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Toward a framework for Smart Cities:

A Comparison of Seoul,
San Francisco & Amsterdam
Jung-Hoon Lee
Associate Professor
Graduate School of Information,
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Marguerite Gong Hancock
Associate Director

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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I. INTRODUCTION
Smart Green City Projects:
143 smart city projects are currently ongoing or completed in North America [35] South America
[11], Europe [47], Asia [40] & the Middle East & Africa [10].

Sources: Authors analysis from IBM, CISCO, ABI Research, Gartner (2012)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

Image Sources from INEG, Maplink (2012)

I. INTRODUCTION
Research Objectives
The research study purposes a conceptual framework setting out a holistic view of a smart city
developments. This framework classifies different initiatives & implementation practices.

RO1: To develop a conceptual framework applicable to Smart City practices around the globe
RO2: To analyze leading cases from the U.S., Europe and Asia through the framework & to identify
common characteristics in cities smart planning and development, while also noting differences
between them

RO3: To develop a maturity model for a Smart City based on different practices; this model will also
serve as an index identifying gaps and areas where improvement is needed

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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II. RESEARCH APPROACH

Smart City Architecture

Research Approach
Value Added Smart or Smart City Services
using ICT
(Service Oriented Thinking)
Interactions with Smart City
Infrastructures: Network, Data Center &
Urban spaces
Smart City Governance: Leadership,
Strategy, Processes, Collaborative
Partnerships & Performance Measurement
Case Data Collection of Current Smart City
Initiatives & Activities

Source: Lee et al. (2010)

Unit of Analysis: each citys services, apps,


network infra., org. etc.

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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II. RESEARCH APPROACH


Case Study Framework : Six different domains are studied from 18 perspectives
Smart City Governance
-Smart City Leadership
-Smart City Strategy

Urban Openness

-Performance Measurement

-Smart City Development/ Manage-

-Participatory Service Design

ment Processes

-Open Data Platform

-Dedicated Organization
-Smart City Principles

Service Innovation

Smart City Infra. Integration


-Multiple Device Platform/Smart
Urban Spaces
-Data Consolidation Plan (IDC)

-Service Diversity

Case Study

-Service Integration

Framework

-Network Infrastructure (Capacity,


Traffic)
-Network Types (Wired/Wireless/

Collaborative Partnerships

Sensor Network )
-Private-Public Partnership
-Internal/External Collaboration

Intelligence&Sustainability
-Urban Intelligence Technology
-Smart Green Services
-Sensing/Mining/Big Data

Page 5
Urban Innovativeness
- Industrial Innovativeness

Work In Progress

(Smart City Industry + Existing


Industry)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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II. RESEARCH APPROACH


The study selected three different cities from Asia, the U.S. & Europe
Seoul Metropolitan City (SMC) City & Count of San Francisco (SF)

History

Capital city of Korea


since 1394

Founded 1776 & incorporated in


1850

605.4 km2

Total Area

Amsterdam

Founded 1275, Capital city of


the Netherlands

600.6 km2

219.4 km2

Population

10,528,774

City & County-808,977 (2008)


Urban: 3,273,190
Metro: 4,335,391

City Area-790,654 in 2012


Urban-1,209,419
Metro: 2,289,762

Households

4,192,752

780,971

400,000 (approx.)

Global Urban
Competitiveness*

9th in the world

6th in the world

27th in the world

Global Cities Index****

8th in the world

17th in the world

26th in the world

Innovation Cities
Survey**

28th in the world

2nd in the world

6th in the world

Fixed broadband
Penetration***

36% (South Korea)

27.3% (United States)

38.5% (Netherlands)

97.5% (South Korea)

68.2% (United States)

79.5% (Netherlands)

Households with
broadband access***

57%

%of fiber connection in total broadband subscription

3%

%of fiber connection in total broadband subscription

Photo sources: free copyright images from wikipedia


*The global urban competitiveness report 2011
** Innovation CitiesTM Program, 2011
*** OECD Broadband Portal , 2011
**** 2012 Global Cities Index & Emerging Market Outlook Study, A.T. Kearney & The chicago council on global affairs

