Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

EngineeringDesignandApplications

Prof.LiZhang
DepartmentofMechanical
andAutomationEngineering
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Chapter 3
Defining
the Clients Design Problem

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Howengineeringdesigncanhelpdifferentclients?
3DPrinter(asanexample)
Howengineeringdesigncanhelpdifferentclients(art
designers,architects,andevenmovieproducers)?
Digitalmaterialsandmultimaterial3Dprinting
Constraintsofthedesigntobetackledbynewmaterial
andprocessingmethods,mathematics&software
Whatwillbetheengineeringdesignsolutionsfora3D
printertofabricatethedesign?
Alternativesinengineeringdesignof3Dprinters
Differentusersandmarkets
Theuseofdifferenttechnologiesindigitalfabrication
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Furtherexamples: 3Dprinters
Somevideoselections:
Digitalmaterialsandmultimaterial3Dprinting
Alternativesinengineeringdesignof3Dprinters:
HP3Dprinters
Objet
uPrint

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

3Dprinterformicromaching ofmicrorobots

No.427
(2013.11)
http://www.iso.cuhk.edu.hk/english/publications/newsletter/article.aspx?articleid=57793

http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2014/12/23/a121223.pdf

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Learningobjectives
Understandtheclientsdesignproblem
Learnthebasictoolsusedindesigndefinition
including
Objectivetree
Pairwisecomparison
Constraintssetting

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Identifyingandrepresentingtheclientsobjectivesis
thefirststepindesign
Theclientsproblemstatementisoftenqualitativeand
fuzzy,forexample
Safe
Efficient
Low cost

Itisnecessarytodevelopaclearerunderstandingofwhat
theclientwantsbecauseithelpsustoseethelinesalong
whichadesignmightemerge.
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Methodsforidentifyingandrepresentingthe
clientsobjectives
Askingquestions
Brainstorming

Formationoftheobjective
Attributelist
Objectivelist
Objectivetree

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theattributelist

Laddershouldbeuseful
Usedtomaintainandrepairoutletsinhighplaces
Usedtoreplacelightbulbsandfixtures
Usedoutdoorsonlevelground
Usedsuspendedfromsomethinginsomecases
Usedindoorsorothersmoothsurfaces
Couldbeastepladderorshortextensionladder
Afoldingladdermightwork

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theattributelist(continue)
Aropeladderwouldwork,butnoallthetime
Shouldbereasonablystiffandcomfortableforusers
Stepdeflectionshouldbelessthan0.05in
Shouldallowapersonofmediumheighttoreachandwork
atlevelsupto11ft
Mustsupportweightofanaverageworker
Mustbesafe
MustmeetOSHArequirements
(OSHA:OccupationalSafety&HealthAct)

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theattributelist(continue)

Mustnotconductelectricity
Couldbemadeofwoodorfiberglass,butnotaluminum
Shouldberelativelyinexpensive
Mustbeportablebetweenjobs
Shouldbelight
Needntbeattractiveorstylish

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theprunedobjectivelist

Laddershouldbeuseful
Usedtomaintainandrepairoutletsinhighplaces
Usedtoreplacelightbulbsandfixtures
Usedtooutdooronlevelground
Usedsuspendedfromsomethinginsomecases
Usedindoorsonfloororothersmoothsurfaces
Shouldbereasonablystiffandcomfortableforusers
Shouldallowapersonofmediumheighttoreachand
workatlevelsupto11ft
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theprunedobjectivelist(continue)

Mustbesafe
Shouldberelativelyinexpensive
Mustbeportablebetweenjobsites
Shouldbelight
Shouldbedurable

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theindentedobjectivelist
0.Asafeladderforelectricians
1.Theladdershouldbesafe
1.1.Theladdershouldbestable
1.1.1.Stableonfloorsandsmoothsurfaces
1.1.2.Stableonrelativelylevelground

1.2.Theladdershouldbereasonablystiff
2.Theladdershouldbemarketable

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theindentedobjectivelist(continue)
2.Theladdershouldbemarketable
2.1Theladdershouldbeuseful
2.2.1.Theladdershouldbeusefulindoors
2.2.2.1.Usefultodoelectricalwork
2.2.2.2.Usefultodomaintenance

2.2.2.Theladdershouldusefuloutdoors
2.2.3.Theladdershouldbeoftherightheight

2.2.Theladdershouldberelativelyinexpensive

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Theladderdesignexample
Theindentedobjectivelist(continue)
2.3.Theladdershouldbeportable
2.3.1.Theladdershouldbelightinweight
2.3.2.Theladdershouldbesmallwhenready
totransport

2.4.Theladdershouldbedurable

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

ProblemDefinitionExample:DesignaSafeLadder

Laddershouldbeuseful

Usedtomaintainandrepairoutletsinhighplaces

Usedtoreplacelightbulbsandfixtures

Couldbeastepladderorshortextensionladder

Couldbemadeofwoodorfiberglass,butnotaluminum

Stepdeflectionsshouldbelessthan0.5inch

Mustsupportweightofanaverageworker

Mustbesafe

Mustnotconductelectricity

Constraint

Shouldberelativelyinexpensive

Objective

Mustbeportablebetweenjobsites

Shouldbelight

Objective

Mustbedurable

Constraint

Neednotbeattractiveorstylish

Means
Function

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Example:DesignaSafeLadder
Buildanobjectivetreeearly,
andmodifyitoftenwhile
definingtheproblem

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Example:DesignaBeverageContainer

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theobjecttreefor
thedesignofanew
beveragecontainer.
Heretheworkon
problemdefinition
hasleadtoa
hierarchical
structuringofthe
needidentifiedby
thebeverage
companyandbythe
potentialconsumers
(ortheirparents)of
thenewchildrens
juicedrink.
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Objectivetreeis
notunique
Acombinedtree
(objectivesin
rectanglesand
constrainsinovals)
forthedesignofa
newbeverage
container.Herethe
goalsforthenew
productareshown
togetherwiththe
constrainsthat
applytotheobject
beingdesigned.
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Theclientsobjectives
Buildingobjectivestrees
Theobjectivetree
How(details) deeperintothetree
Why(motivation) higherintothetree

Howdeep?
When?
Asearlyaspossible
Modifywhennecessary

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Thedesignmetrics
Afterdefiningthedesignobjectives,weneedtofind
howtoachievethem
Howtomeasurethesuccessofadesign?
Thebasicsofmeasure
Thezero(binarychoices)
Theunit

Sixdifferentkindsofscales

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Thedesignmetrics
Howtomeasurethesuccessofadesign(continue)?
Sixdifferentkindsofscales
Nominalscale(e.g.,color,smell,)
Partiallyorderedscale(e.g.,hierarchic,)
Orderedscale(e.g.,first,second,)
Ratioscale(e.g.,length,seconds,dollars,),whichhasnature
references
Intervalscales(e.g.,degrees,)
Multidimensionalscales(e.g.,kmperliter,)

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Settingpriorities
Designobjectivesmayhavedifferentlevelsof
importanceandhence,weneedtosetuppriorities
SettingprioritiesusingPairwiseComparisonChart
(PCC):
Formingthecomparisontable
Setting1 moreimportant,0 lessimportant
Higherscoreimpliesmoreimportant

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Settingpriorities
Theladderdesignexample
Goals

Cost

Portability

Convenience

Durability

Score

Portability

Convenience

Durability

Cost

Inverse symmetric
Portability and convenience are preferred over cost.
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

PairwiseComparisonChart(PCC)
Settingpriorities Pairwisecomparisonchart isawaytoarrangethevaluesthat
clientsanddesignersattachtodesignobjectives.

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Settingpriorities
Aggregaterankordering
Whenseveraldesignersinvolved,wecanuseaggregate
rankordering
Anexample:12designersevaluate3designs
1preferred:A>B>C;4preferredA>C>B;4preferredB>C>A;and3preferredC
>B>A

Win / lose

Sum / Win

1+4+0+0

1+4+0+0

10

0+0+4+3

1+0+4+0

12

0+0+4+3

0+4+0+3

14

Sum / Lose

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12

10

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Demonstratingsuccess

Measuringtheachievement
ofobjectives:firstand
foremost,ametric should
actuallymeasurethe
objectivethatthedesignis
supposedtomeet
Establishinggoodmetricsfor
objectives
Determinewhattomeasure
Determinetheappropriate
units
Assignpoints

German VDI2255 standard

Perceived value

Points awarded

Unsatisfactory

Just tolerable

Adequate

Good

Very good (ideal)

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Demonstratingsuccess
Measuringtheachievementofobjectives
Establishinggoodmetricsforobjectives(continue)
Goodmetricsmeasuretherightthing,haveclear
units,andarecosteffective.
Ifagoodmetricisnotaffordable,considermaking
thecorrespondingobjectiveintoaconstraint.
Ametricshouldberepeatable
Theoutcomesofmetricsshallbeunderstandable
Ametricassessmentshallsubjecttounambiguous
interpretation

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Demonstratingsuccess
Anexample:beveragecontainer
Objective:beveragecontainershouldbe
environmentallybenign
Units:ratingassessmentofmostenvironmentally
desirablealternativefrom0(worst)to100(best)
Metric:assignpointsaccordingtofollowingscale
Completelyreusable:
100points
Materialisrecyclable:
90points
Materialiseasilydisposable:
50points
Materialisdisposablewithdifficulty:25points
Materialisahazardouswaste: 0points

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Settinglimits
Therearelimitstoeverything
Useconstraintsasachecklist
Useconstraintsasapenaltyfunction

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Designanarmsupportforstudentswith
cerebralpalsy(CP)toassistwriting/drawing
Objectives
Constraints

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Objectivetree

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Design
metrics

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Design
metrics

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Remarks
Thischaptergivesthedesignaclearobjectiveand
constraints.Inthenextchapter,wewillworkon
functionsandrequirements.
-- Discussion
Develop an objective tree for a portable Drone.
Some team members will have to play the roles of
client and users for this design project.

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Questions?
Chapter 4: Functions and Requirements
(Learning objectives)

- Learnhowtotranslatethedesignobjectivesintoquantitative,
engineeringterms(requirements)
Learnhowtogenerateconceptualdesigns

Please form your group soon for the project!

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