MECH ENG 4105/7030 Advanced Vibrations Assignment 1 Low frequency analysis

To be submitted to the Advanced Vibrations submission box on Level 2 of the Engineering

South building by 5pm on Tuesday 31 March 2015. 10 % of the total marks will be subtracted
for each day that the assignment is late. Note that a weekend counts as a 30 % penalty.
For this assignment it is suggested that you use Matlab to perform the calculations because
future assignments will build upon the work in this assignment. In addition to the results, you
will also need to submit a printed copy of the programs that you used to perform the
calculations, including comments, as an appendix.
Each of the plots that you present will need to include your student number in the title.
I have included some Matlab hints for this assignment on the back of this sheet. If you need
more assistance with Matlab, I suggest you examine the resources that have been placed on
MyUni in Advanced Vibrations under Course Material > Matlab Basics.
Task: A delicate piece of instrumentation is to be mounted on a rectangular steel panel, which
can be modelled as simply supported on all edges. The panel is 500 mm wide by 350 mm
high and 1.2 mm thick. The equipment is attached at a point (100 mm, 100 mm) from the
lower left corner, which is the origin of the coordinate system. The plate is driven by a force
located at (400 mm, 200 mm). Assume that the input force has a flat spectrum with amplitude
of 1 N from 10 to 500 Hz, with negligible phase variation across this frequency range.
The steel panel has the following properties: = 7850 kg/m3, = 0.3, E = 210 GPa, = 0.05.

1. Calculate the first 40 plate modes (i.e. (m,n) values) and their undamped resonance
2.

3.
4.
5.

frequencies in Hz for transverse vibration and list them in ascending order in a table
together with their modal indices.
On a single graph, plot the displacement response in dB re 10-12 m at the equipment
location from 10 to 500 Hz for
a) the first mode only;
b) the first five modes only;
c) the first 10 modes only;
d) the first 20 modes only; and
e) the first 40 modes.
Of the options considered, what is an appropriate number of modes to use in the analysis
for this plate at 350 Hz, and why?
Of the options considered, what is an appropriate number of modes to use in the analysis
for this plate at 500 Hz, and why?
Plot the vibration displacement distribution over the plate surface at 200 Hz. Which
modes appear to dominate the vibrational response of the plate at this frequency?

From discussions with the manufacturer of the instrumentation, it is determined that the
instrumentation is particularly responsive to vibration at certain frequencies, and that the
current vibration amplitude at the equipment location is excessive at 350 Hz. It is desired to
reduce the vibration amplitude at the equipment location by 10 dB at 350 Hz.

6. What increase in damping ratio is required to achieve a 10 dB reduction in vibration

amplitude?
7. What plate thickness is required to achieve a 10 dB reduction in vibration amplitude?
8. On a single graph, plot the displacement response in dB re 10-12 m at the equipment
location from 10 to 500 Hz using a suitable number of modes in your calculations (based
on consideration of the upper frequency) for the original system and the two systems
developed in Questions 6 and 7.

Hints
When calculating the first 40 plate modes, it is not possible to know from the start which 40
modes will be lowest in frequency. Hence you will need to calculate many more than 40
modes and then sort them to obtain the first 40 modes.
Matlab has a command to sort vectors, for example to sort a vector of values in a vector
x_val into ascending order you could use
[y_val,isort]=sort(x_val);

where y_val is the sorted values, and isort is the index showing where the sorted values
appeared in x_val. isort can then be used to sort associated vectors in the same order as
y_val, for example
m_sorted=m_val(isort);
n_sorted=n_val(isort);
omega_mn = sqrt(D/(rho*h))*y_val;

To use the above commands, the values that you wish to sort must be in a vector, rather than a
2-D array. This can be accomplished using the following structure of nested for loops:
i=1;
for m=1:whatever
for n=1:whatever
x_val(i)=(m*pi/Lx)^2+(n*pi/Ly)^2;
m_val(i)=m;
n_val(i)=n;
i=i+1;
end;
end;

Last hint. For the vibration distribution plot in Question 5, try using
surf(x,y,z)

where x is a vector of x coordinates, y is a vector of y coordinates and z is the displacement

over the grid formed by x and y, but beware of the required ordering of the matrix z.
SURF(x,y,Z) and SURF(x,y,Z,C), with two vector arguments replacing
the first two matrix arguments, must have length(x) = n and length(y)
= m where [m,n] = size(Z). In this case, the vertices of the surface
patches are the triples (x(j), y(i), Z(i,j)). Note that x corresponds
to the columns of Z and y corresponds to the rows.

For more details on the surf command, type help surf at the Matlab prompt.
To place your student number in the plot title, you can use the title command after the
plot or surf commands, i.e.
title(Displacement response of plate at 200 Hz (a1111111))

MECH ENG 4105/7030 Advanced Vibrations, Solutions to Assignment 1, 2015

The assignment is based on using the equations for the natural frequencies of a simply
supported plate and the displacement at a point on a simply supported plate given in
lectures. The natural frequency for the plate modes is given by

D m

h Lx

mn

2
n

L y

where

Eh 3

12 1 2

and the displacement at a point on the plate is given by

N

X ( x, )

F ( )n x n xin

n1 M n

n2 j2 nn 2

For a simply supported plate the mode shapes are given by

mx ny
sin
mn x, y sin
Lx L y
and the modal mass is
M mn

hLx L y
4

An example Matlab program to perform the assignment tasks is shown in Appendix

A. Note that the example program is more substantial than I would expect students to
submit for the assignment, especially the plotting part. As I mentioned in lectures, the
program that is shown is probably not elegant from an experienced Matlab
programmer's perspective, but it does the job.