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Urban Openness


Case Study
Framework

Urban Openness
-Participatory Service Design
-Open Data Platform

Case Study
Framework

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Urban Openness

PARTICIPATORY SERVICE DESIGN

Case Study
Framework

Most smart city services are based on simple unidirectional/GPS location based applications

479,000 households in
22,000 buildings &
4 major banks in Seoul
have signed up to energy
saving app

Chunmanmansangsang Oasis
solicits and tracks new ideas for
social policies

Allows neighbors & friends to rent


their cars to each other w/ electronic
swipe card, thus promoting sharing
economy

552262 visitors

BuurtMeter Amsterdam provides


based on a user's current location with
the score of neighborhood participation,
pollution & safety

Civic engagement
platform connects
challenges to community
problem solvers
Open 311 allows users
to report
non-emergencies

Logica CityApp uses storytelling,


official info. & user-generated content
to engage users with immediate
environment

Crowd-judging system rates


Amsterdam schools on parents &
student input

Whatser allows users to save favorite


locations and share these with Whatser
friends

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Urban Openness

Open Data Platform


Open data by categories*

Case Study
Framework

* Count as data provided in open API

Initial Findings
Open data movement encourage governmental
transparency & open innovation
SFs open data movement is active; SMC offer
open data only in certain areas (e.g.
transportation, parks & recreation)
Geographic Data/Ethics/Admin & Finances
represent major open domains for SF
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Service Innovation


Case Study
Framework

Service Innovation

Case Study

-Service Diversity
-Service Integration

Framework

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Service Innovation


SERVICE DIVERSITY (2012)

Case Study
Framework

Smart city services are currently offered across different domains (Exploration/Exploitation)

Public Admin.
13%

Amsterdam
Tour/Culture/
Sports/Leisure
15%

Prevent
Crime/Disaster
17%

Tour/Culture
/Sports/Leisure
12%

Environment
5%

Others
(Logistics)
3%

SF

SMC

Prevent
Crime/Disaster/
9%
Medical/
Welfare /Health
8%

Transportation
20%

Environment
15%
Education
2%

Facility
Mgnt.
14%
Job Creation/
Business
3%

Public
Admin
12%
Facility Mgnt
3%

Prevent
Crime/Disaster
2%

Medical/Welfare
/Health
4%

Environment
19%
Transporation
35%

Public Admin
22%

Job
Creation/Business
3%

Others
4%

Tour/Culture/
Sports/Leisure
26%

Transporation
15%

Facility Mgnt
2%

Education
2%

Job Creation
/Business
4%

SERVICE INTEGRATION
Most applications (75~80%) offer a single service. Some service-oriented integration has been
achieved within service domains (e.g. in transportation, public admin., facility management)
Eco-mileage service
in SMC (connected
with banks, power
company)
Integrated tour
services with public
transportation

One single entry point


covering all public services

Integrated public transport


information services for
Walkways, taxis, biking, &
ferries
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

Smart working center


w/ facilities for
integrated services
(e.g. tele-presence )
Integrated public facility
reservation sys. For
hospitals, parks & other
public facilities in SMC
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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Collaborative Partnerships


Case Study
Framework

Case Study
Framework

Collaborative Partnerships
-Private-Public Partnership
-Internal/External Collaboration

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Collaborative Partnerships


Partnerships type & Collaboration (based on sample of services in 2012)
SMC

Case Study

SF

A
7%
C
26%

C
93%

Finding

C
8%

D
11%

A
74%

A: Direct Involvement of Private Sector


B: Indirect Involvement of Private Sector (Private Capital)

Framework

Amsterdam

A
81%

C: Contracted/Outsourcing Development/Management
D: Private-Public Partnership-Special Purpose Company

SMC & SF have adopted different forms of partnership. Amsterdam has set up a special purpose entity to
promote its the smart green city
SMC
Most services are financed by the
central government or city itself
Services based on master plan
mostly outsourced to private
sectors
Presumption in favour of public
access (less sustainable?)

