CE-106 Civil Engineering Materials and Concrete

Technology
Concrete
CONCRETE everywhere around us
Ancient Roman were probably the first to use concrete a word of
Latin origin based on hydraulic cement , that is a material
which hardens under water.
Or
Concrete is a composite material wherein a binding material
mixed in water on solidification binds the inert particles of well
graded fine and coarse aggregates
CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

Concrete Cont
Constituents of Concrete
Cement
Aggregates
Water
Admixtures

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

Concrete Cont
Uses of Concrete
Roads
Buildings
Bridges
Sidewalks
Runways
Canals
Mines
Tunnels
Dams
Sewer pipes
Railway ties
Manholes
Nuclear Installations etc

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

Concrete Cont
Concrete
Concrete should be
Hard
Durable
Strong
Dense
Non porous
Fire resistant
Economical

Typical Composition by volume

Cement:
Water:
Aggregate:

7-15%
14-21%
60-80%

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

Cement Cont
Setting of Cement
Initial Setting Time:
The time after mixing of cement with water at which the paste or mortar
or concrete can no longer be properly mixed, finished, or compacted is
known as initial setting time.
Final Setting Time:
The time at which the mortar or cement paste or concrete gain sufficient
strength and hardness.
Assignment (Setting of cement in detail)

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

5

Concrete Cont
Concrete Versus Steel
USA
Concrete consumption 5 times by weight of steel
Other Countries
Concrete consumption exceeds 10 times by weight of steel
More than 1 ton/year/person
Man consumes no material except water in such tremendous
quantities

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

Cement
Portland cement is the name given to cement obtained by intimately
mixing together calcareous and argillaceous or other silica-, alumina- and
iron oxide bearing materials. Burning them at a clinkering temperature
and grinding the resulting clinker.
From the definition of port land cement given above, it can be seen that
it can is made primarily from a combination of calcareous material, such
as limestone or chalk, and of silica and alumina found as clay or shale.

The process of manufacture of consist of essentially of grinding the

materials into a very fine powder, mixing them intimately in predetermined
proportions and burning in a large rotary kiln at a temperature of about
1400C (2550F) when the material sinters and partially fuses into clinker.

The clinker is cooled in a ground to a fine powder, with some gypsum

added, and the resulting product is the commercial Portland cement used
throughout the world.
CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

Cement Cont

2CaOSiO2

oferrite

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

Cement Cont

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

9

Cement Cont
Hydration of cement
Chemical reaction between cement and water is called hydration of
cement.

Heat of Hydration
In common with many chemical reactions the hydration of cement
compounds is exothermic and the quantity of heat (in joules) per
gram of hydrated cement evolved upon complete hydration at a
given temperature is defined as the heat of hydration.
Assignment (Hydration and Heat of Hydration in detail)

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

10

Types of Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (Type-I)
This is the most common type of cement in use. Ordinary Portland cement
is highly suitable for use in general concrete construction when there is no
exposure to sulfates in the soil or groundwater.
Rapid hardening Portland Cement (Type-III)
It develops strength more rapidly and is also called high early strength cement. The
increased rate of gain of strength of R.H.C is achieved by a higher C3S content,
sometimes as high up to 70 %, and by finer grinding of the cement clinkers.
R.H.C is used where a rapid strength development is desired for example;
When formwork is to be removed early for reuse.
where sufficient strength for further construction is required as quickly as
possible.
In cold areas the use of cement with a high rate of heat of liberation may prove a
satisfactory safeguard against early frost damage. But the R.H.C should not be
used in Massive structure as a high rate of heat development will cause cracking.
CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

11

Types of Cement Cont..

Special Rapid hardening Portland Cement

These are specially manufactured cements which are highly rapid

hardening.
Ultra high early strength Portland Cement
This cement contains no admixtures and is therefore suitable for use in reinforced
and Prestressed concrete. The rapid strength development is due to the very high
fineness of cement (700 to 900 m2 /Kg) and a higher gypsum content, but this does
not affect long term soundness. Typical uses are early prestressing and urgent
repairs.
Extra rapid hardening Portland Cement
This cement is obtained by intergrinding CaCl2 with R.H.C. The quantity of CaCl2
should not exceed 2 % as CaCl2 is deliquescent (to become liquid), so the extra
R.H.C should be stored under dry conditions and it should generally be used with in
one month of dispatch from the cement plant. Extra R.H.C is suitable for cold
weather concreting, or when a very high early strength is required, but should not
be used for reinforced concrete because of the risk of corrosion.
CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

12

Types of Cement Cont..

Regulated-Set Cement or Jet Cement
This cement consists essentially of a mixture of Portland cement and calcium
flouraluminates with an appropriate retarder (usually citric acid). The setting
time (1 to 30 minutes) can be controlled in the manufacturing process of the
cement as the raw materials are intergrind and burnt together, while the early
strength development is controlled by the content of the calcium
flouraluminate. This cement is expansive but valuable when an external early
high strength is required.
Low heat Portland Cement (Type-IV)
The lower content of the more rapidly hydrating compounds, C3S and C3A
results in a slower development of strength and low heat generation, making
the cement of low heat, but the ultimate strength is unaffected low-heat
Portland cement was first produced for use in large gravity dams in the
United States. Portland blast furnace cement (Type-IS) and Portland
Pozzolana Cement (Type-P) can be specified to be of low heat variety.
Pozzolana: is a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which by itself
possesses little or no cementitious value but is in finely divided form and in
the presence of moisture chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary
CEtemperatures
106 Civil Engg.
and Concrete
Technology
By. Dr. Khan
Shahzada
to Materials
form compounds
possessing
cementitious
properties.

13

Types of Cement
Main Types of Portland Cement
British Classification

American Classification

Description

BS

Description

ASTM

Ordinary Portland

12: 1991

Type I

C 150-92

Rapid hardening
Portland

12:1991

Type III

C 150-92

Low heat Portland

1370:1979

Type IV

C 150-92

Modified Cement

---

Type II

C 150-92

Sulphate resisting
Portland

4027:1991

Type V

C 150-92

Portland blast furnace

(slag cement)

146:1991

Type IS

C 595-93

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

14

Types of Cement Cont..

Main Types of Portland Cement
British Classification

American Classification

Description

BS

Description

ASTM

Low heat Portland

blast furnace

4246: 1991

--

--

White Portland

12:1989

--

C 150-92

Portland Pozzolana

6588:1985
3892:1993

Type P

C 595-93

CE 106 Civil Engg. Materials and Concrete Technology

By. Dr. Khan Shahzada

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