Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ex. Air a gas solution containing oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and inert
gases
Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD) evaluates and ascertains the quality
of products before they are
sold in the market.
Challenge yourself
A. Observations: (page 4)
1. How do you classify the mixture that was formed?
1
Sea water - Ho
Milk - He
Alloy - Ho
Smoke - He
Air - Ho
6. Soluble salts - Ho
7. Muddy water - Ho
8. Soil 9. Vinegar - Ho
10.Syrup - Ho
C. Smart challenge
D. Test Yourself multiple choice (page 4)
1. Which of the following tells about the mixture?
E. C. mixture consist of 2 or more substances that are not chemically
combined
2. Which of the following is a mixture
A. air
3. Which of these consists of solute and solvent?
B. Solution
4. Which of these does not belong to the group?
D. Water
5.
6.
7.
8.
D. Water
D. Solvent
A. Air
D.
B. Solute
G.
H.
Lesson 2 Colloids (page 9-13)
I.
Colloids heterogeneous mixtures consisting of particles that are suspended
or dispersed uniformly in any solvent like medium.
J.
Two phases:
a. Dispersed phase consists of the suspended particles.
b. Dispersing medium material in which the particles are suspended.
K.
Characteristics:
L.
Brownian Motion particles of colloids moves fast and randomly through
fluids where they are
dispersed.
- Prevents particles of colloids from setting.
2
M.
Most particles of colloids have electrical charges called ions which can
either be positive or negative.
N.
Colloids absorb ions on their surface and can hold some substances that they
have come in contact with on their surface
If negative ions are absorbed, colloids become negative.
If positive ions are absorbed, colloids become positive.
Charged colloid particles can attract particles from opposite charges.
O.
P.
Classification of Colloids according to their dispersed and dispersing
medium
a. Solid liquid dispersion
Q. Sol solid dispersed in liquid
R.
Ex. Pearls, opal, red glass
S. Liquid sols pigment particles that are dispersed in a liquid such as in
paints and ink
T.
Ex. Milk of magnesia and toothpaste
U. Gels- jelly-like colloids.
- They are like flexible solids.
- Most have branching structure that is made of gelatin.
V.
Ex. Gulaman, agar, jams, jellies
b. Liquid-liquid dispersion
W. Emulsion liquid dispersed in another liquid form.
- Contains tiny droplets of a liquid dispersed in another liquids.
- Formed only with an emulsifier (it is a substance that makes tiny
particles of a liquid to disperse in another form of liquid.)
- Important in improving the uniformity, consistency, stability and
textures of most foods.
X.
Ex. Mayonnaise oil and vinegar with egg yolk (contains
lecithin) as emulsifying agent
Y. Emulsifier
Z.
*Lecithin possesses a hydrophilic region, a water-loving portion that
interacts with
vinegar.
AA.
*Soap- when used with water, soap molecules spread over the
oil. This loosens oil
particles, thus washing them away easily.
c. Solid-gas dispersion
AB.
Smoke colloid dispersions which contains solid particles that are
dispersed in the air
AC.
Ex. Smoke from factories, chimneys, motor vehicles exhaust,
airborne viruses.
d. Liquid-gas dispersion
AD.
Foam consists of gas particles dispersed in a liquid.
AE.
Ex. Whipped cream and shaving cream
e. Solid or liquid gas dispersion
AF. Aerosols composed of solids or liquids particles dispersed in air.
AG.
Ex. Air freshener, aerosol sprays, man-made aerosols like
deodorants, cleansers, hair spray and insecticides
AH.
3
AI.
SUMMARY
AJ.
C
olloid
AK. Disp
ersed
phase
AL. Disper
sing medium
AM.
Example
AN. S
AQ.
Pearls, opal, red glass, pigment
AO.
Solid
AP.
Liquid
ol
ink, blood
AR. G
AS.
Liquid
AT.
Solid
AU.
Gulaman, agar, jams, jellies
els
AV.
E
mulsio AW. Liquid
AX.
Liquid
AY.
Mayonnaise
n
AZ. S
BA.
Solid
BB.
Gas
BC.
Vehicle exhaust, airborne viruses
moke
BD. F
BE.
Gas
BF.
Liquid
BG.
Whipped cream, shaving cream
oam
BH. A
BI.
Liquid
BK.
Air fresheners, deodorants, hair
erosol
BJ.
Gas
/ solid
sprays, insecticide, cleanser
s
BL.
BM. Importance
Body consist mostly of colloid particles that are suspended in water.
Blood ha a fluid portion that has protein called fibrinogen that is suspended
in it to form a sol.
When experienced a cut, one of the blood vessels breaks. Reactions take
place to convert sol to a gel. The gel makes the blood clot to prevent
losing more blood.
In food and industries, colloids are demonstrated in the formation of clump
solids called curds. The coagulation in milk is also observed in cheesemaking.
Clay is a colloid that is used in ceramics industry.
In paper industry, colloidal processes such as coating, printing and glossing
are involved.