SF
Developed & operated by private
sectors (SF Open Data)
Efficient market-oriented
approach, but limited service
diversity in term of social-welfare
domains
More holistic approach may be
required compared to other two
cities

Amsterdam
Most services private-sector
financed
ASC foundation formed privatepublic partnerships to plan &
promote smart city projects
Also funded by EU open city
initiatives

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Intelligence&Sustainability


Case Study
Framework

Case Study
Framework

Intelligence&Sustainability
-Urban
Intelligence Technology
-Smart Green Services

-Sensing/Mining/Big Data

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Intelligence&Sustainability

Intelligent Technologies in smart city services

Case Study
Framework

SMC used more widely implemented intelligence technologies followed by SF & Amsterdam
Advanced intelligent technologies

AMSTERDAM

SF

SMC

13.2%

Unidirectional service using GPS

Not Intelligent

43.4%

26.5%

43.4%

55.9%

37.5%

17.6%

29.7%

32.8%

RF sensors in various applications, augmented reality (AR) & GIS, demand responsive pricing price &
data analytics add more value to smart city services
U-Seoul Children Safety Zone
tracks children's location
using RFID & CCTVs &
alerts parents in case of
emergency
No-Driving Campaign
uses RFID technology to
determine whether drivers are
properly complying with no-car
driving campaign (eco-mileage)

Wireless sensors/new parking


meters price spaces according
to demand and helps drivers
find convenient space

Tour & Broadway Info

Free interactive GPS navigation using AR for disabled


people (accessible toilets,
disabled parking, point of
interests)

Automated Water &Smart Meter

offers info. On local shows,


combined with coupons and a
location-based search function
supporting AR and GIS maps

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

uses RF technology based on


AMI (Automated Meter Infra)
to measure electricity & water

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Intelligence&Sustainability


Sustainability Services
Case Study
Framework

SF leads on sustainability services which impact directly on the environment (civic engagement);
Amsterdam is next. SMC lacks green services despite its exceptional incentive system
(eco-mileage services) for reducing driving

Smart services provide engagement and incentive systems to help people adjust their behavior
479,000 households in
22,000 buildings &
4 major banks in SMC
have signed up to energy
saving app

SF Solar/Wind Map

promotes public awareness


of solar & wind energy, by
allowing users to calculate
potential savings

UrbanEcomap Interactive maps empower


citizens through illustrations
of greenhouse gas emissions
(through transportation,
energy, waste)

Energy management Haarlem


monitors energy consumption of
connected home appliances using
smart wall plug (auto turn on/off
system)

SF Transitmap Google map mashup


generates walk-scores for
how far you can travel by
public transit from user
locations

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

Greenhouse superimposes
energy labels on map of
Amsterdam for selected
addresses and postcodes
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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Infra. Integration


Case Study
Framework

Smart City Infra. Integration


-Multiple Device Platform/Smart Urban
Spaces
-Data Consolidation Plan (IDC)

Case Study
Framework

-Network Infrastructure (Capacity,


Traffic)
-Network Types (Wired/Wireless/
Sensor Network )

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

Page 17

III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Smart City Governance


Case Study
Framework

-Smart City Leadership

Smart City Governance

-Smart City Leadership


-Smart City Strategy
-Performance Measurement
-Smart City Development/ Management Processes

-Dedicated Organization
-Smart City Principles

Case Study
Framework

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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III. INITIAL KEY FINDINGS-Smart City Governance


Smart City Governance
Case Study
Framework

Smart City Governance Maturity Level


Note: CIO (Chief Innovation Officer or similar position); R&R (Roles & Responsibilities); PMS(Performance Management Sys.)

