OWA200002 WCDMA RAN Basic Principle PDF

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OWA200002
WCDMA RAN Basic
Principle
ISSUE1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode
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Page 2
Multi-path Environment
Transmitted
signal
Received
signal
Time
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Page 3
Radio environment is very complex. The transmission signal of BS

reaches the UE through all kinds of paths including reflection,scattering
and diffraction. The received signals is different in power and delay time.
But the multi-path signal can be used by RAKE receiver through multipath combination.
Fading
Received Power(dBm)
Fast fading
-20
Slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
Distance(m)
30
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Page 4
Frequency Selection of Fading

P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
Narrowband
System
System
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Broadband
Broadband
System
System
f
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
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Page 5

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Page 6

2.1 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
2.2 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology
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Page 7
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
Multiple access technology

[ Time division multiple access (TDMA)
[ Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
[ Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex technology
[ Time division duplex (TDD)
[ Frequency division duplex (FDD)
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Page 8
In third generation mobile communication systems, TD-SCDMA adopts

time division duplex (TDD); WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt
frequency division duplex (FDD). WCDMA FDD mode has

been consolidated with TD-SCDMA.
Multiple Access Technology

CDMA
Power
y
nc
ue
eq
Fr
Tim
e
Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
FDMA
Tim
e
qu
F re
Us
e
U Us e r
U s s er r
e
r
Us
er
Power
TUim
s er
y
nc
ue
eq
Fr
y
nc
Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
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Page 9
Frequency Division Multiple Access: frequency division, sometimes

called channelization, means dividing the whole available spectrum into
many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel
can transmit one-way voice or control information. Under the control of the
system, any user can be accessed to any of these channels. Analog
cellular system is a typical example of FDMA structure. Similarly, FDMA
can also be used in a digital cellular system,except that pure frequency
division is not adopted. For example, FDMA is adopted in GSM and CDMA.
Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one
bandwidth is divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or
called timeslot). Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits
signals within this specified timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division
multiple access. This multiple access mode is adopted in both a digital
cellular system and a GSM. TDMA is a complex architecture and the
simplest case is that a single channel carrier is divided into many different
timeslots, each of which transmits one-way burst-oriented information. The
key part in TDMA is the user part, in which each user is allocated with one
timeslot (allocated when a call begins). The user communicates with a
base station in a synchronous mode and counts the timeslot. When his
own timeslot comes, the mobile station starts a receiving and demodulation
9
circuit to decode the burst-oriented information
sent from the base station.
Likewise, when a user wants to send any information, he should first cache
Characteristics of CDMA System
High Spectral Efficiency

[ Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
soft capacity
[ Quality
[ Coverage
[ Interference
Self-interference system
[ A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
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Page 10
In CDMA, channel data rate is smaller than delay extension. So RAKE

Rx technology can be used.
10

2.1 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
2.2 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology
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Page 11
11
correlation
l
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals
+1
0
-1
-1 1 -1 1
11 11
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals
+1
0
-1
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Page 12
12
OVSF&Walsh
Creating the orthogonal code sequences
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
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Page 13
Channelisation code uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of

different subscriber physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code
tree illustrated in the following diagram.
Channelisation code is defined as Cch,SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading
factor of the code, and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1.Each level
definition length of code tree is SF channelisation code, and the left
most value of each channelisation code character is corresponding to the
chip which is transmitted earliest.
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Autocorrelation
Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
Correlation
Delay time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
sequence
-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
correlation
1
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
Delay time (chip)
Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.
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Page 14
14
Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA
clong,1,n
LSB
MSB
clong,2,n
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Page 15
15
Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol
Data
-1
Chip
Spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
1
Spreading signal
=Datacode
-1
Despreading
1
Spreading code
-1
1
Data
=Spreadingcode
-1
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Page 16
Suppose bit sequence modulated with BPSK is adopted for the subscriber data,
with a rate of R, then 1 value is adopted for the bit of subscriber data.
The spreading here means to multiply each subscriber data bit with the
spreading code chip including N bits..Assume N=8,then data rate after
spreading will be 8R, with same random attribute as the spreading code.We
name its spreading factor as 8. And the broad band signal obtained after
spreading will be sent to the receiving end via the radio channel.
As the product of signal rate and factor 8 equals to the bandwidth spreading of
subscriber data signal,CDMA system is also called the spreading system.
During dispreading, the spread subscriber data will be multiplied, bit duration
by bit duration, with the same 8 code chips that are used during the spreading
of these bits.If only excellent synchronization can be realized between the
spread subscriber signal and the despreading code, can the subscriber bit
sequence be retrieved.The despreading operation restores the signal bandwidth
to the original value R.
16
Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Desired signal
1
Desired spreading
signal
-1
1
Spreading code
-1
Data after
despreading
1
-1
Data after
integration
8
-8
Other users
signal
Other spreading
signal
Other signal after
despreading
1
-1
8
-8
Other signal after

integration
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Page 17
During the process of receiving the expected correct signal that belongs to the
subscriber, complete synchronous despreading codes are adopted for the
despreading operation. After obtaining the despreading data, the correlation
receiver integrates the resulting products, then get the integration data.
Signals of other subscribers using different spreading codes are actually the
interference signals to the first subscriber. In this case, multiply the signals and
the despreading code of the first subscriber to get the despreading signal, and
then perform integration. Finally, an interference signal with a signal value
fluctuating along with 0 will be got.It can be viewed that the signal amplitude
of the subscriber increases by 8 times than that of the other interference
systems in average. That is to say, the correlation detection increases the
expected subscriber signal by the multiple of spreading factor value within the
interference of CDMA system.This effect is called processing gain, and it is
the basic characteristic of the spreading system.Elementarily, this kind of
correlation receivers are adopted for the BTS and UE in the WCDMA
system.Because the existence of multipath propagation and multi receiving
antennas, multiple correlation receivers are necessary for retrieving the signal
energy from all the paths or antennas.And the collection of these correlation
receivers forms the CDMA RAKE receiver.
17
Processing Procedure of CDMA System

Source
coding
Channel
coding
Spreading
Modulation
Radio
Radio channel
channel
Source
decoding
Channel
decoding
Despreading
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Demodulation
Page 18
18
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading

P(f)
Spreading code
P(f)
f
Narrowband signal
P(f)
Broadband signal
Noise
Recovered signal
Noise+Broadband signal
Signal
Combination
P(f)
P(f)
Spreading code
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Page 19
19
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Page 20
20
Structure of RAKE Receiver

Input signal
I
Correlator
Code
generators
Phase
Rotator
Delay
Equalizer
Channel
estimator
Path 1
Combiner
Path 2
Path 3
Matched
Filter
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Page 21
For the digitized signals input to the baseband, despreading and integration of
subscriber data symbols is completed via the correlator and local code
generator, specifics are as follows:Channel estimator uses the pilot signal to
estimate the channel status; Phase spinner deletes the phase affection caused by
the channel from the received signal according to the estimated channel status.
The function of delay estimation is to obtain the signal energy distribution at
different delay positions via the matching filter, and identify the multipaths
with large energy, and allocate their time values to different receive paths of
the RAKE receiver.The delay equalizer is to compensate the difference of
symbol arriving time for each path.At last, the RAKE combiner adds the
symbols after channel compensation to provide multipath diversity to
withstand fading.From the aspect of realization, the processing of RAKE
receiver can be based on either chip level or symbol level.The correlator, local
code generator and matching filter belong to the chip level processing, and this
is generally realized via ASIC device; Channel estimation, phase spinning and
combination belong to symbol level processing, and this is realized via
DSP.Though the realization methods and functions of the RAKE receiver
between UE and BTS are different, the principles are complete the same.
21
Advantages of CDMA
l
RAKE receiver is adopted

[ The time diversity effect generated by channel
coherence time is efficiently used.
frequency diversity
Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely

different bit rate and QoS requirement.
[ Wideband frequency spectrum

[ Low signal transmission power
[ Different spreading factors for different services with

different data rates
l
High spectral efficiency

[ All users can share the same frequency spectrum
simultaneously.
Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
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Page 22
22

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Page 23
23
HSDPA Key Techniques - Overview
AMC
SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM
HARQHybrid ARQ
16QAM
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Fast Scheduling
3 New Physical Channels
Page 24
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HSDPA Key Techniques - AMC

l AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding) based on Channel Quality Feedback
High data rate
[ Adjust data rate to compensate channel conditions

Good channel condition Higher rate
Bad channel condition Lower rate
Low data rate
[ Adjust the coding rate to compensate channel conditions

Good channel condition 3/4
Bad channel condition 1/3
[ Adjust the modulation scheme to compensate channel conditions
Good channel condition 16QAM
Bad channel condition QPSK
l Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)
[ UE measures the channel quality (SNR) reports (every 2ms or more cycle) to Node-B
[ Node-B choose modulation and block size, data rate primarily based on CQI
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Page 25
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HSDPA Key Techniques - HARQ

Conventional ARQ
Received Transmitted blocks are decoded
Checked for CRC errors on decoded blocks
If errors
discard the error bolcks
Request the trasmitter for
retransmission
Hybrid ARQ
Received Transmitted blocks are decoded
Checked for CRC errors on decoded blocks
If errors
Store the erroneous block without discarding
Request the trasmitter for retransmission
Combine the received re-trasmission with
previously received trasnmisison
HARQ with Soft Combining

Packet 1
Packet 1
Packet2
NodeB
Transmitter
UE
Packet1?
Packet 1
+
Packet1?
Receiver
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Page 26
26
HSDPA Key Techniques - Fast scheduling
Scheduling
determines
which user
shall be
transmitted.
l Scheduler may be based on
[ CDM, TDM
[ Channel condition
[ Amount of data waiting in the queue (delay)
[ Fairness (satisfied users)
[ Cell throughput, etc
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Page 27
27
HSDPA Key Techniques CDM and TDM

SF=1
SF=2
Channelization codes allocated

for HS-DSCH transmission
8 codes (example)
SF=4
SF=8
SF=16
Rel 5 (HS-DSCH)
sub-frames (2560 chips)
2 ms
Earlier releases
10 ms
20 ms
40 ms
80 ms
TTI
Shared
channelization
codes
User #1
User #2
User #3
User #4
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Page 28
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HSDPA Key Techniques 16QAM

l
HSDPA Modulation
[QPKS
[16QAM
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Page 29
29
Introduction to Diversity Technique

l Diversity technique is used to obtain
uncorrelated signals for combining

l Reduce the effects of fading
[ fast fading caused by multi-path

[ Slow fading caused by shadowing
l Improve the reliability of communication
l Increase the coverage and capacity
l Macroscopic diversity
[ Soft handover and softer handover

[ Reduce large-scale fading
l Microscopic diversity
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Page 30
Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input signals
with mutually uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates
these signals and adds them up. Thus, the system can receive more useful
signals and overcome fading.
A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel and any
transmitted signal reaches a receive end by means of multiple transmission
paths, such as direct transmission, reflection, scatter, etc. Furthermore, with
the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and phase on
various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of
received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if
overlaid, will lead to fading. The mid-value field strength of Rayleigh fading
has relatively gentle change and is called Slow fading. And it conforms to
lognormal distribution.
Diversity technology is an effective way to overcome overlaid fading. Because
it can be selected in terms of frequency, time and space, diversity technology
includes frequency diversity, time diversity and space diversity.
30
Microscopic Diversity
l Time diversity
[ Channel coding, Block interleaving,

error-correction
l Frequency diversity
[ The user signal is distributed on the

whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
l Space diversity
[ Receive diversity
[ Transmit diversity
l Polarization diversity
[ Vertical polarization
[ Horizontal polarization
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Page 31
31
Basic Combining Methods

l Maximal-Ratio Combiner
[ The multi-path signals are weighted

proportional to their signal SNR and then
summed.
l Equal-Gain Combiner
[ Equal-gain combining is similar to maximalratio combining, but there is no attempt to

weight the signal before addition.
l Selection Combiner
[ Choose the signal with the highest

instantaneous quality, so the output quality is
equal to that of the best incoming signal.
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Page 32
32
Smart Antenna
l Reduce interference
l Increase coverage and capacity
interference
Wanted signal
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Page 33
33
Smart Antenna
Omni antenna
Directional antenna
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Smart antenna
Page 34
34

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Page 35
35
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

l
Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Frame length: 10ms
Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
Handover: soft/hard handover
Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB

operation
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Page 36
1,The DS-CDMA system with a bandwidth of approximately 1MHz, i.e.

IS-95, is generally named as narrowband CDMA system.But WCDMA
owns a chip rate of 3.84Mcps, bringing approximately 5MHz carrier
bandwidth.This feature enables the system to support higher bit rate, and
at the same time brings other benefits, for example, increasing of multipath diversity.
2,In IS-95, only coherence detection is used in the downlink, but in
WCDMA, coherence detection based on pilot symbol or common pilot
is adopted for both the uplink and the downlink, increasing the coverage
scope and the capacity of the uplink.
3,IS-95 only uses closed loop power control in the uplink, while
WCDMA uses this in both of the uplink and the downlink.With the
closed loop power control used in the downlink, link performance and
downlink capacity is improved.
4,IS-95 system mainly aims at macro cell. Because BTS synchronization
is necessary, BTS is generally placed on the roof, etc. for the sake of
receiving GPS signal.In this case, a global time reference can be used.
But this application is difficult to carry out in the places where it is hard
to receive the GPS signals. WCDMA system supports asynchronous
36
BTS operation, and it may not use the global reference, thus it is
different with the IS-95 system requiring BTS synchronization operating
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

l
Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000
Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode
Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB

location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open

loop, out loop power control
Fully support UE locating services
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Page 37
37
WCDMA Voice Evolution
Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice

quality of 4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to

improve system capacity
Provide high fidelity voice mode
Fast power control
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Page 38
38
Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

l
Support maximum 2Mbps data service
Support packet switch
Adopt ATM platform currently
Provide QoS
Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet
services better
Provide mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP

addresses)
TFCI domain provides dynamic data rate
Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink

symmetric data service, such as voice, video
phone, conference TV
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Page 39
39
Thank You
www.huawei.com
40

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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment

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Radio environment is very complex. The transmission signal of BS

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Frequency Selection of Fading

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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

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Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology

Multiple access technology

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In third generation mobile communication systems, TD-SCDMA adopts

frequency division duplex (FDD). WCDMA FDD mode has

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Multiple Access Technology

Traffic channels: different

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Traffic channels: different time slots

Traffic channels: different frequency bands

Frequency Division Multiple Access: frequency division, sometimes

Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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In CDMA, channel data rate is smaller than delay extension. So RAKE

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

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Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.

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Channelisation code uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of

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Delay time (chip)

Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

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Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator