Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Comparison of Seoul,
San Francisco & Amsterdam
Jung-Hoon Lee
Associate Professor
Graduate School of Information,
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Marguerite Gong Hancock
Associate Director
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 1
I. INTRODUCTION
Smart Green City Projects:
143 smart city projects are currently ongoing or completed in North America [35] South America
[11], Europe [47], Asia [40] & the Middle East & Africa [10].
Sources: Authors analysis from IBM, CISCO, ABI Research, Gartner (2012)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
I. INTRODUCTION
Research Objectives
The research study purposes a conceptual framework setting out a holistic view of a smart city
developments. This framework classifies different initiatives & implementation practices.
RO1: To develop a conceptual framework applicable to Smart City practices around the globe
RO2: To analyze leading cases from the U.S., Europe and Asia through the framework & to identify
common characteristics in cities smart planning and development, while also noting differences
between them
RO3: To develop a maturity model for a Smart City based on different practices; this model will also
serve as an index identifying gaps and areas where improvement is needed
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 3
Research Approach
Value Added Smart or Smart City Services
using ICT
(Service Oriented Thinking)
Interactions with Smart City
Infrastructures: Network, Data Center &
Urban spaces
Smart City Governance: Leadership,
Strategy, Processes, Collaborative
Partnerships & Performance Measurement
Case Data Collection of Current Smart City
Initiatives & Activities
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 4
Urban Openness
-Performance Measurement
ment Processes
-Dedicated Organization
-Smart City Principles
Service Innovation
-Service Diversity
Case Study
-Service Integration
Framework
Collaborative Partnerships
Sensor Network )
-Private-Public Partnership
-Internal/External Collaboration
Intelligence&Sustainability
-Urban Intelligence Technology
-Smart Green Services
-Sensing/Mining/Big Data
Page 5
Urban Innovativeness
- Industrial Innovativeness
Work In Progress
Page 5
History
605.4 km2
Total Area
Amsterdam
600.6 km2
219.4 km2
Population
10,528,774
Households
4,192,752
780,971
400,000 (approx.)
Global Urban
Competitiveness*
Innovation Cities
Survey**
Fixed broadband
Penetration***
38.5% (Netherlands)
79.5% (Netherlands)
Households with
broadband access***
57%
3%
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 6
Urban Openness
-Participatory Service Design
-Open Data Platform
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 7
Case Study
Framework
Most smart city services are based on simple unidirectional/GPS location based applications
479,000 households in
22,000 buildings &
4 major banks in Seoul
have signed up to energy
saving app
Chunmanmansangsang Oasis
solicits and tracks new ideas for
social policies
552262 visitors
Civic engagement
platform connects
challenges to community
problem solvers
Open 311 allows users
to report
non-emergencies
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 8
Case Study
Framework
Initial Findings
Open data movement encourage governmental
transparency & open innovation
SFs open data movement is active; SMC offer
open data only in certain areas (e.g.
transportation, parks & recreation)
Geographic Data/Ethics/Admin & Finances
represent major open domains for SF
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 9
Service Innovation
Case Study
-Service Diversity
-Service Integration
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 10
Case Study
Framework
Smart city services are currently offered across different domains (Exploration/Exploitation)
Public Admin.
13%
Amsterdam
Tour/Culture/
Sports/Leisure
15%
Prevent
Crime/Disaster
17%
Tour/Culture
/Sports/Leisure
12%
Environment
5%
Others
(Logistics)
3%
SF
SMC
Prevent
Crime/Disaster/
9%
Medical/
Welfare /Health
8%
Transportation
20%
Environment
15%
Education
2%
Facility
Mgnt.
14%
Job Creation/
Business
3%
Public
Admin
12%
Facility Mgnt
3%
Prevent
Crime/Disaster
2%
Medical/Welfare
/Health
4%
Environment
19%
Transporation
35%
Public Admin
22%
Job
Creation/Business
3%
Others
4%
Tour/Culture/
Sports/Leisure
26%
Transporation
15%
Facility Mgnt
2%
Education
2%
Job Creation
/Business
4%
SERVICE INTEGRATION
Most applications (75~80%) offer a single service. Some service-oriented integration has been
achieved within service domains (e.g. in transportation, public admin., facility management)
Eco-mileage service
in SMC (connected
with banks, power
company)
Integrated tour
services with public
transportation
Case Study
Framework
Collaborative Partnerships
-Private-Public Partnership
-Internal/External Collaboration
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 12
Case Study
SF
A
7%
C
26%
C
93%
Finding
C
8%
D
11%
A
74%
Framework
Amsterdam
A
81%
C: Contracted/Outsourcing Development/Management
D: Private-Public Partnership-Special Purpose Company
SMC & SF have adopted different forms of partnership. Amsterdam has set up a special purpose entity to
promote its the smart green city
SMC
Most services are financed by the
central government or city itself
Services based on master plan
mostly outsourced to private
sectors
Presumption in favour of public
access (less sustainable?)
SF
Developed & operated by private
sectors (SF Open Data)
Efficient market-oriented
approach, but limited service
diversity in term of social-welfare
domains
More holistic approach may be
required compared to other two
cities
Amsterdam
Most services private-sector
financed
ASC foundation formed privatepublic partnerships to plan &
promote smart city projects
Also funded by EU open city
initiatives
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 13
Case Study
Framework
Intelligence&Sustainability
-Urban
Intelligence Technology
-Smart Green Services
-Sensing/Mining/Big Data
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 14
Case Study
Framework
SMC used more widely implemented intelligence technologies followed by SF & Amsterdam
Advanced intelligent technologies
AMSTERDAM
SF
SMC
13.2%
Not Intelligent
43.4%
26.5%
43.4%
55.9%
37.5%
17.6%
29.7%
32.8%
RF sensors in various applications, augmented reality (AR) & GIS, demand responsive pricing price &
data analytics add more value to smart city services
U-Seoul Children Safety Zone
tracks children's location
using RFID & CCTVs &
alerts parents in case of
emergency
No-Driving Campaign
uses RFID technology to
determine whether drivers are
properly complying with no-car
driving campaign (eco-mileage)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 15
SF leads on sustainability services which impact directly on the environment (civic engagement);
Amsterdam is next. SMC lacks green services despite its exceptional incentive system
(eco-mileage services) for reducing driving
Smart services provide engagement and incentive systems to help people adjust their behavior
479,000 households in
22,000 buildings &
4 major banks in SMC
have signed up to energy
saving app
SF Solar/Wind Map
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Greenhouse superimposes
energy labels on map of
Amsterdam for selected
addresses and postcodes
Page 16
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 17
-Dedicated Organization
-Smart City Principles
Case Study
Framework
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 19
Both Amsterdam & SMC have strong organizational support & governance to promote Smart City
Scale Factor
Smart City
Leadership
Smart City
Strategy
Formulation
Services develop in
decentralized way in absence of
Smart City strategy
Dedicated
Organization
Smart City
Both
Amsterdam
(Climate
neutralon) &
SMC basis
strategy is aligned
according
to
a
comprehensive
city strategy exists based on a
(Smart) have shown strong Smart City
Leadershipwith
& city's specific strategic
bottom-up approach
leadership & Strategy strategic perspective
initiatives
Strategy
(AS-IS/TO-BE)
Smart City
Development/
Management
Processes
Performance
Measurement
Smart City
Absence of principles for
Principles
Smart City planning
based on municipal /development / management, inc.
R&R
ordinance
Independent dedicated
small team of working
(coordinating) closely
with others city teams
Formalized
smart foundation
city
Formalized
processes
purpose
to attract
the private
sectors
Smart city processes
Dedicated Org.
processes
exist
but
not
for
different
types
of
smart
SMC has formalized processes for development
follow conventional
& Processes
in detail (i.e. are at an early
city projects are clearly defined
IT development/management
& management with different project initiatives
stage) & not yet recognized by and well established within the
processes, which are centralized
SFC
recently established a dedicated
org. and
related
agencies
organization
Indicators use IS performance
indicators or partly
exist in other form
collaboration
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 20
IV. DISCUSSION
Urban Openness
Question of more participatory services vs. location based services
vs. smart city services for specific urban space integration
(i.e. climate street, digital media street)
Open data quality & open data platform strategy can attract local
start ups & entrepreneurs supporting smart city growth
Service Innovation
Service exploration vs. exploitation with focus on what services we
need to select and where to concentrate for service development
(i.e. T for service diversity?)
Service integration across different service domains will create
more value which create higher complexity (Process reengineering
thinking?)
Intelligence&Sustainability
Collaborative Partnerships
Organic-market oriented (emergence/bottom up) vs. government top- Adding intelligence technologies (sensors & data analytics) create
down (control) approach in diversifying smart city services
more value for new service innovation & economic opportunity for
start-ups (e.g. SF Park)
Direct service implementation vs. test-bed/living lab. approach
Sustainability services for smart green need citizens to engage it &
depends upon technology maturity level (approved tech. vs. new tech. change their behaviors through robust incentive system which helps
for capability building)
sustaining eco-system for smart green services
Smart City Infra. Integration
Network effects & service user adoptions:
Multiple devices access vs. Smart phone access (Infra. Investment)
Network capacity & usage status will play important role in
promoting smart cities where higher data bandwidth (sensor data &
media data ) will be required in order to meet future citizens
demands
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 21
V. CONCLUSION
Innovating advanced civic engagement/participatory services
-Developing cloud-based, crowd-sourced applications (citizens input & feedback)
-Improving single-point entry access & enabling more cost-effective self-service
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Page 22
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Graduate School of Information, Yonsei University,
South Korea
Appendix I.
There are several types of definitions in both academic and practical literatures
Smart City is referred as the safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient urban center of the
future with advanced infrastructures such as sensors, electronics and networks to stimulate
sustainable economic growth & a high quality of life (Hall, 2000)
Scholars view
A city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and
modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of
life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance
(Caragliu, 2009)
A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy, people, governance, mobility,
environment & living, built on the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive
independent and aware citizens (Giffinger & Gudrum, 2010)
Citys view
Smart City as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city
elements using new technologies in order to create sustainable greener city, competitive and
innovative commerce and an increase life quality with a straightforward administration and
maintenance system of city (Barcelona City Hall, 2011)
Amsterdam Smart City uses innovative technology and the willingness to change behavior related to
energy consumption in order to tackle climate goals. Amsterdam Smart City is an universal approach
for design and development of a sustainable, economically viable program that will reduce the citys
carbon footprint (Amsterdam Smart City, 2009)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Appendix I.
There are several types of definitions in both academic and practical literatures
The use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and
services of a city which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real
estate, transportation, and utilities more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient.
(Forrester, 2011)
Practitioner
s view
A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many different
subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and commercial services.
The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem more resource-efficient and
sustainable. The information exchange is based on a smart governance operating framework
designed for cities sustainable. (Gartner, 2011)
Smart city [refers to] a local entity a district, city, region or small country which takes a
holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis that encourages
sustainable economic development. (IDC, 2011)
Definition
Taxonomy
Ideological Dimension
(What is Smart City Visions?)
Normative Dimension
(Where/Which areas?)
Technological/
Instrumental Dimension
(How smart city be
delivered?)
Objectives
Quality of Life
Sustainable-Green Life
Services
Infrastructure
Human/Social Capital
Elements
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee