FREYSSINET INTERNATIONAL & COMPANY

ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS CONFRONTATION

This document is the exclusive property of FREYSSINET.
It is confidential and may not be used, reproduced or communicated either in whole or
in part, in any form or manner without the prior written agreement of FREYSSINET.
This document shall not be distributed to third parties except under the terms of the contract.

Rev.
A

Date
02/10/2007

Modifications
First issue

Prepared by
N.DEMEY

FREYSSINET INTERNATIONAL & COMPANY

ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS CONFRONTATION
This document is the exclusive property of FREYSSINET.
It is confidential and may not be used, reproduced or communicated either in whole or
in part, in any form or manner without the prior written agreement of FREYSSINET.
This document shall not be distributed to third parties except under the terms of the contract.
BS 5400
Tests conditions

TESTS
Tests on complete bearings
- Shear stiffness

- Shear bond

NONE

NONE

DIN 4141
Specifications

NONE

NONE

- Compression stiffness

Test performed at SLS Load

In accordance with particular

specifications of structure
concerned

- Compression bond

NONE

NONE

- Repeated loading
compression

NONE

NONE

- Compression creep

NONE

NONE

- Static rotation

NONE

NONE

- Non sliding

NONE

- Rotation - excentration

Tests conditions

Test at different temperatures (i.e.

50C, 23C, 0C, -15C, -20C, 25C, -30C +/-2C)

EN 1337-3
Specifications

Adequation with design values

Tests on 10000mm area bearings Failure with minimum shear stress

Fz=40kN ; compression speed btw of 7N/mm or shear strain of
15 and 30N/mm/min ;
tan()P3.5

DIN 50 145 ; 2 loadings until

admissible pressure (see DIN 4141
part 14 table 5) then third loading
with Force -distorsion and Stressdamping measurement
Vertical loading until failure
loading speed btw 4 and 6
N/mm/min with 20N/mm steps
(loading maintained constant 2 min
btw each step)
Vertical loading : Fz=0.5.A.S
3 tests at 23C +/-2C and 50C+/2C with unloading at 0.1.Fz btw
tests
Distorsion speed : 1.5 to 3mm/s
Measurement done on 3rd loading

Tests conditions

At ambiant temperature 23C +/2C

At low temperature : 7 days at 25C +/-2C then test at -25C +/2C

AASHTO D4014
Specifications

G = 0.9MPa +/- 0.15MPa

Tests conditions

XP T 47-815

Specifications

Tests conditions

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

After ageing : 72H at 70C then test

Gvieilli - Ginitial O 0.15MPa
at ambiant temperature

NONE

NONE

After heating : 72h at 100C +/-2C, No failure of bearing after test,

then test at ambiant temperature
Gfinal - Ginitial < 0.1MPa

At ambiant temperature: 23C +/2C Pression: 12 MPa

NONE

NONE

At ambiant temperature 23C +/No failure at tg = 1.4 ; no angular

2C Pressure : 4/3.G. ' or 2.G.' point on result curve

G O 2.75MPa

No damage on bearing at tg=2

Force / Distorsion curve must be
monotonous until tg=2

After heating : 72 h 70C ; test at

ambiant temperature

At ambiant temperature 23C +/2C

At low temperature (-25C +/-2C)
during 7 days, then test at same
temp

Specifications

At low temperature (-25C +/-2C)

during 7 days, test at same temp
After heating
At ambiant, low and high
temperature Compression module
evaluated btw 5 and 15MPa or 5
and 10MPa, belongs to bearing
plane dimensions
NONE

0.9MPa +/-0.1MPa
< 2.70MPa

Increasing, monotonous curve btw

tg = 1.4 and tg = 2
No failure up to
5G '
p=
.
1.5
low temp module < 2 x ambiant temp
heated module < 1.15 x ambiant
temp
NONE

Adequation with design values

At ambiant temperature : 23C +/2C

Module mesured between 1/3 and

whole max pressure (i.e. 5G/1.5)
No damage on bearing,
monotonous curve

NONE

NONE

Justification of real supported

loading

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

G = 0.8 to 1.2N/mm for

temperature of 23C +/-2C
see DIN 4141 part 140 for other
temperatures equivalency

