a 4bc 5 5b 4ca 5 5c 4ab
2
Bi tp 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3.
Chng minh rng vi mi k > 1, ta c
a2

1
1
1
3
+ 2
+ 2
6
.
2
2
2
+b +k b +c +k c +a +k
2+k

Bi tp 3. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn

a2

1
1
2
1
+ 2
+ 2
> .
2
2
2
+b +4 b +c +4 c +a +4
3

Chng minh rng

a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca 6 6.
Bi tp 4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn
a2

1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
> 1.
2
2
+ b + 1 b + c + 1 c + a2 + 1

Chng minh rng

b2 + 3 > 2b(a + c).
Bi tp 5. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng


4(a2 + b2 + c2 )
1 1 1
+ +
>
+ 5.
(a + b + c)
a b c
ab + bc + ca
Bi tp 6. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
a2 b 2 c 2
6(a2 + b2 + c2 )
+ + +a+b+c>
.
b
c
a
a+b+c

98

Cc phng php gii Ton qua cc k thi Olympic

Bi tp 7. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn iu kin a2 + b2 + c2 > 0.

Chng minh rng
a2 2bc
3
b2 2ca
c2 2ab
> .
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + b + 3c
b + c + 3a
c + a + 3ab
5
Bi tp 8 (USAMO, 2003). Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng
a, b, c, ta u c
(2b + c + a)2
(2c + a + b)2
(2a + b + c)2
+
+
6 8.
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + (a + b)2
Bi tp 9 (Chinese Western MO, 2007). Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha mn
a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
5a2

1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
6 .
4a + 11 5b 4b + 11 5c 4c + 11
4

Bi tp 10. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a, b, c, ta u c



1
1
1
a+b+c
1
1
1
+
+
6
+
+
.
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab
ab + bc + ca b + c c + a a + b
Bi tp 11. Chng minh kt qu tng qut ca bi 13: Nu a1 , a2 , . . . , an
l cc s thc c tng bng 0, th
2

(a21 + a22 + + a2n ) >

n(n 1)
(a4 + a42 + + a4n ).
3n + 3 1

n2

Ti liu tham kho

[1] V Quc B Cn, Trn Quc Anh, S dng phng php CauchySchwarz chng minh bt ng thc, Nh xut bn i hc S
phm H Ni, 2010.
[2] V Quc B Cn, Trn Quc Anh, S dng AM-GM chng minh
bt ng thc, Nh xut bn i hc S phm H Ni, 2010.
[3] V Quc B Cn, Trn Quc Anh, Bt ng thc v nhng li gii
hay, Nh xut bn H Ni, 2009.
[4] Vasile Cirtoaje, Vo Quoc Ba Can, Tran Quoc Anh, Inequalities with
Beautiful Solutions, GIL Publishing House, 2009.
[5] V Quc B Cn, Mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc,
K yu Gp g Ton hc III, h 2011.