The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

Chapter 4
1. The nominal rate of interest convertible once every two years is j, so that

.07

1 j 1
2

and j 1.035 1 .14752.

4

The accumulated value is taken 4 years after the last payment is made, so that

2000s8 j 1 j 2000 13.60268 1.31680

2

$35,824 to the nearest dollar.

2. The quarterly rate of interest j is obtained from

1 j

1.12 so that j .02874.

The present value is given by

&
&
600a&
200a&
40 j
20 j

600 24.27195 200 15.48522

$11, 466 to the nearest dollar.
3. The equation of value at time t 8 is

100 1 8i 1 6i 1 4i 1 2i 520
so that

4 20i 5.2, or 20i 1.2, and i .06, or 6%.

4. Let the quarterly rate of interest be j. We have

400a40 j 10,000 or a40 j 25.

Using the financial calculator to find an unknown j, set N 40 PV 25 PMT 1
and CPT I to obtain j .02524, or 2.524%. Then

i 12
1
12

12

1.02524

and

i 12 .100, or 10.0%.

5. Adapting formula (4.2) we have

2000

s32 .035
s4 .035

1.035 8

57.33450
1.31681 $35,824 to the nearest dollar.
4.21494

2000

34

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

6. (a) We use the technique developed in Section 3.4 that puts in imaginary payments
and then subtracts them out, together with adapting formula (4.1), to obtain

200
a176 a32 .
s4
Note that the number of payments is

176 32
36, which checks.
4

(b) Similar to part (a), but adapting formula (4.3) rather than (4.1), we obtain

200
a a36 .
a4 180
Again we have the check that
180 36
36.
4

d 12 .09
7. The monthly rate of discount is d j

.0075 and the monthly discount

12
12
factor is v j 1 d j .9925. From first principles, the present value is
300 1 .9925 .9925 L .9925
6

12

114

1 .9925
300
6
1 .9925

120

upon summing the geometric progression.

8. Using first principles and summing an infinite geometric progression, we have

v3
1
125
v v v K

3
3
1 v
1 i 1 91
3

and

1 i 3 1 91 or 1 i 3 216
125
125
1
3
6
216
and 1 i
1.2 which gives i .20, or 20%.
5
125
9. Using first principles with formula (1.31), we have the present value

100 1 e .02 e .04 L e .38

and summing the geometric progression

100

1 e .4
.
1 e .02
35

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

10. This is an unusual situation in which each payment does not contain an integral
number of interest conversion periods. However, we again use first principles
8
140
4
measuring time in 3-month periods to obtain 1 v 3 v 3 L v 3 and summing the
geometric progression, we have

1 v 48
4 .
1 v 3
11. Adapting formula (4.9) we have

4
4
&
&
2400a&
800a&
.
10 .12
5 .12

Note that the proper coefficient is the annual rent of the annuity, not the amount of
each installment. The nominal rate of discount d 4 is obtained from

d 4
1

The answer is

1 i 1.12 and d
10

1 1.12
2400
.11174

12. (a)
(b)

1 1.12
800
.11174

4 1 1.12 4 .11174.
1

$11, 466 to the nearest dollar.

m
1 m tm
1 1m
1 vn 1 v 1 vn
m

&
&
&
&
&
&
v an an v an a1
m m anm .

m t 1
d
i
i
t 1 m

The first term in the summation is the present value of the payments at times
1 ,1 1 ,K , n 1 1 . The second term is the present value of the
m
m
m
2
payments at times m ,1 2 m ,K , n 1 2 m . This continues until the last term
is the present value of the payments at times 1, 2,K , n. The sum of all these
m
payments is an .

13. The equation of value is

2
&
1000 n a&
10,000 or

2
&
a&
10,

where n is the deferred period. We then have

vn
2
n
.
n
2 10 or v 10d
d
Now expressing the interest functions in terms of d, we see that
2
2
&
&
a&
v n a&

v 1 d and d

2 1 1 d 2 .

36

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

We now have

1 d n 20 1 1 d .5
.5
n ln 1 d ln 20 1 1 d

ln 20 1 1 d
.
ln 1 d
.5

and

14. We have

3an2 2a22n 45s1 2

1 v n
1 v 2 n
i
or 3 2 2
2 45 2 .
i
i
i

Using the first two, we have the quadratic

3 1 v n 2 1 v 2 n or 2v 2 n 3v n 1 0
n
which can be factored 2v n 1 v n 1 0 or v 1 2 , rejecting the root v 1. Now
using the first and third, we have

3 1 v 45i or i
n

3 1 1

2 1.
45
30

15. Using a similar approach to Exercise 10, we have

1 v 4 v 4 L v
3

141

1 v 36
3 .
1 v 4

16. Each of the five annuities can be expressed as 1 v n divided by i, i m , , d m , and d,

respectively. Using the result obtained in Exercise 32 in Chapter 1 immediately
establishes the result to be shown. All five annuities pay the same total amount. The
closer the payments are to time t 0, the larger the present value.
17. The equation of value is

2400an 40,000 or an 50 .
3
Thus

an

1 e .04 n 50

.04
3

or
37

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

1 e .04 n
and

2
3

e .04 n

1
3

.04n ln 3 1.0986, so that n 27.47.

18. We have

an
and

1 vn
4 or v n 1 4

1 i n 1
n
sn
12 or 1 i 1 12 .

Thus, 1 12

1
8 1
.
leading to the quadratic 1 8 48 2 1, so that
1 4
48 6

19. Using formula (4.13) in combination with formula (1.27), we have

n

an v dt
t

Now

1 r
e 0

dr

n
0

n 1 r
r dr
e 0 e 0

dr

dt

e ln 1t 1 t .

Thus,
1
an 1 t dt ln 1 t 0 ln n 1 .
n

t
20. Find t such that v a1

1 v iv
i
1 i
. Thus, t ln v ln v ln
and t 1 ln .

21. Algebraically, apply formulas (4.23) and (4.25) so that

Da n

n an
i

Ia n

. Thus,

Ia n Da n 1 a&
& nv n n an
i n
1 v n
1
an 1 v n nv n n an n 1
n 1 an .
i
i

38

&
a&
nv n
n
i

and

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

Diagrammatically,
Time:
Ia n :
Da n :

1
1

2
2
n 1
n 1

n
n 1

Total:

3
3
n2
n 1

K
K

n 1
n 1

n
n

K
K

2
n 1

1
n 1

22. Applying formula (4.21) directly with P 6, Q 1, and n 20

Pan Q

an nv n
i

6a20

a20 20v 20
i

23. The present value is

v4
1
10 a10 10v 4 a14 a4

i
i
1
10 1 ia4 a14 a4
i
1
10 a14 a4 1 10i .
i

v 4 Da 10

1
i a&&n nv n nv n
& 1 i an an
a&
n
.
i
i
d
1 1
PV Ia v n Ia 1 v n 2
i i
n
n
a
1 v
1
1 v

n.
1
id
d
i
i
PV Ia n v n na

24. Method 1:

Method 2:

25. We are given that 11v 6 13v 7 from which we can determine the rate of interest. We
have 11 1 i 13, so that i 2 /11. Next, apply formula (4.27) to obtain
2

26. We are given:

P Q 1 2 11
11
2 2 2 66.
i i
i i
2
2
v
v2
2

X va
and 20 X v Ia .
i
id

39

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

Therefore,

v
v2
X
i 20id

or 20d v 1 d and d 1/ 21.

27. The semiannual rate of interest j .16 / 2 .08 and the present value can be expressed
as
10 a10
300a10 .08 50 Da 10 .08 300a10 .08 50

.08
10 A
300 A 50
6250 325 A.
.08
28. We can apply formula (4.30) to obtain
2
19

1.05 1.05
1.05

PV 600 1

1.1025 1.1025
1.1025

1 1.05 /1.1025 20
600
$7851 to the nearest dollar.
1 1.05 /1.1025
29. We can apply formula (4.31)

i k .1025 .05

.05, or 5%,
1 k
1 .05

which is the answer.

&
$7851 as an
Note that we could have applied formula (4.32) to obtain PV 600a&
20 .05
alternative approach to solve Exercise 28.
30. The accumulated value of the first 5 deposits at time t 10 is

1.08 1000 6.33593 1.46933 9309.57.

1000&
s&
5 .08
5

The accumulated value of the second 5 deposits at time t 10 is

5
2
4
5
1000 1.05 1.08 1.05 1.08 L 1.05 1.08
5
5 1 1.05 /1.08

1000 1.05 1.08

7297.16.
1 1.05 /1.08

The total accumulated value is 9309.57 7297.16 $16, 607 to the nearest dollar.

40

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

31. We have the equation of value

1 .01k 1 .01k
4096 1000

5
1.25 6
1.25 7
1.25

or

1/ 1.25
1

4
1 1 .01k /1.25 1.25 .25 .01k
5

4.096

upon summing the infinite geometric progression. Finally, solving for k

10

1
.25 .01k

and k 15%.

32. The first contribution is 40,000 .04 1600. These contributions increase by 3%
each year thereafter. The accumulated value of all contributions 25 years later can be
obtained similarly to the approach used above in Exercise 30. Alternatively, formula
(4.34) can be adapted to an annuity-due which gives

1.05 25 1.03 25
1.05 $108,576 to the nearest dollar.
1600
.05 .03
33. Applying formula (4.30), the present value of the first 10 payments is

1 1.05 /1.07 10
1.07 919.95.
.07 .05

100

The 11th payment is 100 1.05 9 .95 147.38 . Then the present value of the second 10
1 .95 /1.07 10
10
payments is 147.38
1.07 1.07 464.71 . The present value of
.07 .05

all the payments is 919.95 464.71 $1385 to the nearest dollar.

34. We have

PV

nm
2
1 m1
m
m
v

2
v

nmv

m2

1
m2
1
1
PV 1 i m 1 2
m
1

m
1

PV 1 i m

1 2v m L nmv n m
1

1 v m L v n m nmv m
1

m
&
a&
nv n .
n

41

nm

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

Therefore

PV

35. (a)

(b)

m
&
a&
nv n
n

m 1 i m 1
1

m
&
a&
nv n
n

im

12 terms

1 12 terms
1
1 1 L 1 2 2 L 2 12 24 3.
12
12

1
1 2 L 12 13 14 L 24 24 25 25 .
2 144 12
144

36. We have

PV v 5 v 6 2v 7 2v8 3v 9 3v10 L

v5 1
5
7
9

&
v v v L a&

1 v

v
1
v

.
2
1 v iv i vd

37. The payments are 1,6,11,16,. This can be decomposed into a level perpetuity of 1
starting at time t 4 and on increasing perpetuity of 1, 2,3,K starting at time t 8 .
Let i4 and d 4 be effective rates of interest and discount over a 4-year period. The
present value of the annuity is

1
1
1
5 1 i4

i4
i4 d 4

where i4 1 i 1.
4

We know that
1

1 i 4 .75 1 4 / 3, or i4 4 1 1 and d 4 3 1 .
3
3
1 13 4
Thus, the present value becomes

3
3 5
4

1 1
3 4

3 45 48.

38. Let j be the semiannual rate of interest. We know that

j .03923 . The present value of the annuity is
2

1 j

1.03
1
1.03
1

112.59
L
1.03923 1.03923
1 1.03 /1.03923
upon summing the infinite geometric progression.
39. The ratio is
42

1.08, so that

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

10
5
5
0

tdt

tdt

Chapter 4

75 / 2

3.
25 / 2
t

10
1 2
5
2
5
1 2
0
2

40. Taking the limit of formula (4.42) as n , we have

Ia

1
1

156.25.
2

.08 2

41. Applying formula (4.43) we have the present value equal to

1 k
t

1 k
1

i
t

0 f t v dt 0 1 i dt 1 k
ln

1 i 0
1
1
1

.
ln 1 i ln 1 k i k
1 k
ln

1 i

Note that the upper limit is zero since i k .

42. (a) Da n n t v t dt.
n

(b)

n
0

n t v t dt nan Ia n

n
n an
n 1 v n an nv

The similarity to the discrete annuity formula (4.25) for Da n is apparent.

43. In this exercise we must adapt and apply formula (4.44). The present value is

14
1

t 2 1 e

t
0

1 r 1 dr

dt.

The discounting function was seen to be equal to 1 t 1 in Exercise 19. Thus, the
answer is

14
1

14 t 1 t 1
14
t2 1
dt
dt t 1 dt
1
1
t 1
t 1

t 2 t
2

14

1
98 14 1 84.5.
2

43

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

44. For perpetuity #1 we have

1
20
1 v.5
so that 1 v.5 .05 and v.5 .95.

1 v.5 v v1.5 L

For perpetuity #2, we have

1
20
1 v2
4
so that X 20 1 v 2 20 1 .95 3.71.
X 1 v2 v4 L X

45. We have

n
0

at dt

n an n n 4
1 n
t

dt
1

40.
0

.1

46. For each year of college the present value of the payments for the year evaluated at the
beginning of the year is

1200a912/12 .
The total present value for the payments for all four years of college is


&
1200a912/12 1 v v 2 v3 1200a&
a 12 .
4 9 /12

P
.
i
1 1
For annuity #2, we have PV2 q 2 .
i i
Denote the difference in present values by D.

47. For annuity #1, we have PV1

D PV1 PV2
(a) If D 0 , then

pq q
2.
i
i

pq q
q
q
2 0 or p q
or i
.
i
i
i
pq

(b) We seek to maximize D.

dD d
p q i 1 qi 2
di di
p q i 2 2qi 3 0.
Multiply through by i 3 to obtain

44

The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual

Chapter 4

p q i 2q 0 or i

2q
.
pq

48. We must set soil (S) posts at times 0,9,18,27. We must set concrete posts (C) at times
0,15,30. Applying formula (4.3) twice we have

PVS 2

a36
a9

and PVC 2 X

a45
a15

Equating the two present values, we have

a36
a9

2 X

a45

so that

a15

a a
a
a a
X 2 36 45 45 2 36 15 1 .
a9 a15 a15 a9 a45
1 vn
1 v2n
n
49. We know an
a, so that v 1 a . Similarly, a2 n
b, so that

2
v 2 n 1 b . Therefore, 1 b 1 a 1 2a a 2 2 , or a 2 2 2a b so
2a b
. Also we see that n ln v ln 1 a n ln 1 a so that
that
a2
an nv n
ln 1 a
n
. From formula (4.42) we know that Ia n
. We now

n
substitute the identities derived above for an , n, v , and . After several steps of
tedious, but routine, algebra we obtain the answer
a3

a
2a b b a ln
.
2
2a b
b a
n
n
d
d n t d n
t
t 1

t
1

v
tv t v Ia n .
50. (a) (1)

n
di
di t 1
di t 1
t 1
t 1

(2)
(b) (1)
(2)

d
a
di n

i 0

v Ia n

i 0

t
t 1

n n 1
.
2

n
n
d
d n
d n
t
t 1
an v t dt 1 i dt t 1 i dt v tv t dt v Ia n .
0
0
di
di 0
di 0

d
a
di n

i 0

v Ia n

t 0

tdt
0

45

n2
.
2