Q1. The output from the example program is shown below.

assign1_2015.m
Solutions to Advanced Vibrations Assignment 1, 2015
Calculates natural frequencies for a simply supported plate and
plots frequency response of plate at a point and vibrational response
at a frequency
AZ 23 March 2015
1

plate thickness, h (m) : 0.0012

plate damping ratio, zeta : 0.05
max number of plate modes to use for plate response calculations : 40
m = 1, n = 1, f = 35.8852 Hz
m = 2, n = 1, f = 71.2886 Hz
m = 1, n = 2, f = 108.1371 Hz
m = 3, n = 1, f = 130.2944 Hz
m = 2, n = 2, f = 143.5406 Hz
m = 3, n = 2, f = 202.5464 Hz
m = 4, n = 1, f = 212.9025 Hz
m = 1, n = 3, f = 228.5571 Hz
m = 2, n = 3, f = 263.9606 Hz
m = 4, n = 2, f = 285.1545 Hz
m = 5, n = 1, f = 319.1129 Hz
m = 3, n = 3, f = 322.9664 Hz
m = 5, n = 2, f = 391.3649 Hz
m = 1, n = 4, f = 397.1451 Hz
m = 4, n = 3, f = 405.5745 Hz
m = 2, n = 4, f = 432.5486 Hz
m = 6, n = 1, f = 448.9257 Hz
m = 3, n = 4, f = 491.5543 Hz
m = 5, n = 3, f = 511.7849 Hz
m = 6, n = 2, f = 521.1777 Hz
m = 4, n = 4, f = 574.1624 Hz
m = 7, n = 1, f = 602.3407 Hz
m = 1, n = 5, f = 613.901 Hz
m = 6, n = 3, f = 641.5976 Hz
m = 2, n = 5, f = 649.3045 Hz
m = 7, n = 2, f = 674.5927 Hz
m = 5, n = 4, f = 680.3729 Hz
m = 3, n = 5, f = 708.3103 Hz
m = 8, n = 1, f = 779.3581 Hz
m = 4, n = 5, f = 790.9184 Hz
m = 7, n = 3, f = 795.0127 Hz
m = 6, n = 4, f = 810.1856 Hz
m = 8, n = 2, f = 851.6101 Hz
m = 1, n = 6, f = 878.825 Hz
m = 5, n = 5, f = 897.1288 Hz
m = 2, n = 6, f = 914.2285 Hz
m = 7, n = 4, f = 963.6007 Hz
m = 8, n = 3, f = 972.0301 Hz
m = 3, n = 6, f = 973.2343 Hz
m = 9, n = 1, f = 979.9778 Hz
primary frequency of interest, pri_freq (Hz) : 350
x (dB) at output location @ 350 Hz = 116.6087 dB re 1e-12 m
x (m) at output location @ 350 Hz = 6.7676e-007 m

[3 marks total for correct modal indices, natural frequency values and units]
Q2. Vibration response at equipment location for h = 0.0012 m, = 0.05, for 1 mode,
5 modes, 10 modes, 20 modes, and 40 modes. [4 marks for adequately labelled
plot. Minus a mark for each of the following transgressions: unlabelled or
incorrectly labelled axis; no legend; data incorrect.]

Displacement response of plate

170
1 mode
5 modes
10 modes
20 modes
40 modes

displacement (dB re 1e-12 m)

160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
0

50

100

150

200
250
300
frequency (Hz)

350

400

450

500

Figure 1. Displacement response of plate. Example result for Question 2.

Q3. The appropriate number of modes is determined by examining the convergence
of the solution for the various numbers of modes used in the modal summation. If the
only frequency of interest is 350 Hz then, of the options considered, 40 modes should
be used to model the response for the given input and output locations, because the
modal summation series has converged at 40 modes (but not quite at 20 modes).
[2 marks]
Q4. 40 modes is sufficient to model the system accurately up to 500 Hz, because the
modal summation series has converged at this frequency. This can be confirmed by
comparing the response for 80 modes, which gives the same result as using 40 modes.
[2 marks]
Note: As a rough guide, modes with natural frequencies up to twice the frequency of
interest need to be included in calculations of vibrational response for reasonable
accuracy.
Q5. For damped structures with excitation at a frequency that does not correspond to
a natural frequency, the displacement response is generally complex. The plot shown
in Figure 2 is the absolute values of displacement over the surface of the plate.

Displacement response of plate at 200 Hz

displacement (m)

-5

x 10

0.5
0

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
y (m)

0.5

0.05

0.3
0

0.4

0.2

0.1

x (m)

Figure 2. Absolute vibration displacement of plate. Example result for Question 5 at

200 Hz.
[1 mark for adequately labelled plot of abs or other appropriate values]
The vibrational response of the plate at 200 Hz is not dominated by a single vibration
mode. Examination of the modal amplitudes at 200 Hz indicates that the (3,2), (4,1)
and (3,1) modes are the greatest contributors at this frequency.
[2 marks for explanation that not a single dominant mode, and listing some of
the greatest contributors]
Q6. For the plate with h = 0.0012 m and = 0.05, the displacement at 350 Hz at (x, y)
= (0.1 m , 0.1 m) is found to be 6.77 10-7 m, or 116.6 dB re 1e-12 m. To achieve a
10 dB reduction the displacement needs to be reduced to below 2.14 10-7 m, or
106.6 dB re 1e-12 m, via rearrangement of

X
10 20 log10 reduced
X original

From trial and error, values of 0.185 (an increase of 0.135 or more) were found to
achieve the desired reduction.
[2 marks for finding a value of damping that reduces the displacement by 10 dB]
Q7. From trial and error, increasing the plate thickness by 5.5 mm to 6.7 mm or more
was found to achieve the desired reduction. Note that there may be other plate
thicknesses that also achieve a 10 dB reduction in displacement.
[2 marks for finding a plate thickness that reduces the displacement by 10 dB]

Note that a change in the plate thickness, h, requires the natural frequencies for the
plate to be re-calculated, and it is not sufficient to simply change the modal mass of
the plate, Mn.
Q8. At least 40 modes are needed in the calculations up to 500 Hz for the baseline,
increased damping and increased plate thickness cases.
Displacement response of plate for various cases
180
baseline
increased damping
increased thickness

170

displacement (dB re 1e-12 m)

160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
0

50

100

150

200
250
300
frequency (Hz)

350

400

450

500

Figure 3. Displacement response of plate for various modifications. Example result

for Question 8.
[2 marks for adequately labelled plot including baseline, increased damping, and
increased thickness]
An example Matlab program to plot the displacement response for the original and
modified plate systems is shown in Appendix A.