At ambiant temperature : 23C +/2C

N=2 000 000
Frequency <= 3 Hz
1= 7.5 MPa 2 =25 MPa

Maximum variation of Ecs =+2%

NONE

NONE

At ambiant temperature ; test during No failure on bearing ;

more than 500000 cycles ;
not more than 2% increase of
compression stiffness
frequency < 3Hz ; 1=7.5MPa ;
10MPa<2<25MPa

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

max 10% difference with thoritical

value

At ambiant temperature : 23C +/2C

Repeated 0.003 rad rotations, 7

MPa and 0.03 Hz. Moment
calculation

NONE

NONE

NONE

Vertical loading at 0.5 and

1xadmissible loading
bearing is submitted to admissible
rotation at each step
Frequency < 0.03Hz ; 20 loading
cycles
NONE

At ambiant temperature
Mimimum duration : 1 month
Pressure : 25MPa
Skewed wedge method

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

At ambiant temperature: 23C +/2C Excentration: 1/3 central

NONE

NONE

- Ozone resistance

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

Stress:1.3G ( 6MPa min)

O3 concentration: 50 ppcm
Temperature: 40C
Test length: 72h
Distorsion: tg=0.7

Evaluation of rotation capacity :

uplift within required under
compression load of 3.5Gb/1.5
No cracks - No desadherisation

NONE

NONE

- Shear relaxation

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

- Hardness
- Quick production tests

NONE
Performed on all bearings
produced: SLS compressive load
applied

NONE
NONE
Module mesured between 1/3 and NONE
whole SLS pressure : maximum
20% of variation in a bearing batch

NONE
NONE

NONE
Compression stiffness - test
frequency depending on produced
bearing volume

NONE
Visual checking - no grip Failure
btw elastomer and steel , correct
steel plates placement , uniform
pads
G = 0.9MPa +/- 0.15MPa
NONE
- compression at 1.5 times design Visual inspection : No lack of
or G = 0.7MPa +/-0.10MPa
load on same bearing
elastomer to steel bond ; no
or G = 1.15MPa +/-0.20MPa
laminate placement faults ; no more
No maximum value of stress under
than 2 cracks of 2mm depth and
2mm width
distorsion of 2. At max distorsion,
no failure due to grip / moulding
defect
All specimens taken from complete bearings

Shear stiffness - test frequency

depending on produced bearing
volume
Shear Bond - test frequency
depending on produced bearing
volume
Tests on raw material
properties
- Tensile strength

- Elongation at break

In accordance with BS 903 part A2 Minimum 15.5N/mm

DIN 53 504 - test performed with

round R1 samples or Beam S2

In accordance with BS 903 part A2 NR: between 300% and 450%

depending on hardness
CR: between 300% and 400%
depending on hardness

DIN 53 504 - test performed with

round R1 samples or Beam S2

S2 : min 19N/mm (type) ; min

13N/mm (extract from bearing)
R1 : min 17N/mm (type) ; min
12N/mm (extract a from bearing)
min 450% (type) ; min 400%
(extract from a bearing)

At ambiant temperature, load

applied belongs to specific
dispositions
At ambiant temperature

Pressure mini : 6MPa

O3 concentration = 50 +/- 5ppcm
Temperature : 40C +/-2C
Duration : 72h
Distorsion : tg = 0.7

At ambiant temperature
Pressure : 6MPa Shear tg=0.7
NONE
NONE
Shore A hardness
- At 23C +/-6C - Test at design
Linear interpolation of all measured NONE
load - preload time btw 1.4 and
points - No more than 10%
2.6min ; then maintained during 30s diffenrence with design value

No failure
Creep coefficient :

< 0.2
1

Check after application of theoritical

admissible rotation

No sliding

Maximum rotation evaluation for

good respect of non uplift condition
under 15MPa pressure
No cracks
No protection failure observed
No metallic oxydation
No adherisation failure
No failure
Rcst<20%
; DRC at 23C <25%
btw 60 and 75 ; maxi 80 after 72h
NONE

NONE

ISO 37 type 2

Moulded sample : 16kN

Extract from a complete bearing :
14kN

Specimen shall include an outer

surface of the bearing - D1415 or
D2240

P 15.5MPa

NONE

NONE

ISO 37 type 2

Moulded sample : 425%

Extract from a complete bearing :
375%

Specimen shall include an outer

surface of the bearing - D412

Hardness 45 to 55 : P 400%
Hardness 56 to 65 : P 400 % (NR)
and P 350% (CR)
Hardness 66 to 75 : P 300%

NONE

NONE

FREYSSINET INTERNATIONAL & COMPANY

ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS CONFRONTATION
This document is the exclusive property of FREYSSINET.
It is confidential and may not be used, reproduced or communicated either in whole or
in part, in any form or manner without the prior written agreement of FREYSSINET.
This document shall not be distributed to third parties except under the terms of the contract.
BS 5400
TESTS
Tests on raw material
properties (part II)
- Tear resistance

- Compression set

Tests conditions

DIN 4141
Specifications

NONE

EN 1337-3

Tests conditions

Specifications

DIN 53 507 sample A or DIN 53 515 DIN 53 507 : min 10N/mm (type) ;
(samples extracted from a bearing) min 8N/mm
DIN 53 515 : min 20N/mm (type) ;
min 16N/mm
DIN 53 517 ; 24H at 70C ; samples max 15% (type) ; max 20%
(13mm +/-0.5) x (6.3mm +/-0.3)
exctracted from a bearing

NONE

NR : P 8

NR: 30% ; CR: 35%

- Accelerated ageing

NR: 7 days at 70C +/-1C

CR: 3 days at 100C +/-1C

Maximum change from initial

DIN 53 508 ; 7 days at 70C
values: NR: 10 IRHD ; 15%
Hardness ; 20% elongation
CR: 15 IRHD ; 15% Hardness ; 40%
elongation

Maximal evolution of characteristics ISO 48 , ISO 488 ;

: Hardness max 90 Shore A
NR : 7 days at 70C
Tensile strength +/-15%
CR : 3 days at 100C
Elongation at break +/-25%

- Ozone resistance

Ozone concentration 25 pphm ;

temperature 30C +/-1C ; duration
96H ; 20% elongation of sample

No crack at test end

No cracks

- Hardness

In accordance with BS 903, method within 45 and 75 IRHD

N
- Low temperature stiffening 3H at 23C +/-2C ; then 24H at Hardness variation shall not exceed
25C +/-2C
15 IRHD

- Low temperature
crystallization

Low temperature compression set No result bigger than 65%

test : one sample conditionned at 10C +/-2C for 10 days ; another at
-25C for 3 days then test after
recovery period of 30min

- Shear modulus
- density

In accordance with BS 903 ; shear

strain of 0.25
NONE

RUBBER BLENDING
-Authorized raw polymer
-Specifications on blending

NR - CR
No reclaimed or ground vulcanized rubber

Typically 0.6 ; 0.9 or 1.2N/mm

NONE

Specifications

ISO 34-1 Method A

In accordance with BS 903 ; Test

temperature : NR 70C +/-1C and
CR 100C +/-1C

DIN 53 509 : lengthening 30% ;

96H at 40C +/-2C
200pphm +/-20pphm

AASHTO D4014

Tests conditions

XP T 47-815

Tests conditions
Specifications
All specimens taken from complete bearings

Tests conditions

Specifications

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

D395 method B
NR : 22H at 70C
CR : 22H at 100C

NR : 25% max
CR : 35% max

NONE

NONE

Hardness : NR +10%max ; CR
NONE
+15%max
tensile strength : NR -25%max ; CR
-15% max
Ultimate elongation : NR -25%max ;
CR -40%max
NONE
D 1149 at 20% strain ; T=37.7C +/- No perpendicular cracks on strip
1C; at 40C +/-2C for 100H ; 50+/- surface corresponding of outer part
5pphm specimen shall include an of the bearing (observed at 7x
outer surface of the bearing
magnification lens)

NONE

CR : P 10

ISO 815 - 1972 - 24H ; 70C

NR : P 15

CR : P 30

Maximal evolution of characteristics D 573

: Hardness +/-5 IRHD
NR : 168H at 70C
Tensile strength +/-15%
CR : 70H at 100C
Elongation at break +/-25%

ISO 1431-1, lengthening 30% - 96h No cracks

; 40C+/-2C
NR : 25ppmh - CR : 100ppmh

NONE

DIN 53 553 - infrared analysis

among DIN 51 451
DIN 53 541
7 days at -10C
24H at -30C
NONE

60 Shore A +/-5

ISO 37 type 2 not compulsory

60 +/-5 IRHD

D 1415 or D 2240

45 to 75

NONE

NONE

Maximal evolution of
characteristics: max 30 shore A
max 35 shore A
NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

ISO 37 type 2

0.9MPa +/-0.5Mpa (or 0.75MPa or

1.05MPa)
NONE

D 2137 method A
tests on 5 samples, no sample shall NONE
Specimen shall include an outer
fail
surface of the bearing
specimen conditionned at -10C for
grade 2 ; -25C for grade 3 and 40C for grade 5
NONE
NONE
NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

DIN 53 479

+/-2g/cm compared with reference NONE

test

NONE

NONE

CR
NR - CR
Minimum 60% CR - Highly active extenders (soot) btw 15% and 25% - No more than 5% blending with others polymers - no reclaimed or

NR - CR
NONE

NONE
NONE

NONE

Global plane dimensions : +/-1.5%

Global plane dimensions -2mm / +4mm

-0/+5mm + 0.005 x corresponding dimension

Length and width : +/-2mm

- Total thickness
- Edge cover thickness
- Reinforcing steel plates

Internal layers : +/-20% or 3mm (the lesser)

External layers : -0/+20% or 1mm (the lesser)
NONE
-0/+3mm
Plane dimensions : +0/-3mm
NONE

Internal layers : +/-20% of design value

External layers : +/-20% of design value ; no thicker than 70% of internal
-0/+2mm + 0.04 x elastomer thickness
-0/+3mm
NONE
- Steel plates shall be of uniform thickness
NONE

- Parallelism of external
faces

Tolerance of parallelism of steel plates with respect to the base of the

bearing shall be 1% of shorter side / diameter

NONE

Internal layers : btw 5mm and 10mm : +/-15% or +/-0.9mm (greater

External layers : Thickness 2.5mm -0/+2mm (type B) , or bigger than
Smaller than 100mm : +/-2mm ; btw 100 and 150mm : +/-3mm ; bigger
Minimal thickness of 4mm
Plane dimensions : -1/+2mm
Thickness : smaller than 4mm : -0.4/+0.8mm ; bigger than 4mm : Assessed by placing a straight edged along a diagonal (or diameter)
- complete bearing : max 0.3% of diagonal length , or max 1mm to
- Steel plates : 1% of diagonal (i.e. diameter) or 1.5mm (greater value)
Thickness variation : max 0.2% or 1mm (greater value) for dimensions
under 700x700mm
0.3% or 1mm for greater dimensions than 700x700m

internal layer : general tolerance +/-12% apart for 16mm thick layers : +/external layer : +/-1mm
btw +/-1.5mm and +/-3mm depending on total bearing theorical thickness
-1/+3mm or -0/+2mm regarding with general thickness
NONE

- Flatness

Internal layers : from +/-0.7mm to +/-1.8mm depending on rubber layer

External layers : thickness 2.5mm +/-0.5mm to -1/+2.5mm depending on
+/-1.5%
Thickness btw 2.5mm and half rubber layer thickness (layers estimated
Plane dimensions : +/-1.5%
From -0.3/+0.6mm to -0.4/+1.1mm depending on rubber layers thickness
NONE

- Slope shall not exceed 0.005 for top and bottom faces, and 0.006 for
sid surfaces

max 0.002% thickness variation btw two consecutive corners (with

minimal value of 1mm)

Service Limit State

Service Limit State

For thin bearings (Te < a/5) : maximum shear strain < 0.7 ;
Maximum vertical loading limited by pressure on bearing : btw 10MPa
max and 15MPa max depending on bearing dimensions
Maximum rotation permitted listed in table 5 of DIN4141 part 14