Use of cellulose fibers, glues and inks is also shown in the cleansing action of
soaps and detergents.
BN.
BO.
Colloids that have biological and environmental impact
BP.
Dangerous pollutants when not used properly
1.
2.
3.
-
Aerosols
Spray
Insecticides
Man-made aerosols containing
fluorine, chlorine and carbon
which can be broken down in
the presence of sunlight.
5.
6.
7.
-
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
9.
Observations
1. How is an emulsion formed?
2. Did you observe a liquid on top? Why?
3. Why are emulsions useful?
4. What other emulsions are found at home?
10.Conclusions
Prepare model of the Brownian movement to show one property of colloids
11.http://www.sciencehq.com/chemistry/properties-of-colloidal-solution.html
Smart Challenge
12.Form a group of five members. Make a poster to show the proper use of
colloids to avoid its negative biological and environmental impact.
Test yourself (multiple choice)
1. Which best describes colloids?
13.C. Colloids are particles suspended uniformly in a solvent like medium
2. Which of these is an emulsion?
B.
Mayonnaise
3. Which is a mixture of smoke and fog?
C.
Smog
4. What happens when a colloid absorbs a negative ion?
B. A
colloid becomes negative
5. Which of the following refers to tiny liquid or solid particles dispersed in a
gas? A. Aerosol
6. Which describes the motion of colloidal particles? B. Colloids are in constant
and rapid motions
7. Which is a colloid consisting of gas particles dispersed in a liquid?
A. Foam
8. Which of these is a jelly like colloid?
gel
9. Which of these is a colloid used in ceramic industry?
B. Clay
10.Why are aerosols detrimental to environment?
D.
aerosols endanger the ozone layer
14.
15.
16.
17.
A.
-
it is poured out slowly from the container into another container leaving
solids or sediments that settled.
B. Distillation
- Separate a mixture that has volatile component. Involves 2 processes called
evaporation and condensation.
- Done when a dissolved solid remains in the distilling flask as its solvent
separates
18.*Simple distillation used when liquid components in the solution possess
different boiling points.
C. Evaporation
- Involves separating volatile substance mixed with non-volatile
substance.
- Done by heating the mixture
- The volatile substance evaporates at a temperature that is lower than the
boiling point of water.
- As the liquid is heated, it absorbs heat and changes to vapor.
D. Filtration
- Separating a mixture composing of two phases: solid and liquid using a
filter paper, cloth or any fine material that can hold solid particles
- Solid will stay in the filter paper while the liquid pass through.
E. Physical Manipulation
- Separation of components of the mixture using the hand or any
instrument.
19.Ex. Cleaning the rice before cooking by removing the seeds, weed, tiny
stones etc. from the rice grains.
F. Using a Magnet
- Uses a magnet to separate particles of metallic substances from those of
nonmetal substance in the mixture.
G. Chromatography
- Separating liquid mixtures.
- Continuous or batch chemical analysis and separation that is based on the
preferential absorption of different components of liquid.
- Done by taking advantage of the difference in the tendency of each
component to be absorbed in the surface and the tendency to be dissolved in
a solvent.
20.
21.
Benefits of Mixture and Safety Measures in using them
Household products
Mixture in our body (blood, urine, sweat and other body fluids)
22.
*Cholorfluorocarbon (CFC) used in aerosol s and propellant products
destructs the ozone layer that protects the earth from harmful radiation, increases
temperature causing worlds climate disturbance.
23.
24.
B. Work More
1. Saltwater
Evaporation
2. Vegetable salad
Physical Manipulation
3. Iron and sulfur
using Magnet
6
He
34.
35.
Lesson 1 Parts and function of Musculoskeletal System (page 28-31)
36.
Musculoskeletal System the system that provides locomotion, support
and protection to the body.
- Also called locomotor system
37.
Primary function:
a. Supporting the body
b. Allowing movement
c. Protecting vital organs
38.
2 body systems: muscular system and skeletal system
39.
40.
Composition and Function
1. Bones classified according to their appearance or shape
a. Humerus bone of the upper arm
b. Femur thigh bone
41.
Function:
- Store salt and metabolic materials
- Serves as the part where bodys production of red blood cells or erythrocytes
takes place.
8
b. Allows movement
c. Protect the vital organs
57.
C. Smart challenge
58.
Write an essay to explain the working relationship of the muscular and
skeletal systems.
- The tissues of muscular system and skeletal system interact to cause
movements in body. Together with the joints, which act as fulcrums, the
bones and muscles work together to create levers in the body.
59.
D. Test yourself (multiple choice)
1) How is musculoskeletal system called?
C. Locomotor
System
2) Which serves as the framework of the body?
A. Bones
3) Which is not taken care of by the voluntary muscles?
C. Sleeping
4) Which of these connect muscles to the bones?
D. Tendons
5) Which does not describe the musculoskeletal system?
D. it
transport food and oxygen
6) Which of these is not a function of the bones?