Appendix A - Example Matlab program to calculate plate response

%assign1_2015.m
%
%Solutions to Advanced Vibrations Assignment 1, 2015
%
%Calculates natural frequencies for a simply supported plate and
%plots frequency response of plate at a point and vibrational
response
%at a frequency
%
%AZ 23 March 2015
help assign1_2015;
%set up geometric and physical constants
%steel
E=210e9; %Pa
nu=0.3;
rho=7850; %kg/m^3
%aluminium
%E=71.6e9; %Pa
%nu=0.34;
%rho=2700; %kg/m^3
Lx=0.5; %m
Ly=0.35; %m
h = input('plate thickness, h (m) : ');
zeta = input('plate damping ratio, zeta : ');
pl_modes = input('max number of plate modes to use for plate response
calculations : ');
D = E*h^3/(12*(1-nu^2));
x_in=0.4; %m
y_in=0.2; %m
x_out=0.1; %m
y_out=0.1; %m
F_in=1; %N
%calculate first 40 natural frequencies
i_max=40;
i=1;
for m=1:(i_max/2)
for n=1:(i_max/2)
x_val(i)=(m*pi/Lx)^2+(n*pi/Ly)^2;
m_val(i)=m;
n_val(i)=n;
i=i+1;
end;
end;
%sort eigenvalues into ascending order
[x_val,isort]=sort(x_val);
m_val=m_val(isort);
n_val=n_val(isort);
omega_mn = sqrt(D/(rho*h))*x_val;
for i=1:i_max
6

disp(['m = ',num2str(m_val(i)),', n = ',num2str(n_val(i)),...

', f = ',num2str(omega_mn(i)/(2*pi)),' Hz']);
end;
%calculate vibration response over frequency span 5 to 400 Hz
M_mn=rho*Lx*Ly*h/4;
modal_x=zeros(i_max,500);
for i=1:i_max
psi_in=sin(m_val(i)*pi*x_in/Lx)*sin(n_val(i)*pi*y_in/Ly);
psi_out=sin(m_val(i)*pi*x_out/Lx)*sin(n_val(i)*pi*y_out/Ly);
for f=10:500
omega=2*pi*f;
modal_x(i,f)=F_in*psi_in*psi_out/(M_mn*(omega_mn(i)^2+...
j*2*zeta*omega*omega_mn(i)-omega^2));
end;
end;
f=1:500;
x_ref=1e-12; %m
%calculate vibration distribution over plate at primary frequency of
interest in Hz
%using pl_modes modes
disp(' ');
pri_freq = input('primary frequency of interest, pri_freq (Hz) : ');
num_x_pts=30;
num_y_pts=20;
z=zeros(num_y_pts+1,num_x_pts+1);
for ii=1:num_x_pts+1
x=(ii-1)*Lx/num_x_pts;
for jj=1:num_y_pts+1
y=(jj-1)*Ly/num_y_pts;
for mn=1:pl_modes
psi_in=sin(m_val(mn)*pi*x_in/Lx)*sin(n_val(mn)*pi*y_in/Ly);
psi_out=sin(m_val(mn)*pi*x/Lx)*sin(n_val(mn)*pi*y/Ly);
z(jj,ii)=z(jj,ii)+F_in*psi_in*psi_out/(M_mn*(omega_mn(mn)^2+...
j*2*zeta*2*pi*pri_freq*omega_mn(mn)-(2*pi*pri_freq)^2));
end;
end;
end;
disp(' ');
disp(['x (dB) at output location @ ',num2str(pri_freq),' Hz =
',num2str(20*log10(abs(sum(modal_x(1:pl_modes,pri_freq)))/x_ref)),'
dB re 1e-12 m']);
disp(' ');
disp(['x (m) at output location @ ',num2str(pri_freq),' Hz =
',num2str(abs(sum(modal_x(1:pl_modes,pri_freq)))),' m']);
disp(' ');
%plot results
plot_type=0;
while plot_type~=3
plot_type=menu('data to plot','frequency response','vibrational
response',...
'quit plotting');
if (plot_type==1)
7

disp_type=0;
disp_type=menu('display type','linear','dB');
if disp_type==1
plot(f,abs(modal_x(1,:)),'r-',...
f,abs(sum(modal_x(1:5,:))),'g:',...
f,abs(sum(modal_x(1:10,:))),'k--',...
f,abs(sum(modal_x(1:20,:))),'b-.',...
f,abs(sum(modal_x(1:40,:))),'c-');
title('Displacement response of plate');
xlabel('frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('displacement (m)');
legend('1 mode','5 modes','10 modes','20 modes','40 modes');
end;
if disp_type==2
plot(f,20*log10(abs(modal_x(1,:))/x_ref),'r-',...
f,20*log10(abs(sum(modal_x(1:5,:)))/x_ref),'g:',...
f,20*log10(abs(sum(modal_x(1:10,:)))/x_ref),'k--',...
f,20*log10(abs(sum(modal_x(1:20,:)))/x_ref),'b-.',...
f,20*log10(abs(sum(modal_x(1:40,:)))/x_ref),'c-');
title('Displacement response of plate');
xlabel('frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('displacement (dB re 1e-12 m)');
legend('1 mode','5 modes','10 modes','20 modes','40 modes');
end;
end;
if (plot_type==2)
for ii=1:num_x_pts+1
x(ii)=(ii-1)*Lx/num_x_pts;
end;
for ii=1:num_y_pts+1
y(ii)=(ii-1)*Ly/num_y_pts;
end;
surf(x,y,abs(z));
title(['Displacement response of plate at ',num2str(pri_freq),'
Hz']);
xlabel('x (m)');
ylabel('y (m)');
zlabel('displacement (m)');
end;
end;

Example Matlab program to plot various plate responses

The results produced by each run of the program must be saved to a mat file so that
they can be combined with other results. For example, after the plate response
calculations have been performed for the original plate, the following commands
would be used in Matlab:
>>baseline_modal_x=modal_x;
>>save baseline baseline_modal_x f

Once an appropriate level of damping has been determined from trial and error, the
results would be saved via:
>>damped_modal_x=modal_x;
8

>>save damped damped_modal_x f

Similarly, once a suitable plate thickness has been determined, the results would be
saved using:
>>thick_modal_x=modal_x;
>>save thick thick_modal_x f

The following program would then be run to load the data and plot the results.
%assign1_partb_2015.m
%
%Solutions to Advanced Vibrations Assignment 1, 2015
%
%Plots frequency response of plate at a point for various cases
%
%AZ 23 March 2015
help assign1_partb_2015;
x_ref=1e-12; %m
load baseline
load damped
load thick
%plot results
plot(f,20*log10(abs(sum(baseline_modal_x(1:40,:)))/x_ref),'r-',...
f,20*log10(abs(sum(damped_modal_x(1:40,:)))/x_ref),'g:',...
f,20*log10(abs(sum(thick_modal_x(1:40,:)))/x_ref),'k-',...
[350,350],[80,180],'b');
title('Displacement response of plate for various cases');
xlabel('frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('displacement (dB re 1e-12 m)');
legend('baseline','increased damping','increased thickness');

