Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Part 3)
of
thermal
and
chemical
to
Stephen R. Turns, Thermodynamics - Concepts And Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2006
2.
A.W. Culp, Principles of Energy Conversion, McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering, 2nd Edition, 1991
3.
T. D. Eastop and A. McConkey, Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists - Prentice Hall, fifth
edition (1996)
4.
M.J. Moran and H.N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, 4th
edition (2000)
5.
R. OHayre, W. Colella, SukWon Cha and F.B. Prinz, Fuel Cell Fundamentals, John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition
(2009)
2
Learning Objectives
Understand the principles of different thermodynamic power
cycles
Be able to calculate the thermal properties at state points
under some conditions
Be able to assess the overall performance of power cycles
Be aware of the principle of the direct conversion of thermal
to electricity
Know the basic principle of fuel cells; their types and
applications
Be aware of the basic concepts of nuclear reactors and their
operations
Be aware of the pollutions caused by the energy conversion
systems
3
Introduction
Basic Concepts and Definitions
The first law of thermodynamics defines the
relationship between
the various forms of energy present in a system
(kinetic and potential):
the work which the system performs and the
transfer of heat
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is a statement of
the Conservation of Energy Principle:
in terms of heat, work, and internal energy
4
Introduction
Energy is neither created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms
Energy of the universe (system + surroundings) is
constant
The heat Q transferred to the control volume is
equal to the shaft work W and the change in the
internal energy U
Universe=System+ Surroundings
5
Chapter 1 - Conversion
Mechanical Energy
of
Thermal
to
The
Heat
engines are
combustion engines,
categorized
as
internal
and
external
Wnet
=
Qa
11
PV = C
where P is pressure, V is volume, and k the specific heat ratio
defined as:
k=
cp
cv
13
P T
=C
(no
heat
k 1
T =C
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
k
k 1
V2 T1
=
V1 T2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6cGw1scLvc
1
k 1
P2 V1
=
P1 V2
14
th ,max
TL
= 1
TH
15
EXAMPLE 1
The turbine in a power station extracts kinetic energy from
steam at a temperature of 800 K. The steam emerging from
the turbine has a temperature of 370 K. What is the Carnot
maximum efficiency of the turbine?
The Carnot efficiency of the heat engine is given by:
th ,max
TL
370
= 1
= 1
= 0.5375 or 53.75%
TH
800
16
17
Nomenclature
reciprocating engines
for
The airfuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the intake
valve, and
the combustion products are expelled from the cylinder through the
exhaust valve
18
vmax
rv =
vmin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nplacsumrfw
19
conjunction
with
reciprocating
engines is the mean effective
pressure (MEP), given by:
Wnet
MEP =
vmax vmin
(kPa )
MEP
Reciprocating
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams
22
Initially, both the intake and the exhaust valves are closed, and the
piston is at its lowest position (BDC):
During the compression stroke, the piston moves upward, compressing
the airfuel mixture:
Shortly before the piston reaches its highest position (TDC), the
spark plug fires and the mixture ignites, increasing the pressure and
temperature of the system
The high-pressure gases force the piston down,
which in turn forces the crank-shaft to rotate, producing a useful
work output during the expansion or power stroke
At the end of this stroke, the piston is at its lowest position (BDC), and
the cylinder is filled with combustion products
Now the piston moves upward one more time, purging the exhaust
gases through the exhaust valve (the exhaust stroke),
and down a second time, drawing in fresh airfuel mixture through the
intake valve (the intake stroke)
23
(Qa Qr ) + (Wa Wr ) = U
(kJ )
Qa = U 3 U 2 = mcv (T3 T2 )
Qr = U 4 U1 = mcv (T4 T1 )
Where m is the mass of the working fluid
25
T4
T1 1
T1
Wnet Qa Qr
T4 T1
=
=1
=1
th =
Qa
Qa
T3 T2
T3
T2 1
T2
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, and v2=v3 and v4=v1 .Thus,
T1 V2
=
T2 V1
k 1
V3
=
V4
k 1
T4
=
T3
(1 k )
th = 1 rv
26
vmax v1 v4
rv =
= =
vmin v2 v3
and k is the specific heat ratio
k=
cp
cv
27
cycle for
engines
CI
reciprocating
The ideal Diesel cycle processes are: 1-2 isentropic compression, 2-3
constant-pressure heat-addition, 3-4 isentropic expansion, and 4-1
constant-volume heat rejection
The thermal efficiency of the ideal Diesel cycle
T4
T1 1
T1
Wnet
mcv (T4 T1 )
Qr
T4 T1
= 1
= 1
= 1
= 1
th =
Qa
Qa
mc p (T3 T2 )
k (T3 T2 )
T3
kT2 1
T2
29
v3
rcf =
v2
th = 1
k
cf
( k 1)
v
r 1
kr
(r
cf
1)
vmax v1
rv =
=
vmin v2
30
Take the cv=0.7176 kJ/(kg K) and the specific heat ratio, k=1.4 for the compression
and the expansion processes
are shown in
31
k 1
T =C
and
V1
= rv = 8
V2
k 1
T2 V1
=
T1 V2
T2 = 300 x8 0.4 = 689 .2 K
32
PV = C
p2 V1
=
p1 V2
p2 = 100 x81.4 = 1837 .9kPa
qa = (u3 u 2 ) = cv (T3 T2 )
kJ
kJ
(T3 689.2 )
1840
= 0.7176
kg
kg .K
P
T3 = 3253 .5 K
=C
T
T3
3253 .5
p3 = p2 = 1837 .9
= 8676 .1 kPa
689.2
T2
33
PV = C
T4 V3
=
T3 V4
V3 1
=
V4 rv
and
k 1
1
T4 = 3253 .5
8
k
p4 V3
=
p3 V4
0.4
= 1416 .2 K
1.4
1
p4 = 8676 .1
8
= 472 .1kPa
34
Thermal efficiency
th = 1
1
( k 1)
rv
1
= 1 0.4 = 0.565 or 56.5%
8
35
37
of 5000 cm3
Assumptions
1.The air in the piston-cylinder is a closed system
2.The air in the system is an ideal gas with constant specific heats
3.Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
38
Solution: The ideal Diesel cycle and given data are shown in
following p-v and T-s plots,
Pv = C and
v1
v1 0.861
= rv = 16 ; v2 =
=
= 0.0538 m 3 / kg
v2
16
16
v k 1T = C
k 1
T2 v1
=
T1 v2
T2 = 300 x16 0.4 = 909 .4 K
40
p2 v1
=
p1 v2
1.4
p2 = 100 x16 = 4850 .3kPa
Process 2-3 (constant-pressure heat addition to an ideal gas):
qa = (h3 h2 ) = c p (T3 T2 )
1840 = 1.0047 (T3 909 .4 )
T3 = Tmax = 2740 .8 K
p3 = pmax = p2 = 4850 .3 kPa
RTmax 0.287 x 2740 .8
v3 =
=
= 0.1622 m 3 / kg
pmax
4850 .3
41
Pv = C ; v T = C ; and
v3 0.1622
=
= 0.188
v4
0.861
k 1
T4 v3
=
T3 v4
0.4
T4 = 2740 .8x0.188 = 1405 .7 K
k
p4 v3
=
p3 v 4
1.4
p4 = 4850 .3x0.188 = 468 .6kPa
42
qr = (u1 u 4 ) = cv (T1 T4 )
qr = 0.7176 (300 1405 .7 )
qr = 793 .4 kJ / kg
Thus, the net work output of a cycle is
wnet 1046 .6
th =
=
= 0.569 or 56.9%
qa
1840
43
wnet
wnet
1046 .6
MEP =
=
=
= 1296 .6 kPa
vmax vmin v1 v2 0.861 0.0538
d) The power output is calculated as
2000 s 1
rpm
-6
3
= 108.05 kW
Power = (MEP ) piston displacement
= 1296.6 kPa x 5000x10 m
2 x 60
2 x 60
44