D. they send
messages to the body cells
7) What are fibrous structures that make the body move?
D. Muscles
8) Which muscles are found in the heart?
B. Cardiac Muscles
9) Which is true about the ligaments?
C. They connect one bone
to another
10)
Which is a strong and tough tissue that covers joint ends?
A. Cartilage
60.
61.
Lesson 2 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and their
Prevention (page 35-38)
62.
Frequently cause disability, impairments and handicaps.
63.
These disease causes pain or discomfort in the bones, joints, muscles or
surrounding structure.
64.
If used too often and too hard, it is prone to wear and tear damage due to
environmental factors and activities or a weak and ineffective system.
65.
1. Arthritis joint tissues become less resilient. These joint tissues start to
degenerate as one grows older
- Cause chronic inflammation that result to severe joint damage called
rheumatoid arthritis causing pain and immobility
- Loss of mobility and changes that occur in both joint soft tissues and the
opposing bones is called osteoarthritis.
2. Osteoporosis porous bones
- Common disease of the bones
- Deterioration of the bone tissue that results to loses of bone mass
- Susceptible to bone fracture
3. Osteomalacia soft bones
- Lack of calcium during early childhood development
- Bones do not become rock hard but rubbery
10
4. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome affects people whose job deals with repeated
flexing of wrist like typing and painting.
- Develops tingling or pain in their thumb, index and middle fingers
with weakness of movements of the thumb.
5. Tendonitis caused by repetitive forceful motions, overstretching and
overloading the body part
- Repeated strain on a tendon and attachment of muscles to bone can cause
inflammation on the tendon results in pain and difficulty in movement
involving the muscle.
6. Bursitis causes pain in the bodys joint.
- Caused by the inflammation of the bursa (acts as lubricating surface for
muscles to move over bones)
- Caused by over activity of an arm or leg
7. Sprain injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint.
- Result to sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissue of the ligaments.
- Extremely painful
- Injured part swells and turns black or blue
8. Fibromyalgia causes pain throughout the entire body.
- Affects ligaments, muscles, tendons of the body
- Causes fatigue and exhaustion of the body
66.
67.
Prevention and Care of the Musculoskeletal System
68.
Treatments:
1. Over the counter remedies
2. Specialized braces restrict movement
3. Medical treatment
69.
Orthopedic care- gives to individuals with disabilities that are inhibiting
their ability to enjoy full range of
motion and move without physical pain.
70.
Ex. traction, splints, and non-surgical procedures such as ligament
repair
71.
Most important Care
1. Eating the right kind and amount of food
2. Enough sleep
3. Living a happy life
72.
Rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons doctors who specialize in
musculoskeletal disorders.
73.
Rheumatologist diagnoses and treats conditions such as arthritis,
bursitis and tendonitis.
- Prescribes rest, physical therapy and medications
74.Orthopedic Surgeons performs surgery if patients dont respond to
conservative treatment.
75.
76.
A. Observation
77.
1. What happened to the chicken bones? Why?
78.
2. How can bones be made strong?
79.
Conclusion:
80.
81.
B. Work more
11
82.
Describe
1. Arthritis joint tissues become less resilient causing inflammation, pain and
immobility in joint tissues and bones
2. Tendonitis Repeated strain on a tendon and attachment of muscles to bone
can cause inflammation on the tendon results in pain and difficulty in
movement involving the muscle
3. Bursitis pain in the bodys joint caused by the inflammation of the bursa
due to over activity of arms or legs
4. Sprains injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint caused by
sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissue of the ligaments resulting to
swelling of injured part which turns to black or blue
5. Osteoporosis Deterioration of the bone tissue that results to loses of bone
mass and becomes susceptible to bone fracture
C. Smart Challenge
83.Make a research on our favorite athlete who exemplifies physical fitness.
Write an essay about this person. Include his/her picture and sports.
84.D. Test yourself (multiple Choice)
1) Which of these musculoskeletal conditions describes the deterioration of the
bone tissue that results to the loss of bone mass?
c.
osteoporosis
2) Which disorder causes pain in the bodys joint?
c. bursitis
3) Which is not a cause of tendonitis?
b. sudden fall
4) Which is brought about by an injury to a ligament or to the tissue covering a
joint?
d. sprain
5) Which of these is a condition causing pain throughout the body affecting the
ligaments, muscles and tendons?
b. fibromyalgia
6) Which of those is caused by lack of calcium in the bones? c. osteomalacia
7) Who specialize in musculoskeletal disease?
d. rheumatologists
8) Who performs musculoskeletal surgery to a patient not responding to
conservative treatment?
85.
c. orthopedic surgeon
9) Who may not be affected by carpal tunnel syndrome?
a. dancer
10)
Which of these is most needed to keep the bones strong? a. calcium
86.Chapter test
1. Which of the musculoskeletal organs serves as the framework of the body?
A. bones
2. Which of the organs makes the body move?
C.
muscles
3. Which of these connects one bone end to another?
B.
ligament
4. Which connect muscles to the bones?
D.
tendons
5. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
C.
locomotor system
12
D. Voluntary
D. it
B.
B. make the
A. Cardiac
D. swelling
C.
D.
C.
loss of bone
88.
13
89.
CHAPTER 3 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
90.
Lesson 1 Parts and the Processes of Digestion
91.
Digestive system responsible for the
food taken into the body which serves as the
source of energy that makes human work.
- Transforms food into simpler form
- Composed of alimentary tract and
digestive glands
92.
93.
The Process of Digestion
94.
Ingestion The process where food enters
the body through the mouth.
95.
Digestion The mechanical and chemical
process that take place when food is in the
mouth.
96.
Mastication The process of chewing the
food using the teeth.
97.
*Saliva
chemical
substance
secreted by the salivary
gland
that
lubricates the mouth.
Important in the chemical digestion
of food.
The food is chemically broken down into smaller particles.
98.
Swallowing reflex brings the food into the pharynx
99.
Peristalsis alternate rhythmic wavelike contraction that propels bolus to
the stomach.
100.
*food passes from pharynx esophagus stomach for only 5 to 10
seconds.
101. Absorption the process that takes place in the small intestine (complete
digestion of food)
102.
*Villi part of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients takes
place.
103. Circulation Process where digested products are transported to the
different cells of the body.
104. Assimilation Process where the digestive products are incorporated as
part of the protoplasm.
105.
*digestive products are broken down to provide energy.
106. Egestion The last process where undigested residue is expulsed.
107.
108. Parts:
109. Pharynx A common passage way for digestion and respiration.
5 to 6 inch long.
110. Esophagus a long muscular tube that conveys the bolus from the pharynx
to the stomach
111. Stomach an enlarged organ fond below the diaphragm.
14
Serves as the storage and mixing chamber for food before it enters the small
intestine.
112. Small intestine longest organ of the digestive tract about 6m long and
2.5cm wide.
113.
Positions:
a. Duodenum shortest and most fixed position of the small intestine.
(2.5cm)
b. Jejunum middle and freely movable part.
114. *treitz ligament band that marks the junction between
duodenum and jejunum
c. Ileum longer and highly coiled portion that is connected to the large
intestine.
115. Large intestine (colon) 1.5m long and 5cm in diameter.
- Reabsorb the excess water that forms vitamins and minerals which the body
also absorbed.
116. Rectum end part of the large intestine that stores fecal materials
temporarily.
There are 2 sphincter muscle between rectum and anus one voluntary and
the other is involuntary.
Strong contraction of the large intestine gives an urge to defecate.
117. Two Glandular Organs helps in the chemical digestion of food in the small
intestine.
1. Liver largest organ in the body and found at the upper part of the abdomen
Plays an important role in the production of bile.
118.
*Bile composed of bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, inorganic
salts and bilirubin.
119.
Emulsifies fats and neutralizes the acidity of the chime in order
for the enzyme in the
small intestine to function well.
120.
*Bilirubin a waste product that is formed when red blood cells are
destroyed.
2. Pancreas an elongated organ that lies behind the stomach.
Secretes pancreatic juice that contains an alkaline solution rich in
bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acidity of chime.
121.
Components of pancreatic juice: amylopsin, trypsin, steapsin and
nuclease.
122.
*Chime semi-fluid mass of partly digested food.
123.
*Enzymes organic catalysts that bring about chemical digestion of
food.
Epiglottis a small flap that closes off the windpipe of the trachea before the
food are swallowed to prevent the entry of food into the lungs
124.
A. Observations
1. What roles do the following do?
125.
Biscuits?
126.
127.
Calamansi?
Squeezing hand?
15
B. Work More
C. Conduct/make a research on how
commercial anti acid affects acid in
stomach
Low-grade fever
Nausea
vomiting
Upset stomach
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramping
Vomiting
Weight loss
Vomiting
f.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Observation
1. What fruits and vegetables are good for the digestive system?
2. How do fruits and vegetables care for the digestive system?
3. What other ways help care for the digestive system?
Conclusion:
Work more
Have an interview with a nutritionist. Ask him/her and keep a record of the
healthy foods needed to care for the digestive system.
Smart challenge
Form a group of 5 members. Enjoy by creating different sounds the body
makes as foods are processed. Discuss what sounds are made as they eat and
digest foods. Identify the different processes of the digestion process and
associate the different sounds made.
19
Chapter 4
larynx,
trachea, bronchial tubes,
bronchioles, air sac
*breathing deep and fast after jogging means that the body needs
more supply of oxygen.
20
*action of mucus membrane and cilia makes the air that enters the
lungs free from dust and dirt.
2. Pharynx (throat) where warm, clean and moist air passes.
- About 13 cm long, found at the back of the throat which connects the nasal
cavity with the trachea
- Separated into 2 tubes: esophagus leads to stomach, and trachea leads to
the lungs
Diaphragm a sheet of smooth muscle that separates the chest cavity from
the abdominal cavity
- Found at the floor of the chest cavity
- Together with the rib cage, serves as a protection for the lungs against
external shock or injury
- Moves up and down during breathing process
- Major function is to initiate the breathing process.