MECH ENG 4105/7030 Advanced Vibrations Assignment 2 Statistical Energy Analysis

To be submitted to the Advanced Vibrations submission box on Level 2 of the Engineering South
building by 5pm on Tuesday 28 April 2015. 10 % of the total marks will be subtracted for each
day that the assignment is late. Note that a weekend counts as a 30 % penalty.
Each of the plots that you present will need to include your student number in the title.
Question 1
Calculate the resonance frequencies of the steel plate from Assignment 1 (length 500 mm, width
350 mm, and thickness 1.2 mm with the properties: = 7850 kg/m3, = 0.3, E = 210 GPa, =
0.05) for the first 1000 modes.
Sort the modes by frequency and order into one-third octave bands (using the preferred frequency
bands and band limits), from the 31.5 Hz up to and including the 10 kHz one-third octave band.
Calculate the band averaged modal density spectrum, n(f), from this data.
Plot the modal density calculated by counting the number of modes in each frequency band with
the results obtained using the appropriate analytical SEA expression for a flat plate. How many
modes per band are required for the SEA analytical estimate of the modal density to be within
25% of the actual modal density for this plate? From which one-third octave band centre
frequency (and above) is this criterion satisfied? How many modes are in this band?
Hints
To find the number of modes in a vector of natural frequency below a specified frequency value,
you can use the find command together with the size command, for example:
modes_below = size(find(omega_mn<omega),2);
where omega_mn is a vector of natural frequencies, and omega is the upper frequency

of interest.
[6 marks total]
Question 2
What are the values for compressional wave speeds in air at 20C and sea water at 13C?
Plot the wavenumber-frequency diagram on a log-log plot for the following subsystems:
Air over the frequency range 100 Hz to 1 MHz
Sea water over the frequency range 100 Hz to 1MHz
The bending wavenumber for a large 1.2 mm thick flat steel plate
At what frequencies will the bending waves for a large 1.2 mm thick flat steel plate couple most
effectively with air and with sea water?
[2 marks total]
Question 3
A gearbox is mounted such that forces are transmitted perpendicular to an aluminium plate,
producing a predominantly flexural response in the plate. An aluminium beam acts as a stiffener
and is connected to the plate along a line. The gearbox provides a mean square force spectrum
level of 20 N2 in each driven octave frequency band. The plate radiates into a diffuse acoustic
space with sides of length 2.5 m by 2.5 m by 2.5 m, which has an absorption coefficient of 0.13.
The plate has dimensions of 2.36 m by 2.36 m, and thickness 5.9 mm. The beam length is 2.36 m
and it has cross-sectional dimensions of 10 mm wide by 10 mm high. The beam is mounted on the
plate externally to the acoustic space. In the absence of detailed knowledge of the connections

between the subsystems assume the damping loss factors of the beam and plate are 0.3 and 0.15
respectively. Assume the aluminium properties are: = 2700 kg/m3, = 0.34, E = 71.6 GPa.
Sketch a block diagram representing the power balance for the gearbox/beam/plate/room system,
showing all potential power flows.
Using SEA formulations, calculate the following in the 63 to 1000 Hz octave bands:
The modal densities and number of modes in the beam, plate and acoustic space subsystems.
The coupling loss factor for the beam-plate and plate-acoustic space connections.
The CLF for the beam-plate connection can be evaluated from

bp =

4 pc p
mb

where p is the mass per unit area of the plate, cp is the bending wavespeed in the plate, and
mb is the mass per unit length of the beam.

You may assume that there is negligible direct coupling between the beam and the acoustic
space.
The subsystem energies for the beam, plate and acoustic space.
The vibration levels (in dB re 10-9 m/s) of the plate and beam and the sound pressure level
(in dB re 20 Pa) in the acoustic space. To do this you will need to build a 3 subsystem model
representing the beam/plate/room problem and set up power balance equations, which you
can then solve for system energies. A spreadsheet or Matlab solution will be essential.

For thin plates, the first critical frequency is given by

0.55co2
fc =
cL h
where cL is the plate longitudinal wavespeed, co the speed of sound in air, and h is the plate
thickness. P is the plate perimeter and S the plate area (both for one side only).

[12 marks total]

MECH ENG 4020/7030 Advanced Vibrations, Assignment 2 Statistical Energy

Analysis, 2015 solutions
Q1. Using the same calculation procedure as was used in Assignment 1, the first 1000
plate modes can be calculated for the simply supported steel plate.
The modal natural frequencies are then ordered into one-third octave bands, and the
number of modes in each band counted. This number is then divided by the one-third
octave band bandwidth in Hertz to give the model density n(f).
The SEA estimate for the modal density is given by
Lx Ly h
n( )
4
D
L x L y h
n( f ) 2n( )
2
D
The following properties for steel were used: E=210 GPa, =0.3, =7850 kg/m3.
Comparison of plate modal density for ss plate
0.12
counted
analytical estimate
0.1

n(f)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

1000

2000

3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
one-third octave band centre frequency(Hz)

9000

10000

Figure 1. Modal density for a simply supported plate.

[Calculating modal density from the natural frequencies for the plate [1 mark],
calculating analytical SEA estimate [1 mark], and plotting values for comparison
with adequately labelled axes [1 mark].]

Comparison of plate modes in band for ss plate

120
counted
analytical estimate
100

delta N

80

60

40

20

1000

2000

3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
one-third octave band centre frequency(Hz)

9000

10000

Figure 2. Number of modes per band for a simply supported plate, up to 2500 Hz
only.
From a comparison of the simply supported plate modal densities calculated by
counting the number of modes in each band and those calculated using the SEA
analytical estimate, it can be seen that the that the lowest one-third octave band for
which the analytical SEA modal density is within 25% of the actual (or counted)
modal density is the 80 Hz band. [1 mark]
The analytical SEA modal density is within 25% of the actual (or counted) modal
density from the 1250 Hz one-third octave band and higher, i.e.
0.75 n( f ) SEA n( f ) counted 1.25 from 1250 Hz. [1 mark for band]
The 1250 Hz band contains 14 modes. [1 mark]
An example Matlab program to perform the calculations for Question 1 is shown in
Appendix A.
Q2. The values for compressional wave speeds for air and water can be found in a
reference such as Bies and Hansen, Engineering Noise Control 4th Edition Appendix
B. Assume ambient conditions.
For air at 20 C speed of sound = 343 m/s
For sea water at 13 C speed of sound = 1500 m/s used for calculations. (1530 m/s
also OK.)
For steel E=210 GPa, =0.3, =7850 kg/m3
For air and water the wavenumber is given by
k

co

As shown in the notes, for a rectangular plate the bending wavespeed is given by
D
cb 4

h
and the wavenumber for bending waves is
kb

cb

A comparison of the wavenumber in different media is shown in Figure 3. The 1.2

mm steel plate will couple most effectively with air at the intersection of the
wavenumber plots for the two media, which is at 10 kHz. [0.5 mark for value for
air] For sea water the plots intersect at 200 kHz. [0.5 mark for value for sea water]
Comparison of wavenumbers for various media

