Mr. Sudipto Basak PDF

Gas Insulated
Substations (GIS)
Pathway for future
Expansion
BY
S U D I P TO BA S A K
S e n io r o p er a tions o ffic e r
H in d u s tan p etro le um c o r p or ation lim ite d
Overview on Conventional substation

SF6 The gas that revolutionized the switchgear technology
Concept and overview of Gas Insulated Substations
Design of Gas Insulated Substations
Advantages over conventional Substations
Major Suppliers in India for GIS
Life Cycle cost analysis of GIS & AIS
Advancement in GIS Technology
Conclusion
Flow of the Presentation
Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak
A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side

1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Lightning arrester
5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current transformer 8.Voltage
Transformer 9.Main transformer 10.Control building 11.Security fence
12.Secondary power lines
Overview on Conventional
Switchgears

Conclusion
SF6
Properties
Sulphur
Hexaflouride
The Edge
Inert
Non Toxic
Colourless
Odourless
Non Flammable
SF6 has 2-3 times the
insulating ability of air at
the same pressure. SF6 is
about 100 times better
than air for interrupting
arcs.
Minimum
Clearance
Levels
reduced
SF6 The gas that revolutionised

5
Switchgear Technology
132 KV
AIS
GIS
220 KV
AIS
(145KV)
GIS
400 KV
AIS
(245KV)
GIS
765 KV
AIS
(420 KV)
GIS
(800KV)
Mini.
Clearance
B/W Ph-Ph
1.22
0.37
2.06
0.46
4.0
0.66
7.6
0.81
Diff. in
clearance
with Next
Voltage
Level
0.84
0.09
1.94
0.20
3.6
0.15
All in meters
Minimum Clearance Level

Comparison AIS Vs GIS

Conclusion
A gas-insulated substation (GIS) is a substation in which the

insulating medium between the phases and between the phase
and earth is SF6
Gas insulated substations originated in various countries
between 1968 and 1972 where there is a major need to develop
technology that would allow substations to be made as
compact as possible. After about 5 years of experience, the use
rate increased to about 20% of new substations in these
countries.
Different dielectric mediums are used in electrical equipment
like Air , oil, Vacuum and SF6. In GIS, all the bus bars,
breakers, isolating switches earth switches, CT, PT are
immersed in SF6.
Concept & Overview -GIS

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto
Basak
Current Transformers
Circuit Breakers
Combined disconnector &

earthing switch
GIS MODULE
Potential Transformers
All Bay Functions in 1 Module

Basak

Conclusion
10
o Circuit Breakers
GIS uses essentially the same dead tank SF6 puffer circuit
breakers used in AIS. Instead of SF6-to-air as connections
into the substation as a whole, the nozzles on the circuit
breaker enclosure are directly connected to the adjacent GIS
module.
o Bus Bar
To connect GIS modules that are not directly connected to
each other, an SF6 bus consisting of an inner conductor and
outer enclosure is used. Support insulators, sliding electrical
contacts, and flanged enclosure joints are usually the same
as for the GIS modules.
Design of Components
Basak
11
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
CTs are inductive ring types installed

either inside the GIS enclosure or
outside the GIS enclosure.
The GIS conductor is the single turn
primary for the CT. CTs inside the
enclosure must be shielded from the
electric field produced by the high
voltage conductor or high transient
voltages can appear on the secondary
through capacitive coupling.
For CTs outside the enclosure, the
enclosure itself must be provided
with an insulating joint, and
enclosure currents shunted around
the CT. Both types of construction
are in wide use.
Current Transformer
Basak
12
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
VTs are inductive types with an iron

core.
The primary winding is supported on
an insulating plastic film immersed in
SF6.
The VT should have an electric field
shield between the primary and
secondary windings to prevent
capacitive coupling of transient
voltages.
The VT is usually a sealed unit with a
gas barrier insulator.
The VT is either easily removable so
the GIS can be high voltage tested
without damaging the VT, or the VT
is provided with a disconnect switch
or removable link
Basak
13
DISCONNECT SWITCHES
Disconnect switches have a moving
contact that opens or closes a gap
between stationary contacts when
activated by an insulating operating rod
that is itself moved by a sealed shaft
coming through the enclosure wall.
The stationary contacts have shields that
provide the appropriate electric field
distribution to avoid too high a surface
stress.
The moving contact velocity is relatively
low (compared to a circuit breaker
moving contact) and the disconnect
switch can interrupt only low levels of
capacitive
current
(for
example,
disconnecting a section of GIS bus) or
small inductive currents (for example,
transformer magnetizing current).
Basak
14
GROUND SWITCHES
Ground switches have a moving contact that opens or closes a gap between
the high voltage conductor and the enclosure.
Sliding contacts with appropriate electric field shields are provided at the
enclosure and the conductor.
A maintenance ground switch is operated either manually or by motor
Ground switches for GIS.
A fast-acting ground switch has a high speed drive, usually a spring, and
contact materials that withstand arcing so it can be closed twice onto an
energized conductor without significant damage to itself or adjacent parts.
Fast-acting ground switches are frequently used at the connection point of the
GIS to the rest of the electric power network, not only in case the connected
line is energized, but also because the fast-acting ground switch is better able
to handle discharge of trapped charge and breaking of capacitive or inductive
coupled currents on the connected line.
Basak
15
AIR CONNECTION
SF6-to-air bushings are made by attaching a
hollow insulating cylinder to a flange on the
end of a GIS enclosure. The insulating
cylinder contains pressurized SF6 on the
inside and is suitable for exposure to
atmospheric air on the outside.
The conductor continues up through the
center of the insulating cylinder to a metal
end plate. The outside of the end plate has
provisions for bolting to an air insulated
conductor.
The insulating cylinder has a smooth interior.
Sheds on the outside improve the
performance in air under wet and/or
contaminated conditions. Electric field
distribution is controlled by internal metal
shields. Higher voltage SF6-to-air bushings
also use external shields. The SF6 gas inside
the bushing is usually the same pressure as
the rest of the GIS.
Basak
16
DIRECT TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

To connect a GIS directly to a
transformer, a special SF6-to-oil bushing
that mounts on the transformer is used.
The bushing is connected under oil on one
end to the transformers high voltage
leads.
The other end is SF6 and has a removable
link or sliding contact for connection to
the GIS conductor.
The bushing may be an oil-paper
condenser type or more commonly today,
a solid insulation type. Because leakage
of SF6 into the transformer oil must be
prevented, most SF6-to-oil bushings have
a centre. section that allows any SF6
leakage to go to the atmosphere rather
than into the transformer
Basak
17
LCC & GAS MONITORING SYSTEM
LCC local control cabinet

The control and power wires of all operating mechanisms, auxillary switches,
alarms, heaters, CTs and VTs are brought from the GIS equipment modules to
the LCC using shielded multiconductor control cables.
LCC has a mimic diagram of the part of the GIS being controlled. Associated
with the mimic diagram are control switches and position indicators for the
circuit breaker and switches.
Annunciations and Electrical interlockings are also incorporated in the LCC
Gas Monitoring System

The pressure of the SF6 gas varies with temperature, so a mechanical
temperature-compensated pressure switch is used to monitor the equivalent of
gas density.
GIS is filled with SF6 to a density far enough above the minimum density for
full dielectric and interrupting capability so that from 10 to 20% of the SF6 can
be lost before the performance of the GIS detieorates. The density alarm provide
a warning of gas being lost, and can be used to operate the circuit breakers and
switches to put a GIS that is losing gas into a condition selected by the user
Microprocessor based measurement systems are available that provide pressure,
transmitter, density and even percentage of proper SF6 content.
Basak
18

Conclusion
19
LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT
Advantages over AIS

Basak
20
LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT

Rated Voltage
145 KV
170 KV
245 KV
Bay Width, m
1.5
2.0
2.0
Bay Depth, m
3.3
3.35
3.4
Bay Height, m
3.2
3.4
3.4
Floor Area, Sq. m
4.95
6.7
6.8
Volume, m3
15.84
22.78
23.12
Weight, Kg
3800
5000
5700
Floor Landing, Kg/Sq. m
765
750
840
Usage of SF6 Gas brings down the minimum clearance level and makes GIS
more compact
The weight and size of the GIS equipment do not change appreciably with the
voltage class as bulk of the current carrying components and enclosures have
identical dimensions for similar thermal and short time current
The additional insulation required for the next voltage class is achieved by
increased gas density
Owing to these flexibilities, a few manufacturers offer the same equipment for
two voltage classes.
Even when the GIS equipment is designed for an individual voltage class, the
dimensions and weights of the equipment differ marginally.
Advantages over AIS

Basak
21
LOW MAINTENANCE
Experience has shown that the internal parts of GIS are so

well protected inside the metal enclosure that they do not
age and as a result of proper material selection and
lubricants, there is negligible wear of the switch contacts.
GIS will not need to be opened for maintenance.
The external operating mechanisms and gas monitor
systems should be visually inspected, with the frequency
of inspection determined by experience.
Advantages over AIS

Basak
22
LOW TRANSPORT & INSTALLATION COST
A large number of versions are small enough to be

transported in containers or on trucks with phases open
spread open for quick installation, thus saving on transport
cost and installation times.
Advantages over AIS

Basak
24
Operation at Low temperatures

GIS performs perfectly in harsh climates, even under snow and
ice loads, or at temperatures down to -60C with pure SF6.
This is due to the well covered movable parts that are
mechanically protected against the influence of heavy snow
and ice-loads. Additionally these can be provided with a
thermostat driven heating mechanism.
Operation in Hazardous areas

GIS performs perfectly in environments filled with corrosive
and harmful chemicals as the movable parts are enclosed under
sealed containers. It is ideal for use in the presence of highly
inflammable gases because of the perfect sealing of sparks and
arcs. This makes it ideal of petrochemical installations
Advantages over AIS

Basak
25

Conclusion
26
SrNo. Name of the

company
1
GE
2
SIEMENS
3
HYOSUNG
4
ABB
5
ALSTOM
6
CG
7
SEL ELECTRIC
Product Range
72.5 800 KV
72.5 800 KV
25.8 800 KV
72.5 1200 KV
72.5 800 KV
72.5 145 KV
7.2 40.5 KV
Major Suppliers
Basak
Product
Name
XD
8D RANGE
HICO
ENK-ELK
F35-T155
GT01
TPR6
27

Conclusion
28
Life Cycle
cost of HV
Substation
Cost of
Acquisition
Cost of
Operation
Renewal Cost
Life Cycle cost analysis of

GIS & AIS
29
Composition of Cost 145 KV H-Arrangement

100%
Renewal
Cost
90%
80%
Renewal Cost
70%
Cost of
Operation
60%
Cost of Operation
50%
40%
30%
Cost of
Acquisition
Cost of
Acquisition
20%
10%
0%
AIS
GIS
System Cost
Ground Acquisition Costs
Unscheduled Maint Cost
Replacement of Equipment
Scheduled Maint Cost
Composition of Cost
30
LIFE CYCLE COST
AIS
GIS
Planning and Engineering
100%
80%
Real Estate
100%
40%
Primary Equipment
100%
120%
Secondary Equipment
100%
100%
Earthwork, civil work, Structures
100%
60%
Electrical Assembly and Erection
100%
70%
Maintenance
100%
50%
Outage
100%
50%
Life Cycle costs after 10 Years
100%
71%
Life Cycle cost analysis of

GIS & AIS
31

Conclusion
32
FOR FURTHER SPACE REDUCTION
Gas Insulated Transformers
SMART GIS Integrated Electronic CTs and PTs
Combined earthing switch and disconnector
Further Advancement in
GIS Technology
Basak
33

Conclusion
34
Even though the equipment cost of GIS is higher than that of AIS
due to the grounded metal enclosure, the low space requirement, the
high degree of factory assembly, the lower erection, commissioning
and maintenance cost makes it more cost effective in the long run.
Also with increase in system voltage AIS take very large areas
because of the long insulating distances in atmospheric air. Cost
comparisons of GIS projected that, on a total installed cost basis,
GIS costs would equal AIS costs at 345 kV. For higher voltages,
GIS was expected to cost less than AIS.
Due to its superior operational advantages like error free control by
LCC, insulation from corrosive and inflammable environment and
higher seismic qualification due to lower centre of gravity and high
compactness it becomes a better product over AIS in sensitive and
hazardous location like those of petrochemical and oil & gas
industries.
Conclusion
Basak
35
IEEE Guide for Gas-Insulated Substations, IEEE Std. C37.122.1-1993.

IEEE Standard for Gas-Insulated Substations, IEEE Std. C37.122-1993.
IEC 517: 1990, Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and
above (3rd ed.).
IEEE Guide for Moisture Measurement and Control in SF6 Gas-Insulated Equipment, IEEE
Std. 1125-1993
IEC 1634: 1995, IEC technical report: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear use and
handling of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in high-voltage switchgear and controlgear.
User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5
kV and above, CIGRE Report 125, Paris, April 1998.
Operating experience of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and its influence on the future
substation design, Paper 23-04 of CIGRE General Meeting, Paris, 1982.
Paper on Modern Subterranean Substations in GIS Technology by Bert Strassburger
(Siemens)
Paper on Gas Insulated Substations by R.Rajmohan (East Coast Energy Ltd)
Article on Substations that embellish not blemish the streetscape from November 2009
issue of Living Energy Journal
High Voltage GIS by M/s ABB
Substation life cycle cost management supported by Stochastic optimization algorithm, by
Martin Hinow - ETH-Zurich (Switzerland), Mark Waldron National Grid (UK), Dr. Lorenz
Muller-ABB(Switzerland), Heinz Aeschbach, Karsten Pohlink, Areva T&D AG
(Switzerland)
Bibliography
Basak
36
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS PLEASE..
37
Basak

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Gas Insulated

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

SF6 The gas that revolutionised

Minimum Clearance Level

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

A gas-insulated substation (GIS) is a substation in which the

Concept & Overview -GIS

Combined disconnector &

All Bay Functions in 1 Module

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

CTs are inductive ring types installed

VTs are inductive types with an iron

DIRECT TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

LCC & GAS MONITORING SYSTEM

LCC local control cabinet

Gas Monitoring System

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT

Advantages over AIS

LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT

Floor Area, Sq. m

Floor Landing, Kg/Sq. m

Advantages over AIS

Experience has shown that the internal parts of GIS are so

Advantages over AIS

LOW TRANSPORT & INSTALLATION COST

A large number of versions are small enough to be

Advantages over AIS

Operation at Low temperatures

Operation in Hazardous areas

Advantages over AIS

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

SrNo. Name of the

Overview on Conventional substation

Flow of the Presentation

Gas insulated Switchgears - Pathway for future expansions, By Sudipto Basak

Life Cycle cost analysis of

Composition of Cost 145 KV H-Arrangement

Ground Acquisition Costs

Unscheduled Maint Cost

Scheduled Maint Cost

LIFE CYCLE COST

Planning and Engineering

Earthwork, civil work, Structures

Electrical Assembly and Erection

Life Cycle costs after 10 Years

Life Cycle cost analysis of

Overview on Conventional substation