When you breathe out, it moves upward, forcing the chest cavity to get
smaller and pushes the gases in the lungs up and out of the nose and
mouth.
Human average about 14 to 17 breaths per minute, which brings about 7 liters
of air into the lungs.
One deep breath brings into the lungs an amount of air called tidal volume.
22
Mechanism of breathing
Ventilation the term used to describe the movement of air to and from the
alveoli.
Exchange of gases
23
External respiration Interchange of gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide that
takes place in the capillaries
in the lungs.
- Blood loses carbon dioxide and moisture as it gains oxygen, which combines
with the hemoglobin of the red cells.
- There is a continuous flow of blood through the capillaries, so that at eat once
or twice each minute all the blood in the body passes rough the capillaries of
lungs.
- This process takes place only a second or two but many changes take place.
Control of breathing
Breathing center specialized cell at the medulla of the brain which control
the rate of breathing.
- Monitor the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
When too much CO2 in the blood, they activate the nerves that
speed up the actions of the diaphragm and the rib muscles.
Factors such as excitement, stress, exercise, and disease can
modify the rate of breathing, which is normally about 14-17 times
per minute
Hiccups happen when the message going to the breathing center gets
mixed up with other messages particularly those that activate the epiglottis.
- May happen while breathing center activates the diaphragm to inhale air, the
epiglottis at this point gets the wrong signal and closes the wind pipe causing
the diaphragm to jerk violently.
The lungs of an average adult, unfolded and flattened out would cover an area
the size of tennis court. Each adult lung weighs about 0.45kg. a healthy
individual releases 3.5 oz. of gas in a single flatulent emission or about 17 oz. in
a day.
24
A. Observation
Name the parts of the lungs labelled and state the function or brief
description of each part
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
1.
Conclusion:
Work More
Write a short composition about the parts and functions of the respiratory
system
Compose a song about the respiratory system.
Make a crossword puzzle about the mechanism of breathing
Make a short poem about the respiratory system.
Test yourself
Why does the body use oxygen?
A. to release excess
carbon dioxide
25
2. Why are the cilia and the mucus membrane important in the respiratory
system?
D. They cleanse and warm the air before it reaches the lungs
3. Why do you breathe faster when you exercise?
D. oxygen is used up
and more CO2 is present
4. Which of the following best describes the air you inhale?
D. equal content
of oxygen and CO2
5. How does air enter your body?
A. through the
respiratory tract
6. Why do we need to breathe?
C. to get oxygen
and release CO2
7. Why do you breathe harder when you jog?
A. Your body
needs more oxygen
8. Which of the following happens when you exhale?
B. air pressure in lung becomes greater than outside
9. Why are lungs important?
A. they supply the body with oxygen and
remove CO2
10.Which of the following would prove that there is carbon dioxide in exhaled
air?
B. exhaling through a drinking straw into lime water
26
Lesson 2 Common Ailments and Care of Respiratory System
Respiratory System filters out foreign matters and organisms that enter
through the nose and mouth.
Sneezing
Wheezing
- There is no cure for chronic bronchitis and treatment to help reduce
symptoms is complex.
- Best way to prevent is stop smoking or to avoid learning how to smoke
- If excessive coughing occurs, there is a need to see a doctor at once.
Treatment:
Consult a doctor
prescription
for
drug
Hospitalization
Eat food rich in protein
13.
14.Treatment/Prevention:
Surgery (remove one lobe or the entire lung)
Chemotherapy
Radiation
15.
Common colds
16.Cold inflammation of the upper respiratory tract caused by over 200 viruses.
- The most common respiratory infection
- Symptoms may include mild fever, cough, runny nose, headache, sneezing
and sore throat
17.Treatment/Prevention:
Complete bed rest
Hot compress on chest
Drink plenty of juice
18.Cough symptoms of illness not an illness itself
- Common causes are colds, asthma, seasonal allergy and pneumonia
19.Sinusitis inflammation of the sin uses and the nasal passages.
- Can cause headache or pressure on the eyes, nose, check and one side of the
head
- May also cause cough, fever, nasal congestion wit thck nasal secretion
- Often bacterial and requires antibiotic for treatment
- It can also be viral and may not be treated with antibiotic
20.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) a respiratory ailment caused by a
virus which was first reported in Asia in 2003
- Symptoms include: high fever, headache, body aches, a dry cough and
pneumonia
- Spread mainly by close person to person contact.
- Spread when in contact (eyes, nose or mouth) with the droplets of saliva or
mucus containing the virus when an infected person coughs or sneezes
- Kissing, touching, sharing utensils for eating and drinking or talking with an
infected person can also put you at risk
21.Treatment/Prevention:
Frequent washing of hands with soap and water
Wear a mask
Drink plenty of water
22.Cystic fibrosis an inherited or genetic disease caused by a defect in a persons
genes.