10

wavenumber (rad/m)

10

10

10

10

air
sea water
1.2 mm steel plate

10

-1

10

10

10
10
10
one-third octave band centre frequency(Hz)

10

Figure 3. Wavenumbers for air, sea water and plate bending waves.
[1 mark for adequately labelled plot]
An example Matlab program to perform the calculations for Question 2 is shown in
Appendix A.

Q3. The physical arrangement of the motor, beam, plate and room system can be
considered to be arranged as shown in Figure 4. Note that in the solution of the
problem, it is assumed that there is no direct coupling between the beam and the
acoustic space.
beam

plate

room

Figure 4. Physical system arrangement of motor/beam/plate/room system.

This can be represented in a power balance block diagram as
motor

P2 in

P1 2
1. beam

2. plate
P2 1

P2 3

3. room

P3 2

P1 loss

P2 loss

Figure 5. Block diagram representation of power balance for

motor/beam/plate/room system. [1 mark]
The modal densities for the various subsystems are:
Beam bending
L
L
n( )

2cb 3.4 cL h
where the beam bending wavespeed is given by
EI
cb 4

A
and L is the beam length and h is the beam depth or thickness.

P3 loss

Plate bending
Lx Ly h
n( )
4
D
Room
n( )

V 2
2 2co3

A
8co2

P
16co

V is the room volume, A the room surface area, P the room perimeter. The room is
assumed to be cubic with equal length sides in each dimension.
The number of modes in each band for each subsystem is given by
N n( )
where is the frequency span of the analysis band.
The coupling loss factors for the connected subsystems are given as follows.
Beam-plate
bp

4 pc p
mb

where p is the mass per unit area of the plate, c p is the bending wavespeed in the
plate, mb is the mass per unit length of the beam.
Plate-room
oco A p rad
pv
M p
As shown in the assignment sheet, for thin plates, the critical frequency is given by
0.55co2
fc
cL h
and is equal to 2003 Hz in this instance.

cL

1 2

where is the density of the plate, and h is the plate thickness. P is the plate
perimeter and S the plate area.

The radiation efficiency of the plate is given in the assignment sheet as a function of
Ph
f
the plate parameter
and the frequency parameter
. The plate parameter is
S
fc
0.01, and from the graph, the values for 10 log10 in each of the octave bands are as
given in Table 1.
Table 1. Radiation efficiences for flat plate.
f (Hz)
f/fc
10log10(rad)
rad
63
0.0315
-22.5
0.0056
125
0.0624
-21.5
0.0071
250
0.1248
-20
0.0100
500
0.2496
-19
0.0126
1000
0.4993
-15
0.0316
[1 mark] table (preferably) or in code
The damping loss factor for the room is calculated from
c A
room o
4V
where V is the room volume and A the room surface area.
Power input
The power input to the beam and room subsystems is zero, while the power input
from the motor to the plate is estimated by considering it as an isolated system.
Considering the following power and energy terms to be time and frequency band
averages,
P2in P2 d

P2d E2

E2

F2
n2
2M

Combining these equations gives

F 2
P2in n2
2M
where in this instance M is the mass of the plate subsystem and n2 the modal
density of the plate subsystem.
P_2_in = 16.8 mW in each octave band.
[1 mark for calculating input power, either separately or within code]
Power Balance
The power balance equation for each of the subsystems can be written as follows:
Subsystem 1
0 P1loss P12

E E
0 1 E1 12 n1 1 2
n1 n2
Subsystem 2
P2in P2loss P21 P23

E
E
E
E
P2in 2 E2 21n2 2 1 23n2 2 3
n2 n1
n2 n3
Subsystem 3
0 P3loss P32

E
E
0 3 E3 32 n3 3 2
n3 n2
Representing the power balance equations for the three subsystems in matrix form
gives
E1

12 n1
0
1 12 n1
n1 0
2 21 23 n2 23n2 E 2 P2in
21n2
n

3 32 n3 E2 0
0
32 n3
3
n3
We can then solve for the subsystem energies using
E 1
1
n C P

and
E

E
n
n

for the individual subsystems, and utilising

n
n
21 12 1 and 32 23 2
n2
n3
For vibratory subsystems, the subsystem energy level is related to the vibration levels
by
E M v2

sp

and rearranging gives

E
v2

sp
M
while for acoustic subsystems the acoustic pressure in the volume is related to the
subsystem energy level by
p2

sp
V
o co2

which can be rearranged to

E o co2

sp
V

and the acoustic pressure is customarily represented in decibels as

p2

sp

SPL 10 log10
dB
p2
ref

where p

ref

= 20 10-6 Pa

The vibration levels can also be expressed in decibels with a reference velocity of 10-9
m/s.
An example Matlab program to perform these calculations is shown in Appendix B.
The resulting subsystem energies and susbsystem responses are shown in the
following tables.

Table 2. Subsystem Modal Densities.

f (Hz)
beam

63
125
250
500
1000

Plate

Room

n()
N
n( )
N
n( )
N
(modes. (modes) (modes. (modes) (modes. (modes)
s/rad)
s/rad)
s/rad)
0.0049
1.4 0.0475
13 0.0098
3
0.0035
1.9 0.0475
26 0.0238
13
0.0025
2.7 0.0475
53 0.0701
78
0.0017
3.9 0.0475
106 0.2352
523
0.0012
5.5 0.0475
211 0.8558
3802
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]

Table 3. Subsystem Coupling Loss Factors.

f (Hz)
beam-plate
plate-room
63
36.2249
0.3701 e-3
125
25.7172
0.2348 e-3
250
18.1848
0.1659 e-3
500
12.8586
0.1044 e-3
1000
9.0924
0.1311 e-3
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
Table 4. Subsystem Energies.
f (Hz)
Ebeam (J)
Eplate (J)
Eroom (J)
63
0.2400 e-4
0.2348 e-3
0.1253 e-5
125
0.0901 e-4
0.1246 e-3
0.0847 e-5
250
0.0329 e-4
0.0648 e-3
0.0626 e-5
500
0.0119 e-4
0.0333 e-3
0.0407 e-5
1000
0.0043 e-4
0.0170 e-3
0.0522 e-5
[1 mark for solving for energy of each system at each frequency]
Table 5. Subsystem Responses.
Beam
f (Hz)
Vibration
2
v
velocity
sp
2
level (dB
(m/s)
re 10-9
m/s)
63
0.3766e-4
135.8
125
0.1414e-4
131.5
250
0.0517e-4
127.1
500
0.0187e-4
122.7
1000
0.0067e-4
118.2
[1 mark]

Plate
Vibration
velocity
level (dB re
10-9 m/s)

2
sp
2

(m/s)

0.2647 e-5
0.1405 e-5
0.0730 e-5
0.0375 e-5
0.0191 e-5

124.2
121.5
118.6
115.7
112.8
[1 mark]

Acoustic Space
SPL (dB
p
re 20
sp
2
Pa)
(Pa )
2

0.0114
0.0077
0.0057
0.0037
0.0048

74.6
72.9
71.5
69.7
70.8
[1 mark]

Appendix A - Example Matlab program for Questions 1 and 2

%assign2_q3_2015.m
%
%Solutions to Advanced Vibrations Assignment 2, 2015, question 3.
%Solutions to Questions 1 and 2 in assign2_2015.m
%
%Solves SEA system for a beam/plate/cavity.
%
%A.Zander 1 June 2015
help assign2_q3_2015;
%Question 3
%set up geometric and physical constants
%beam and plate are aluminium
E=71.6e9; %Pa
nu=0.34;
rho=2700; %kg/m^3
%beam geometry and properties
L_beam=2.36; %m
width=0.01; %m
depth=0.01; %m
eta_beam=0.3;
%plate geometry and properties
Lx=2.36; %m
Ly=2.36; %m
h=0.0059; %m
eta_plate=0.15;
%room geometry and properties
Lm=2.5; %m
Ln=2.5; %m
Lp=2.5; %m
V=Lm*Ln*Lp; %m^3
alpha_bar=0.13;
c_o=343; %m/s
rho_o=1.21; %kg/m^3
%motor
F_in=20; %N^2
%calculate modal densities and number of modes for each subsystem in
octave bands
f_oct=[63 125 250 500 1000];
f_lo=[44 88 176 353 707];
f_hi=[88 176 353 707 1414];
%plate
D = E*h^3/(12*(1-nu^2));
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
n_f_plate(i)=Lx*Ly/2*sqrt(rho*h/D);
num_modes_plate(i)=n_f_plate(i)*(f_hi(i)-f_lo(i));
end;
%beam
c_L=(E/rho)^0.5;
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
n_f_beam(i)=L_beam/((1/12)^0.25*(c_L*depth*2*pi*f_oct(i))^0.5);

10

num_modes_beam(i)=n_f_beam(i)*(f_hi(i)-f_lo(i));
end;
%room
A=2*(Lm*Ln+Ln*Lp+Lp*Lm);
P=4*(Lm+Ln+Lp);
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
n_f_room(i)=V*(2*pi*f_oct(i))^2/(pi*c_o^3)+A*2*pi*f_oct(i)/(4*c_o^2)+
P/(8*c_o);
num_modes_room(i)=n_f_room(i)*(f_hi(i)-f_lo(i));
end;
%also calculate loss factor for room
eta_room=c_o*A*alpha_bar./(4*2*pi*f_oct*V);
%calculate CLFs for connected subsystems
%beam plate CLF
m_b=width*depth*rho;
rho_p=rho*h;
c_b_plate = (2*pi*f_oct).^0.5.*(D/(rho*h)).^0.25;
eta_bp=4*rho_p*c_b_plate./(m_b*2*pi*f_oct);
%plate room CLF
c_L_plate=(E/(rho*(1-nu*nu)))^0.5;
f_critical=0.55*c_o*c_o/(c_L_plate*h);
plate_param=2*(Lx+Ly)*h/(Lx*Ly);
freq_param=f_oct/f_critical;
%reading values from graph supplied on assignment sheet
sigma_rad_dB=[-22.5 -21.5 -20 -19 -15];
sigma_rad=10.^(sigma_rad_dB/10);
eta_pv=rho_o*c_o./(h*rho*2*pi*f_oct).*sigma_rad;
%calculate input power
n_w_plate=n_f_plate/(2*pi);
P_2_in=F_in*pi*n_w_plate/(2*Lx*Ly*h*rho);
%calculate power balance matrices and solve for energies
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
P=[0;P_2_in(i);0];
eta_1=eta_beam;
eta_2=eta_plate;
eta_3=eta_room(i);
eta_12=eta_bp(i);
eta_23=eta_pv(i);
n_1=n_f_beam(i)/(2*pi);
n_2=n_f_plate(i)/(2*pi);
n_3=n_f_room(i)/(2*pi);
eta_21=eta_12*n_1/n_2;
eta_32=eta_23*n_2/n_3;
C=[(eta_1+eta_12)*n_1 -eta_12*n_1 0;...
-eta_21*n_2 (eta_2+eta_21+eta_23)*n_2 -eta_23*n_2;...
0 -eta_32*n_3 (eta_3+eta_32)*n_3];
modal_E=1/(2*pi*f_oct(i))*inv(C)*P;
E_beam(i)=modal_E(1)*n_1;
E_plate(i)=modal_E(2)*n_2;
E_room(i)=modal_E(3)*n_3;
end;

11

v_2_beam=E_beam./(L_beam*width*depth*rho);
v_beam=sqrt(v_2_beam);
v_2_plate=E_plate./(Lx*Ly*h*rho);
v_plate=sqrt(v_2_plate);
p_2_room=E_room*rho_o*c_o*c_o/V;
SPL=10*log10(p_2_room/(20e-6*20e-6));
Lv_beam=10*log10(v_2_beam/(1e-9*1e-9));
Lv_plate=10*log10(v_2_plate/(1e-9*1e-9));

