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h i g h l i g h t s
The rst and the largest BIPV of Turkey were installed.
Single and triple junction amorphous module performances in BIPV applications are analyzed.
Total generated electricity of the BIPV system is measured as 103,702 kW h for 36 months of operation.
Annual energy rating is calculated as 856 kW h/kWp for a non-optimally oriented plant.
The PR of the system is found 0.74 and 0.81 for PV systems on towers and facade respectively.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 13 July 2012
Received in revised form 23 March 2013
Accepted 25 March 2013
Available online 28 April 2013
Keywords:
PV system
BIPV
Amorphous silicon PV module
Outdoor performance
a b s t r a c t
Mugla is located in south west Turkey at 37130 N latitude and 28360 E longitude with yearly sum of horizontal global irradiation exceeding 1700 kW h per square meter. Mugla has a Mediterranean Climate
which is characterized by long, hot and dry summers with cool and wet winters. Mugla Stk Kocman University is the largest PV Park in Turkey consisting of 100 kWp installed Photovoltaic Power Systems
(PVPSs) with different PV applications. The 40 kWp building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system which
is the rst and largest in Turkey was installed on the faade and the two towers of the Staff Block of the
Education Facultys Building of Mugla Stk Kocman University in February 2008. Triple junction amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules are used on the faade and single junction amorphous silicon PV
modules are used on the East and West towers of the building. In this paper, the 40 kWp BIPV system
in Mugla, Turkey is presented, and its performance is evaluated. Energy rating (kW h/kWp energy yield),
efciencies and performance ratios of both applications are also evaluated for 36 months of operation.
Daily, monthly and seasonal variations in performance parameters of the BIPV system in relation to solar
data and meteorological parameters and outdoor performance of two reference modules (representing
the modules on faade and towers) in a summer and a winter day are also investigated.
Crown Copyright 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
BIPV is a photovoltaic (PV) application close to being capable of
delivering electricity at less than the cost of grid electricity to end
users in certain peak demand niche markets [1]. BIPV is growing in
popularity as more and more architects and constructors begin to
understand the possibilities available for their clients [2]. Compared with PV systems, one of the important advantages of BIPV
systems is that PV modules can replace conventional building
materials. The savings in the purchase and installation of conventional materials can lower the net cost of BIPV systems. PV modules provide fully integrated electricity generation while also
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 2522111601; fax: +90 2522111472.
E-mail address: erustu@gmail.com (R. Eke).
0306-2619/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.087
155
Nomenclature
PV
BIPV
PVPS
STC
PVSYST
PR
POA
mpp
Isc
Voc
Pmpp
Impp
Vmpp
A
Pout
photovoltaic
building integrated photovoltaic
photovoltaic power system
standard test conditions
photovoltaic systems simulation software
performance Ratio
Plane of array
maximum power point
short circuit current (A)
open circuit voltage (V)
nominal power, power at mpp (Wp)
current at mpp (A)
voltage at mpp (V)
PV area (m2)
inverter output power (W)
Vin
Iin
Iout
Vout
Po
Yf
Ht
Yr
Fig. 1. Mugla Stk Kocman University BIPV System (single and triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules on 2 towers and faade).
156
On towers (vertically
installed)
Single junction
amorphous Silicon
On faade (60
tilted)
Triple junction
amorphous silicon
SUNone 64
TWIN75
TWIN
140
64
0.96
66.50
1.20
86.00
0.95
0.76
0.25
75
4.40
17.00
5.20
21.00
0.99
0.95
0.21
140
4.25
32.80
5.20
47.10
1.95
1.87
0.21
Pout (W)
Min. Vin (V)
Max. Vin (V)
Max Iin (A)
Max Iout (A)
Vout (V)
Sun3Grid 5000
single phase
Sun3Grid 6000
3 phase
5000
340
600
14.5
20.9
195254
6000
340
600
18.0
26.0
195254
The operating temperature of a single junction amorphous silicon module on towers is measured (Fig. 4a) on west tower and presented in Fig. 4b for two representative days of summer and
winter. It can be easily seen that module operating temperature
reaches only 45 C for both representative days because of the incident angle of sunlight during the day. Measured POA irradiation on
vertical surfaces reaches up to 980 W/m2 in 17th of January where
maximum POA irradiation on vertical surfaces is only measured as
680 W/m2 in 17th of June.
2.1. Performance indicators
The most appropriate performance indicators of grid-connected
PV systems are given in Table 3 [2527]. Yf is the nal PV system
yield and dened as the ratio of Eout or Euse (the PV system output)
to PV array nominal power:
Yf
Eout kW h
Po kWp
157
PR
Derived parameter
Symbol
Useful energy
Nominal power (W)
Final yield (kW h/kWp)
Reference yield ((kW h/m2)/(kW/m2))
Performance ratio
Array efciency
Overall system efciency
PV module efciency at STC
Module temperature
Euse or Eout
Po
Yf
Yr
PR
Yf
Yr
gA,mean
gave
gPV,STC
Tm
PR is an index that gure out the relationship between the actual and theoretical energy outputs of the PV system. Using the
PR, one can compare the energy output of the PV system with that
of other PV systems with different geographically location or rated
power or monitor the status of the PV power plant over a long period [2831], PR is a measure of the quality of a PV power plant that
is often described as a quality factor [3234].
3. Results
The PV system at the Staffs block of Education Faculty Building
of Mugla Stk Kocman University was installed and began operation in 17th February 2008. The performance of the PV system
has been monitored continuously since July 2008. Single and triple
junction amorphous silicon based PV modules are used in PV systems. There are several phenomena mainly inuence the behavior
of an amorphous silicon PV plant [35].
These are:
optical losses due to the 90 and 60 tilt of the 2 BIPV systems;
degradation and regeneration cycles due to the typical a-Si
StaeblerWronski effect [36];
spectral effects due to the narrow spectral response of a-Si [21];
intrinsic loss of power due to higher operating temperature
(negative temperature coefcients), particularly pronounced
in this case due to the full integration of the PV system.
Fig. 4. (a) Temperature sensor location and (b) temperature prole of a single
junction amorphous silicon PV module on towers.
Yr
Ht kW h=m2
1 kW=m2
gave, which denes the real conversion efciency of the solar energy to useful energy collected from the PV covered area A (m2),
gav e
Eout
%
Ht A
Initial predictions using the PVSYST simulation program indicated that the PV systems would deliver about 40,000 kW h per
year [15]. Despite this, the PV systems are not performing as expected because of some severe shading effects. But the total generated electricity is measured as 103,702 kW h for 36 months of
operation between July 2008 and June 2011. Daily and cumulative
electricity outputs of both PV systems on faade, towers and their
total are depicted in Fig. 5. Cumulative output of the PV systems
on the faade and towers are measured as 79,914 kW h and
23,788 kW h respectively. Monthly total electricity output of each
PV systems in the BIPV application is given in Table 4. Annual energy rating for triple junction amorphous modules based PV system
on the faade is 884 kW h/kWp and single junction amorphous
modules based PV systems on the towers is calculated as
774 kW h/kWp. Triple junction PV modules which are installed on
the faade produces 77% of the total electricity where these modules form 75% of the installed power. Normalized monthly electricity output of the PV systems are also calculated for the monitoring
period and given in Fig. 6. It is known that the triple junction PV
modules always perform better than single junction PV modules
because of its large spectral response. But it is clear that in winter
per installed power performances are closer because of the installation tilt. Only in December 2010 and in January 2011, monthly performances of single junction modules are more than triple junction
158
Fig. 5. Daily and cumulative electricity output of PV systems (on faade, towers and total).
Table 4
Monthly total electricity outputs of PV systems from July 2008 to June 2011.
Faade (kW h)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Towers (kW h)
2008
2009
2010
2011
1569
1636
2646
2598
2369
2077
2447
2693
2826
2249
2169
1513
1725
1704
2197
1901
1865
1923
2411
2721
2892
3088
2224
1927
1602
1448
2396
1860
1946
2163
2354
2823
2890
2693
2661
1532
2008
2009
2010
2011
482
488
786
756
688
571
674
807
906
696
704
470
593
499
335
617
590
610
746
881
932
972
733
619
503
430
693
536
458
601
700
856
926
632
762
479
2008
2009
2010
2011
2051
2123
3432
3354
3056
2648
3122
3500
3733
2945
2874
1983
2318
2203
2532
2518
2456
2533
3157
3602
3824
4061
2957
2546
2106
1878
3089
2396
2403
2764
3054
3680
3816
3325
3422
2011
7.52 pm. Test results show that the single junction PV module generates 8.8% more electricity than the triple junction PV module in a
summer day. Beside this; the triple junction module generates 2.2%
more electricity than single junction module on a clear sky winter
day in Mugla climatic conditions. This would be attributed to the
high ambient temperature in summer (and the encapsulation difference between the modules) where 25 C temperature difference
is measured between the maximum ambient temperatures in summer and winter for the selected days.
Operating temperature reaches its highest value at noon time
and it is measured about 45 C for PV modules on towers (vertically
installed) both in summer and winter but for 15 tilted test modules
the operating temperature in summer is measured about 70 C at
noon. Daily power curves of the PV systems on the building are also
measured and given in Fig. 8 for the same days in summer and winter. In winter months (with low operating temperature and low row
shading effect between oors) powers are measured higher than in
summer months. Because of the facing of the building (30 east
from south) and different daylight saving time there is an obvious
shift between the maximum operating power values of the PV systems in Fig. 8. For faade, the shift between maximum values is
159
Fig. 6. Normalized monthly electricity output of the PV systems (on faade and towers).
Table 5
PV system output and test results of reference single and triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules.
Towers
Test module
Towers
Test module
Facade
Test module
Facade
Test module
09.18
4.93
88.00
6.33
3.41 (AC)
10.15
5.55
5.45
3.59 (DC)
13.24
4.34
88.00
5.32
2.53 (AC)
14.30
9.57
6.12
6.95 (DC)
09.17
4.65
92.00
6.92
3.46 (AC)
10.00
5.64
4.87
3.67 (DC)
13.25
5.45
92.00
4.78
2.80 (AC)
14.15
9.57
4.96
6.34 (DC)
Fig. 7. Normalized daily electricity output of the reference modules for selected
days representing summer and winter.
Fig. 8. Power output of the PV systems (on faade and towers) for selected days
representing summer and winter.
160
Fig. 9. Measured daily horizontal irradiation for 36 months test period in Mugla.
Fig. 10. Average PV system (on faade and towers) efciency variation for 36 months test period.
about 45 min but for towers the shift is less than 30 min. Also the
temperature coefcients lPmpp [%/K] of the used PV modules are
given constant and given at STC as 0.21 and 0.25 for single and
triple junction, respectively (Table 1). In the previous works it is
found out that the power-temperature behavior of amorphous silicon PV modules is nonlinear because of the different cell physics of
161
11.00 am the shading effect starts from the east parts and the power
of the system drops notably. In summer this point shifts towards
noon but again the power drops because of the shading effect. Maximum total power of the systems is measured as 29.32 kW on 24th
of October 2010 at 11.45 am. Besides this, maximum power is measured as 22.27 kW and 8.8 kW for the PV systems on faade and
towers, respectively about 11.00 am and the maximum daily electricity fed to grid is measured as 164 kW h.
The building is facing to an open area, so there is no shading
obstacle except strings shading and a small tree as it can be seen
from Fig. 1. When the sun is high, PV arrays in front of the windows
of each oor represent a source of shading during summer at noon
periods.
Daily horizontal irradiation is measured with a Kipp&Zonnen
CM11 type high precision pyranometer on the top of Mentese Library which is close to the BIPV system. The results are used to
analyze the irradiation distribution in the province for the monitoring period and given in Fig. 9. In contrast with the increasing
irradiation in summer system efciency (Fig. 10) and calculated
PR (Fig. 11) decreases in hot summer months and both increase
in cold winter months as reported in previous works [17,40,41].
The overall system efciency and the performance ratio of the triple junction amorphous silicon PV systems on the faade are calculated higher than the single junction amorphous silicon modules
on the towers for 36 months of operation. The degradation in the
efciencies of PV modules are not analyzed in the present work.
4. Conclusion
The installation and performance results of the largest grid-connected BIPV system in Turkey after 36 months of operation have
been reported. The Single junction (with 10.24 kWp nominal
power and vertically oriented on two towers) and triple junction
(with 30.15 kWp nominal power and 60 x tilt on faade)
amorphous silicon PV modules are used in this 40 kWp BIPV
demonstration project. Total generated electricity of the BIPV system is measured as 103,702 kW h for 36 months of operation between July 2008 and June 2011. The average efciency for the
single junction amorphous silicon PV modules on the towers is
found as 5.58% during the monitoring period while the conversion
efciency increases up to 6.5% in cold but clear sky winter days.
Average efciency of the triple junction amorphous silicon PV
modules on the facade is found as 5.99%. The PR of the system is
also calculated for both PV systems and it is found as 0.74 and
0.81 for the PV systems on the towers and facade respectively. Single junction PV modules power decreases severely than triple junction PV modules fewer than 70 C of operating temperature in
summer. And this also explains the better performance of single
junction modules in winter. It is shown that triple junction amorphous silicon PV systems perform better than single junction
amorphous in a long period. According to the results obtained from
the tested PV modules deployed Mugla Stk Kocman University
Outdoor Test site, single junction amorphous silicon SUNone64
modules daily energy rating is calculated between 3.59 and
6.95 kW h/kWp and for triple junction TWIN140 module daily energy rating is calculated between 3.67 and 6.34 kW h/kWp where
the overall BIPV systems annual energy rating is calculated as
856 kW h/kWp after 36 months of operation.
The cooling load in summer is not analyzed in detail but direct
sun light is shaded with the PV modules installed between the
oors and the staffs using the front side of the building are pleased
from the decreased temperature of their rooms. It is shown that
thin lm amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules are a good
choice for covering the buildings and decreasing the cooling load
of building envelopes if the system is designed well.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Mugla Stk Kocman University Scientic Research Projects (BAP) with the code 08/10 and implanted
162
by SUNSET Energietechnik GmbH. Some part of this study is presented as a visual presentation in 24th EUPVSEC in 2009.
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