- Affects the lungs, digestive system, sweat glands and male fertility
29
30
30.
Spirometer is an instrument used to measure the breathing capacity of the
lungs. It can measure various quantities like tidal air and vital capacity. The lungs
are never completely empty of air. After forced expiration, there may still be about 1
liter of air left in the lungs.
31.
A. Do it yourself
1. Visit he school or community clinic. Interview the doctor, nurse or midwife
assigned in it about the common ailments of respiratory system.
2. List down the ailments and find out how many patients they have for a day,
month or year.
3. Ask the doctor about the symptoms or causes of the ailments and how they
can be treated. Record the gathered data in the table below:
32.
Observation:
33.
Ailments
34.
Symptoms or Cause
35.
Treatment
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
1.) How can people acquire the ailments of the respiratory system?
2.) Which of these ailments is the most dreadful? Why?
3.) How can people avoid contracting these ailments?
51.
Conclusion:
52.
Problem: What are the proper ways of caring for the respiratory system?
53.
Observation:
1. What are the bad effects of pollution on the respiratory system?
2. How can you take good care of your respiratory system?
54.
Conclusion:
55.
B. Work more
1. Write a short composition regarding the common ailments of the respiratory
system. Read your composition to the class.
2. Make a slogan about the respiratory disease and paste it in your notebook.
3. Cut out some pictures that show healthful practices to avoid respiratory
problems.
4. Construct some advertisements about taking care of the respiratory system.
Paste the advertisement on a construction paper or illustration board.
C. Test Yourself (multiple choice)
1. How are the common ailments of the respiratory system be caught?
56.A. by means of viruses and unhealthy nutrition
2. How can you have a clean environment?
D. Disposing of
garbage properly
3. How will you care for a person with cold?
D. let him rest and take
plenty of juices
4. How can bronchitis be avoided?
A. by not smoking and exposing to
air pollution
31
32
A.
D.
19.
Chapter 5 The Circulatory System
20.
responsible for the transport of oxygen and food to the different cells of the
body
21.
to regulate the body temperature
22.
23.
Lesson 1: The Heart and its Parts
24.
Heart hollow muscular organ about the size of a persons clenched fist
situated at the center of the chest, above the diaphragm and between the left and
right lungs.
- Enclose in a sac called pericardium.
Consists of fluid that serves as a protection and cushion preventing
the irritation of the heart wall
25.
Interior of the Heart
26.
Myocardium
the
hearts
muscular wall which contracts and
releases causing the heartbeat.
Heat beats or contracts 60 to 80
times per minute.
The amount of blood that is pumped
is about 130 mL of blood.
Every beat makes about 7 liters per
minute
27.
Septum a thick muscular wall
that separates the left side and right
side of the hearts interior.
28.
4 Chambers of the heart
1. Right and left Atrium two upper chamber
2. Right and left ventricles two lower chambers
29.
Atria (plural of atrium) smaller with thinner walls.
- Hold the blood before it goes down to the ventricles
30.
Ventricles bigger with thicker walls.
- Pump the blood
31.Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
32.Left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body
33.
*How does the blood move through the heart? Blood moves in one direction.
34.
*Valves that are found between then atria and ventricles with the blood
vessels attaced to them prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
35.
Bicuspid valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle
36.
Tricuspid valve found between right atrium and right ventricle.
37.
Aorticsemilunar valve between left ventricle and the aorta
- Main and largest artery directly connected to the heart.
38.
Pulmonary semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
39.
40.
The heart work as a double pump. The first pump sends blood to the
lungs so as to collect oxygen. The next pump sends the oxygen to the tissues.
41.
The blood passes through the different valves that open and close as
the heart beats. The veins bring the blood to the heart from all parts of the body.
Blood enters the right atrium. Then it goes through a valve into the right ventricle. It
passes to the second valve to the pulmonary artery leading to the lungs. Oxygen is
picked up by the blood in the lungs. The pulmonary veins brig the blood back from
the lungs to the heart entering the left atrium. The blood goes to the third valve
that leads to the left ventricle. Blood is pumped through the fourth valve going to
the aorta. The aorta branches off the blood into arteries and capillaries. The arteries
and capillaries supply blood to all tissues of the body.
42.
The heart plays a vital role for the body. It pumps blood that transports
the needs of the body. It pumps blood into the lungs to get good supply of oxygen.
The oxygenated blood travels into the opposite side of the heat and pumps
throughout the body. Take good care of your heart to have a healthy body.
43.
There have been great achievements contributed by modern
technology. Pne is the development of pacemakers for the heart. This instrument
saves many patients from death. Another contribution is the stethoscope. A French
physician, Laennec, introduced this medical instrument. Doctors use this to be
aware of the various sounds produced by some body organs like the heart and lungs
in making accurate diagnosis.
44.