Appendix B - Example Matlab program for Question 3

%assign2_q3_2015.m
%
%Solutions to Advanced Vibrations Assignment 2, 2015, question 3.
%Solutions to Questions 1 and 2 in assign2_2015.m
%
%Solves SEA system for a beam/plate/cavity.
%
%A.Zander 1 June 2015
help assign2_q3_2015;
%Question 3
%set up geometric and physical constants
%beam and plate are aluminium
E=71.6e9; %Pa
nu=0.34;
rho=2700; %kg/m^3
%beam geometry and properties
L_beam=2.36; %m
width=0.01; %m
depth=0.01; %m
eta_beam=0.3;
%plate geometry and properties
Lx=2.36; %m
Ly=2.36; %m
h=0.0059; %m
eta_plate=0.15;
%room geometry and properties
Lm=2.5; %m
Ln=2.5; %m
Lp=2.5; %m
V=Lm*Ln*Lp; %m^3
alpha_bar=0.13;
c_o=343; %m/s
rho_o=1.21; %kg/m^3
%motor
F_in=20; %N^2
%calculate modal densities and number of modes for each subsystem in
octave bands
f_oct=[63 125 250 500 1000];

12

f_lo=[44 88 176 353 707];

f_hi=[88 176 353 707 1414];
%plate
D = E*h^3/(12*(1-nu^2));
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
n_f_plate(i)=Lx*Ly/2*sqrt(rho*h/D);
num_modes_plate(i)=n_f_plate(i)*(f_hi(i)-f_lo(i));
end;
%beam
c_L=(E/rho)^0.5;
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
n_f_beam(i)=L_beam/((1/12)^0.25*(c_L*depth*2*pi*f_oct(i))^0.5);
num_modes_beam(i)=n_f_beam(i)*(f_hi(i)-f_lo(i));
end;
%room
A=2*(Lm*Ln+Ln*Lp+Lp*Lm);
P=4*(Lm+Ln+Lp);
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
n_f_room(i)=V*(2*pi*f_oct(i))^2/(pi*c_o^3)+A*2*pi*f_oct(i)/(4*c_o^2)+
P/(8*c_o);
num_modes_room(i)=n_f_room(i)*(f_hi(i)-f_lo(i));
end;
%also calculate loss factor for room
eta_room=c_o*A*alpha_bar./(4*2*pi*f_oct*V);
%calculate CLFs for connected subsystems
%beam plate CLF
m_b=width*depth*rho;
rho_p=rho*h;
c_b_plate = (2*pi*f_oct).^0.5.*(D/(rho*h)).^0.25;
eta_bp=4*rho_p*c_b_plate./(m_b*2*pi*f_oct);
%plate room CLF
c_L_plate=(E/(rho*(1-nu*nu)))^0.5;
f_critical=0.55*c_o*c_o/(c_L_plate*h);
plate_param=2*(Lx+Ly)*h/(Lx*Ly);
freq_param=f_oct/f_critical;
%reading values from graph supplied on assignment sheet
sigma_rad_dB=[-22.5 -21.5 -20 -19 -15];
sigma_rad=10.^(sigma_rad_dB/10);
eta_pv=rho_o*c_o./(h*rho*2*pi*f_oct).*sigma_rad;
%calculate input power
n_w_plate=n_f_plate/(2*pi);
P_2_in=F_in*pi*n_w_plate/(2*Lx*Ly*h*rho);
%calculate power balance matrices and solve for energies
for i=1:size(f_oct,2)
P=[0;P_2_in(i);0];
eta_1=eta_beam;
eta_2=eta_plate;
eta_3=eta_room(i);
eta_12=eta_bp(i);
eta_23=eta_pv(i);
n_1=n_f_beam(i)/(2*pi);
n_2=n_f_plate(i)/(2*pi);

13

n_3=n_f_room(i)/(2*pi);
eta_21=eta_12*n_1/n_2;
eta_32=eta_23*n_2/n_3;
C=[(eta_1+eta_12)*n_1 -eta_12*n_1 0;...
-eta_21*n_2 (eta_2+eta_21+eta_23)*n_2 -eta_23*n_2;...
0 -eta_32*n_3 (eta_3+eta_32)*n_3];
modal_E=1/(2*pi*f_oct(i))*inv(C)*P;
E_beam(i)=modal_E(1)*n_1;
E_plate(i)=modal_E(2)*n_2;
E_room(i)=modal_E(3)*n_3;
end;
v_2_beam=E_beam./(L_beam*width*depth*rho);
v_beam=sqrt(v_2_beam);
v_2_plate=E_plate./(Lx*Ly*h*rho);
v_plate=sqrt(v_2_plate);
p_2_room=E_room*rho_o*c_o*c_o/V;
SPL=10*log10(p_2_room/(20e-6*20e-6));
Lv_beam=10*log10(v_2_beam/(1e-9*1e-9));
Lv_plate=10*log10(v_2_plate/(1e-9*1e-9));

14

Advanced Vibrations 2015

DSP & MCM Assignment

Due: Friday 4pm Week 13 (June 12)

The basics

q1.1. What is the frequency of sin(2mt)? What is its period?

[marks: 1]

q1.2. Consider a signal f (t) = sin(2mt) + sin(2nt) with prime m and n

(m 6= n). What is the period of f (t)?
[marks: 1]
q1.3. Now consider f (t) for m = 0.4 and n = 0.5. What are the periods
of the two sinusoids that compose f (t)? What is the period of f (t)?
[marks: 2]

q1.4. Considering the above, what can we say about what happens to the
length of time needed to sample a signal the closer together the spacing of its sinusoids are?
[marks: 1]
[Total marks: 5]

Sampling

Many signal analysers have adjustable settings for the number of lines
displayed in their spectra. Typical values of lines are L {400, 800, 1600},
corresponding to N = 2.56L points in the FFT. For this question assume the
analyser is set to display a spectrum up to 80 Hz.
q2.1. At what frequency is the analyser sampling the input signal? Why is
this larger than it strictly has to be?
[marks: 2]
q2.2. With L = 1600 lines, what is the frequency resolution of the spectrum?
[marks: 1]

q2.3. How long will it take to record a measurement with 16 averages and
no overlap between averages? And with 50% overlap?
[marks: 2]
[Total marks: 5]

FFT

Mathematically, the Fourier Transform can be compactly represented as

F = W f,

(1)

where F and f are column vectors of length N and W is a square matrix of

size N N with elements defined by
Wmn = exp(i2 (m 1)(n 1)/N ).