Both Amsterdam & SMC have strong organizational support & governance to promote Smart City

Scale Factor

Smart City
Leadership

No leadership engagement & no


interest in Smart City Initiatives

Smart City
Strategy
Formulation

Services develop in
decentralized way in absence of
Smart City strategy

Dedicated
Organization

Functions exist in IS division


or elsewhere within the city hall,
but no dedicated team for
Smart City has formed

Smart City

Smart City leadership involved


on a case-by-case basis in
Governance decentralized way

Centralized Smart City


leadership exists under
CIO (within IT Initial
dept)

Strong centralized Smart City


leadership exists &
Key Findings
CIOs R&R are clear
Formalized top-down smart city
Top-down smart city
Integrated/centralized smart
strategy revised
a regular

Both
Amsterdam
(Climate
neutralon) &
SMC basis
strategy is aligned
according
to
a
comprehensive
city strategy exists based on a
(Smart) have shown strong Smart City
Leadershipwith
& city's specific strategic
bottom-up approach
leadership & Strategy strategic perspective
initiatives
Strategy
(AS-IS/TO-BE)

SMC has recently launched a comprehensive plan

Smart City
Development/
Management
Processes

Performance
Measurement

No standard processes; each


agency takes decentralized
approach in developing &
managing smart city projects
No performance indicators
for smart city development

Smart City
Absence of principles for
Principles
Smart City planning
based on municipal /development / management, inc.
R&R
ordinance

Independent dedicated
small team of working
(coordinating) closely
with others city teams

Dedicated smart city team


Dedicated team has diverse roles
has diverse roles yet not
& skills & is well established
established within
organization
within
Dedicated smart green city
org.organization
either operates

within the municipal IT division or as a special

Formalized
smart foundation
city
Formalized
processes
purpose
to attract
the private
sectors
Smart city processes
Dedicated Org.
processes
exist
but
not
for
different
types
of
smart
SMC has formalized processes for development
follow conventional
& Processes
in detail (i.e. are at an early
city projects are clearly defined
IT development/management
& management with different project initiatives
stage) & not yet recognized by and well established within the
processes, which are centralized
SFC
recently established a dedicated
org. and
related
agencies
organization
Indicators use IS performance
indicators or partly
exist in other form

co-ordinates with decentralized agencies

Smart City PMS is uniquely


Smart City PMS updates
developed, but only used
and widely
Amsterdam (focusing onregularly
CO2 reduction,
energy
internally by Smart City team
used and publicly announced

efficiency) & SMC (focusing broader service op


Performance
eration & behavioral change) have implemented
Mgnt.Smart
& City Principles
as utilized Smart City Principles based on
principles
Smart City principles limited
to by Smart City team based on municipal ordinance widely used
Principles
SMC defined smart city governance principles
certain divisions

municipal ordinance; principles


by Smart City team & other
promote
effective internal/external
not used byto
other
divisions
divisions

collaboration

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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IV. DISCUSSION

Urban Openness
Question of more participatory services vs. location based services
vs. smart city services for specific urban space integration
(i.e. climate street, digital media street)
Open data quality & open data platform strategy can attract local
start ups & entrepreneurs supporting smart city growth

Service Innovation
Service exploration vs. exploitation with focus on what services we
need to select and where to concentrate for service development
(i.e. T for service diversity?)
Service integration across different service domains will create
more value which create higher complexity (Process reengineering
thinking?)

Intelligence&Sustainability
Collaborative Partnerships
Organic-market oriented (emergence/bottom up) vs. government top- Adding intelligence technologies (sensors & data analytics) create
down (control) approach in diversifying smart city services
more value for new service innovation & economic opportunity for
start-ups (e.g. SF Park)
Direct service implementation vs. test-bed/living lab. approach
Sustainability services for smart green need citizens to engage it &
depends upon technology maturity level (approved tech. vs. new tech. change their behaviors through robust incentive system which helps
for capability building)
sustaining eco-system for smart green services
Smart City Infra. Integration
Network effects & service user adoptions:
Multiple devices access vs. Smart phone access (Infra. Investment)
Network capacity & usage status will play important role in
promoting smart cities where higher data bandwidth (sensor data &
media data ) will be required in order to meet future citizens
demands

Smart City Governance


Smart city leadership & governance model matters
Centralized/holistic based smart city strategy vs. decentralized
strategy
Smart city development need a dedicated organization & robust
processes, governance principles & performance measurements to
leverage services within the city

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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V. CONCLUSION
Innovating advanced civic engagement/participatory services
-Developing cloud-based, crowd-sourced applications (citizens input & feedback)
-Improving single-point entry access & enabling more cost-effective self-service

Empowering user driven innovation through open data platform strategy


-Facilitating new service development and providing ability to leverage city data
-Increase government transparency & crowd-sourcing movement
-Diversifying & exploring different service domains (utilities, transportation, healthcare etc..)

Converging/integrating smart city infrastructure


-Converging ICT with smart urban spaces (streets, buildings, parks, public utilities, homes)
-Developing more intelligent technologies to support diverse services & smart green services (e.g. smart grid)
-Developing interoperability of smart city services (service composition thinking) & infrastructure integration
(multiple-devices platform, networks & integrated data centre)

Defining smart city governance


- Defining smart city visions & road-mapping a comprehensive smart city strategy for continued leadership (clear role
& responsibility)
- Integrating planning/development/management processes & principles for smart city initiatives
- Creating smart city eco-system for innovation & entrepreneurship through different types of private-public partnership
(e.g. special purpose company)

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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If you have any questions , please feel free to contact us.


Jung-Hoon Lee
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Information,
Yonsei University
E-Mail:jhoonlee@yonsei.ac.kr /jhl26cam@stanford.edu
http://sprie.gsb.stanford.edu/people/Jung-hoon_Lee/

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee
Graduate School of Information, Yonsei University,
South Korea

Appendix I.

Smart City Definitions

There are several types of definitions in both academic and practical literatures
Smart City is referred as the safe, secure environmentally green, and efficient urban center of the
future with advanced infrastructures such as sensors, electronics and networks to stimulate
sustainable economic growth & a high quality of life (Hall, 2000)

Scholars view

A city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and
modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of
life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance
(Caragliu, 2009)
A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy, people, governance, mobility,
environment & living, built on the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive
independent and aware citizens (Giffinger & Gudrum, 2010)

Citys view

Smart City as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city
elements using new technologies in order to create sustainable greener city, competitive and
innovative commerce and an increase life quality with a straightforward administration and
maintenance system of city (Barcelona City Hall, 2011)

Amsterdam Smart City uses innovative technology and the willingness to change behavior related to
energy consumption in order to tackle climate goals. Amsterdam Smart City is an universal approach
for design and development of a sustainable, economically viable program that will reduce the citys
carbon footprint (Amsterdam Smart City, 2009)
Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

Appendix I.

Smart City Definitions

There are several types of definitions in both academic and practical literatures
The use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and
services of a city which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real
estate, transportation, and utilities more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient.
(Forrester, 2011)

Practitioner
s view

A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many different
subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and commercial services.
The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem more resource-efficient and
sustainable. The information exchange is based on a smart governance operating framework
designed for cities sustainable. (Gartner, 2011)
Smart city [refers to] a local entity a district, city, region or small country which takes a
holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis that encourages
sustainable economic development. (IDC, 2011)

Definition
Taxonomy

Ideological Dimension
(What is Smart City Visions?)

Normative Dimension
(Where/Which areas?)

Technological/
Instrumental Dimension
(How smart city be
delivered?)

Objectives

Quality of Life

Sustainable-Green Life

Innovative Working Life

Services

Infrastructure

Human/Social Capital

Elements

Copyright 2012 ISi Lab, GSI, Yonsei Univ., All rights reserved , Prepared by Prof. J.H. Lee

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