A. How is your heartbeat?
1. Put your hands at the middle part of your chest.
2. Count your heartbeat for one minute using the watch with a second hand
3. Work with your partner. Get his heartbeat
4. Compare your number of heartbeat with your partners number of heartbeats.
5. Jump in place for 20 counts. Get your heartbeats in one minute.
6. Let your partner do the same things. Compare your heartbeats.
45.Observations:
1. How many beats did you feel in one minute?
2. What was your partners count of heartbeats?
3. Compare your number of heartbeats with your partners?
4. Whose heartbeats are faster? Why
46.Conclusion:
47.
B. Make a research on famous persons who specialized in heart transplants. Report
you research in class.
C. Write a poem about the heart. The poem may be about the composition of the
heart, its function and how the heart helps the body
D. Multiple choice
1. Why is the heart an important organ?
B. it pumps the blood to be
transported to the body.
2. How many chambers does the heart have?
B. 4
3. What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle called?
C. Heartbeat
4. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the different parts of the body?
C. Left Ventricle
5. What sac encloses the heart to protect it and prevent from heart wall
irritation?
C. Pericardium
6. Which belong to the upper chambers of the heart?
A. left
and right atria
7. What separates the right chamber from the left chamber?
C. Septum
8. Which belong to the lower chamber of the heart?
B. left and
right ventricle
9. Which of these prevent blood to flow back to and go to diff. directions?
D. valves
10.How does the heart muscle differ from the other muscle?
a. It is strong and firm
b. It is fibrous and soft
c. It contracts and relaxes
d. It stores blood.
48.
49.
50.
-
63.
64.
65.
71.
Lesson 3: Blood Vessel
72.
The blood vessels are the bodys transportation system. The heart
pumps blood. The blood travels through the blood vessels and reaches the different
parts of the body. There are three types of blood vessel: the arteries, capillaries and
veins.
73.
Arteries blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart
- Vary in sizes: aorta is the largest artery ( 2.5cm in diameter), arterioles are
the smallest arteries.
- The artery walls are thick. These allow them to withstand the increased blood
pressure that comes from the heart.
- There are three layers in an artery wall. The outer layer consists of
connective tissues. This protects the artery from damage. At the middle layer
are smooth muscles with elastic fibers. They regulate the flow of blood. The
inner layer is composed of flattened cells.
- Blood flows to the bigger arteries and they passes through smaller arteries.
Then, the blood reaches the smallest arteries called arterioles. The arterioles
are connected to tinier vessels called capillaries.
74.
Capillaries the smallest vessels. They form a network throughout the
organs and tissues of the body. With this network, the capillaries are near every cell.
- They have thin walls. Because of this, it is easy for the transfer of oxygen and
nutrients from the blood to the cell and the waste products are transferred
from the cell to the blood by the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the
movement of tiny particles from the area of greater concentration to the area
that is of less concentration.
- The capillaries lead to the venules. Venules are tine vessels that are
connected together to for the veins.
75.
Veins the veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They
also differ in size. They are larger in diameter than the arteries. The largest veins
open directly to the heart. These largest veins are the superior vena cava and
inferior vena cava. The tiniest veins are the venules.
- They carry blood that contains CO2 and waste products. There is one vein
called the pulmonary vein which carries blood rich in oxygen coming from
the lungs back to the heart.
- Have thin walls. Though they have thin walls, they are not likely to burst
because the blood inside the veins has lower pressure.
- There are valves in the veins. They prevent the blood from flowing back.
76.
*there are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body. Each square inch
of the human skin consists of 10 feet of blood vessels.
77.
A. How do the blood vessels help the body?
1. Get a partner. Have a look at some blood vessels in your body.
2. Observe the white part of your partners eye. What are found in it?
3. Have your partner show the underside of his/her tongue. Observe and
describe what you see.
4. Describe the colors of the blood vessels.
78.Observation:
Arterys wall
1. Outer layer
2. Middle layer
3. Inner layer
81.
82.
Description
83.
C. Using comic strip, trace how the blood vessels work together in helping transport
the blood to the different parts of the body.
D. Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
C. valve
2. Which of these carries oxygenated blood?
A. arteriole
3. How does the artery help in the circulatory system?
A. it carries blood
away from the heart
4. Why are blood vessels important?
C. they work as
transportation system
5. Which is the largest artery?
A. Aorta
6. How do veins work in the circulatory system?
C. they carry blood
back to the heart
7. Which of the following blood vessels have the largest diameter in size?
A. arteries
8. Why is it important for the arteries to be located deep inside the body?
84.B. they keep the body safe from any injury.
9. Which of the following are the largest veins?
D. superior and
inferior vena cava
10.Where does the blood transfer food substances and oxygen to the cells and
remove waste products?
B. Capillaries
85.
86.
Lesson 4: Ailments, Diseases and Care of the Circulatory System
87.
According to studies, cardiovascular diseases are the most causes of
death in the country and the whole world. Some of these diseases are acquired. This
means these diseases are developed due to the poor health habits. Other diseases
are congenital which means they
are developed while in the mothers womb.