(2)

In Matlab:
q3.1. Define a column vector f of length N = 8 with random entries, construct matrix W , and calculate F using Eq. (1).
[marks: 4]
q3.2. Calculate F using Matlabs fft function and ensure that the answers
are equal (within numerical tolerance).
[marks: 2]
q3.3. Now time the operations for N {8, 10, 12} (hint: use Matlabs tic and
toc functions), recording the time to construct W , the time to evaluate
Eq. 1, and the time to run fft. Tabulate the results.
[marks: 3]
q3.4. Comment on the speed of the Fast Fourier Transform versus the matrix
formulation, particularly as N increases.
[marks: 1]
[Total marks: 10]

Power Spectral Density

As engineers, we rarely use fft on its own. Commands such as pwelch

allow us to calculate the power spectrum and power spectral density including window functions and overlapping averages.
For this question, define the signal to be sampled to be
f (t) = sin(215t) + 0.3 sin(240t) + 0.01r,

(3)

where r is normally distributed noise of unity amplitude (e.g., from Matlabs

randn function). Define sample frequency Fs = 100 Hz and an FFT length
of N = 210 .
q4.1. Create a time vector with sample frequency Fs containing M = N
points and evaluate f (t) at these points.
[marks: 2]
q4.2. Use pwelch to calculate and plot the power spectral density. Use a
rectangular window of size N.
[marks: 1]
Hint:
[Pxx,freq] = pwelch(x,ones(N,1),[],[],Fs);
q4.3. Repeat the steps above with a time vector containing M = 10N points.
[marks: 1]

q4.4. Repeat again with M = 10N points and a Hanning window. [marks: 1]
Hint:
[Pxx,freq] = pwelch(x,hanning(N),[],[],Fs);
q4.5. Draw all three plots on one graph using a log-y-axis.

[marks: 2]

q4.6. Repeat all three plots on another graph with N = 28 . Ensure the yaxes are equal. Comment on the effects of changing N, M, and the
type of window.
[marks: 3]
Finally, a demonstration of the meaning behind power spectral density. At
each frequency bin, the PSD is the amount of energy at that frequency.
q4.7. Calculate the energy in the time signal using numerical integration
[marks: 2]
of f 2 (t) over the range of one FFT period.
q4.8. Then calculate the energy from the PSD by summing the response at
each frequency.
[marks: 1]
q4.9. Are they equal? How does this affect the peaks of your graphs when
changing N?
[marks: 2]
[Total marks: 15]

Fourier interpolation and aliasing

We say that a signal can be reconstructed after sampling from it a finite

number of points in time. Fourier theory allows us to write an equation
of the reconstructed signal in terms of these points. Assume that a single
period of f (t) (constructed of a finite sum of sinusoids) is sampled at M
evenly-spaced points in time, then g(t) is the reconstructed signal given by
2N

g(t) =

f (tk )

k =0

sinc( p(t tk ))
,
sinc( 1q (t tk ))

(4)

where q is the period of f (t), M = 2N + 1 is the number of samples, and

p = M/q is the sampling rate.
Consider sampling f (t) = sin(20.4t) + sin(20.5t) for three cases with
M {5, 7, 11} points.
q5.1. What is p and N in each case?

[marks: 2]

q5.2. Use Matlab to implement Eq. (4) for each case, drawing three graphs,
each showing: the original signal (solid line), the sampled points
(points or circles), and the reconstructed signal (dashed). (Hint: only
M = 11 works properly.)
[marks: 4]
q5.3. What happens if too few points are used to sample a signal?

[marks: 1]

Now investigate this phenomena when plotting the power spectral density.
Consider:
f (t) = sin(215t) + 0.3 sin(240t) + 0.5 sin(280t).
q5.4. What are the frequencies of the three sinusoids in f ?

(5)
[marks: 1]

q5.5. Calculate the PSD (using pwelch) of f (t) at a sample rate of Fs =

200 Hz. (Use N = 210 FFT points and a rectangular window. No
averaging is necessary.) Plot the spectrum with a log-y-axis. [marks: 2]
q5.6. Now reduce the sample frequency to 100 Hz and note the effect on the
spectrum. Explain the shift in terms of the Nyquist frequency and the
frequency of the original sinusoid.
[marks: 2]
q5.7. If we added a fourth sinusoid at 145 Hz, at what frequency would it
appear when sampled at 200 Hz? And at 100 Hz? (You should now be
able to calculate these without needing to plot the spectra in Matlab.)
[marks: 2]

[Total marks: 14]

MCM

The spectrum and time trace below were taken from the output shaft of a
double reduction gearbox of an extruder. The input speed is 992 RPM and
the output speed is about 40 RPM.
q6.1. Estimate the number of teeth on the output gear.

[marks: 1]

q6.2. Can we conclude the fault type based on the current spectrum range?
[marks: 1]

PREP - TL Extruder - 8"

8x6-8" -08G GBOX OP DE HOR-ACC
3504.6

Analyze Spectrum
01-Apr-03 15:05:45
(SST-Corrected)
PK = .0406
LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 40. (.67 Hz)

0.03
0.02
0.01

3543.9

0.04

3465.2

PK Acceleration in G-s

0.05

0
2700

3000

3300

3600
Frequency in CPM

3900

4200

Acceleration in G-s

0.12
0.09

Analyze Waveform
01-Apr-03 15:05:45
PK = .0412
PK(+/-) = .0971/.0872
CRESTF= 3.27

0.06
0.03
0.00
-0.03
-0.06
-0.09
-0.12
5

8
Time in Seconds

10

11

5. 5. Give the most likely machine fault and your brief reasoning for the following
spectrum:
a) Runspeed is 215 RPM. Machine is a ball mill.

Acceleration in

-0.12
0.03
5
0.00
-0.03

8
Time in Seconds

10

11

PK(+/-) = .0971/.0872
CRESTF= 3.27

-0.06
-0.09

-0.12
Give the most
likely machine fault and your brief reasoning for the follow5. 5. Give 5the most 6likely machine
fault
and your
brief10reasoning
for the following
7
8
9
11
ing spectra:

spectrum:

Time in Seconds

q6.3. Machine is a ball mill with runspeed 215 RPM:

[marks: 2]

a) Runspeed is 215 RPM. Machine is a ball mill.

5. 5. Give the most likely machine fault and your brief reasoning for the following
spectrum:
a) Runspeed is 215 RPM. Machine is a ball mill.

b) Runspeed is 217.2 RPM. Machine is a cone crusher.

q6.4. Machine is a cone crusher with runspeed 217.2 RPM:

b) Runspeed is 217.2 RPM. Machine is a cone crusher.

[Total marks: 6]

[marks: 2]