88.
89.
Arteriosclerosis happens when the pressure build up in the vessels
causing the harden cholesterol inside the vessel which cause difficulty in blood flow
to burst.
Caused by poor eating habits, eating too much fatty foods which causes the
accumulation of fatty lumps called cholesterol.
90.
Heart Attack happens when heart fails to pump because there is an
obstruction in its main arteries.
- Symptoms of this include pain in the neck, chest and upper abdomen, and
difficulty in breathing.
91.
Hypertension also called high blood pressure.
- There is sudden rise in blood pressure
- Symptoms include pain in the back of the neck, severe headache, dizziness
and sweating.
92.
Stroke this is a damage to a part of the brain.
- This happens when the brain does not get enough supply of oxygen. Due to
this, blood clot builds up in the artery wall in the brain.
- Happens when blood vessel ruptures and bleeding occurs.
- Some who suffers from this result to temporary or permanent disability of
some parts of the whole body.
- There is numbness on the parts of the body, inability to talk, slurred speaking
and difficulty in walking.
93.
Rheumatic Heart Disease characterized by weakening of the heart.
- Caused by inflammation of the inner lining or the leaking of the mitral valve.
- Symptoms include rapid irregular heartbeats, swollen painful joints.
94.
Anemia blood related ailment where there is less hemoglobin, low
production of red cells in the bone marrow, deficiency of iron or deficiency of vit.
B12
- Symptoms include headache, paleness, shortness of breath, weight loss,
fatigue and chest pain.
95.
Leukemia disease of the blood caused by an excessive production of
immature WBCC by the bone marrow.
- Symptoms include frequent infection, swollen liver and lymph nodes, bruising
easily, bleeding gums, weakness and fatigue.
96.
Hemorrhage bleeding disorder
- Results due to the inability of the platelets to function normally or form clots.
- Symptoms include prolonged nosebleeds and continuous bleeding from small
cut.
97.
Caring of the circulatory system
98.
The circulatory system is very important system of the body. If the
transporting of the blood is affected, the whole body suffers. There is a need to
practice desirable and healthy habits to take care of the circulatory system.
1. Eating balanced diet
99.
The right kind and amount of food is necessary to maintain a healthy
body. The go, grow, and glow foods must be considered in having a balanced
diet. Eat plenty of vegetables. Green and yellow vegetables contain nutrients
and carotene that prevent heart disease and certain cancers. Reduce or avoid
fatty foods. Fatty foods such as animal fats being an increase of the
cholesterol level. Replace these fatty foods with fruits, vegetables and juices
2. Have regular exercise, enough rest and sleep
100.
Discipline oneself in having regular exercise. Physical activities
like jogging, walking, swimming and cycling are forms of exercise that keep
the heart healthy. Exercise burns excess fats, lowers blood pressure and
builds strong bones. Exercise makes the heart pump greater amount of blood
rich in oxygen which makes the muscles strong. have enough rest and sleep
so as to be physically fit at all times.
3. Avoid smoking. Drinking alcohol and taking prohibited drugs.
101.
Smoking is bad to the health. The presence of nicotine in
tobacco and cigarettes damages the lungs and heart. It also raises blood
pressure and causes hardening of the arteries.
102.
Heavy drinking of alcohol leads to coronary heart disease,
hypertension and stroke. Taking prohibited drugs like marijuana as well as the
whole body.
4. Handle stress properly
103.
Stress is a part of living. Stress is a pressure that may be good
or bad. It may be caused by anxiety, fear, sadness, boredom, work hassles,
depression, traffic jams and death of loved ones. Avoiding stress is necessary.
Handle tensions and unnecessary worries properly. Have social contacts or
socialize with people. Share your feelings to your parents as well as friends.
Have recreational activities like gardening, engaging in sports, embroidery
and others.
5. Having physical check-up
104.
Though you are not having any ailment, visit your doctor for a
medical check-up. This gives you peace of mind. If during the check-up an
ailment is detected, then the necessary treatment will be given. This will
prevent the disease in becoming serious.
105.
Cigarettes when burned produce chemical residues that harm the arteries walls
make the blood sticky which results to blood clots, stroke and heart attack.
The nicotine constricts the blood vessels
Cholesterols are formed and block the blood vessels
106.
A. How does a balanced diet help the circulatory system?
1. Interview your mother, a cook, a nutritionist or a dietician on what consists a
balanced diet
2. Prepare a menu that will be good for the heart.
3. See to it that the menu includes 3 meals breakfast, lunch and dinner
4. Write the menu on a chart
107. Observation:
1.
2. What foods must be avoided to prevent harming the circulatory system?
3. How will a balanced diet protect the circulatory system?
108. Conclusion
B. Make a poster to encourage everyone to avoid smoking cigarettes.
C. Form groups of 5 members. Prepare a skit to show the effects of:
a. Regular exercise
b. Enough sleep and rest