Ultimate Limit State

Service Limit State

Service Limit State
Max pressure on bearings with no shear deformation : 12MPa or
Total strain sum (rotaion + distorsion + compression) < 7
Max pressure on bearings with shear deformation : 11MPa or 1.66xGxS
Maximum shear strain < 0.5
G x2
Compression compared to uplift : exact shear strain applied on bearing Rotation strain :
Compression is although compared
,x = 2 t ,x
is not taken into account
with uplift
2 t

MANUFACTURING
TOLERANCES
- Plane dimensions of
bearing
- Elastomer layer thickness

DESIGN
- Design reference
- Maximum loading

Tolerances can be transgressed with justification of the engineer

Maximum
O 0.7 strain + compression strain) < 5
k x (rotaionshear
strainstrain
+ distorsion
with k = 1.5 for live load and k = 1.0 for any other case
- Maximum rotation
Total bearing compression O Upload induced
- Buckling stability

Plane area and elastomer thickness related to vertical

loading. 2 criteria : t < b / 4
or :
i

Non sliding condition is validated if :

and : F Z , min

- Steel plates thickness

r
Minimum thickness
related to vertical loading applied :
1.3 FZ (t1 + t 2 )
ts =
t s 2mm
Ar f y

Total bearing compression O Upload induced

2 a G S NONE
<
Ar
3 Te

FZ , d

FXY 0.1 (V + 2 S )

- Non sliding condition

Maximum
O+
1 distorsion + compression) < 7
Total strainshear
sum strain
(rotaion

Vertical pressure>3MPa for bearings with plane

dimensions<300x400mm ;
Vertical pressure>5MPa for larger
bearings
Thickness' listed in table 5 of DIN4141 part 14 ,
the diameter of holes into bearings is limited to 80mm

Plane area and elastomer

thickness related to vertical loading
Non sliding condition is validated if :
FZ , min
and :
3

FZ , d
Ar

<

2a G S
3 Te

F XY e FZ , min

Plane area and elastomer thickness

related to vertical loading
Non sliding condition is validated if :

1.92 Te

a 1+ 2 a

5.34

(S + 2) (1 + a 4 b)

FXY < 0.2 FZ

+/-0.003% regarding with biggest bearing size dimension

Without good knowledge of buckling experimental coefficients, bearing

a
a
size is dimentionnaly limited by :

10

Non sliding condition is validated if :

m , min 2 MPa

andH < f N

Ar

Minimum thickness related to vertical loading applied

K p FZ (t1 + t2 ) K h m
ts =
t s 2mm
Ar f y

Minimum thickness related to

vertical loading applied

ts =

3 t max FAverage
Ar f TH

Minimum thickness related to vertical loading applied

and
.
t s 2mm

ts =

a m
S fy

FREYSSINET INTERNATIONAL & COMPANY

ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS CONFRONTATION
This document is the exclusive property of FREYSSINET.
It is confidential and may not be used, reproduced or communicated either in whole or
in part, in any form or manner without the prior written agreement of FREYSSINET.
This document shall not be distributed to third parties except under the terms of the contract.
This table is a comparative sheet between several international standards for elastomeric reinforced bearings. This draws a parallel between main
dimensioning and manufacturing rules of British (BS) ; German (DIN) ; American (AASHTO), European (EN) and French (XP-T) standards.
ThIs information is non exhaustive but present the main rules established by these standards, i.e. tests on raw material and complete bearings,
rubber blendings enabled, manufacturing tolerances and design limitations.
The following points shall be taken into account to compare them :
o Good fit between loads aplied on bearing and loads really taken into account by the standard for the design
o Good shape of products ordered, checked by tests and manufacturing tolerances

Design limitations of bearings specified by standards are ground based on same rules : limitation on pressure, on shear, on rotation and stability
of bearing shape under maximal loading.
Comparing design procedures of standards, BS5400 and EN1337-3 specifies specific formula for calculation of each of these criterion (pressure,
shear...), whereas AASHTO D4014 refers to package formula, and DIN4141 to maximum values specified into tables.
AASHTO and DIN standards way of design turn it easier, but don't take into account exact loads applied on bearings. It implies that maximum
values for each criterion don't take into account the exact value of others loads. Thus bearings can be used at less than their real capacity, i.e. be
designed bigger than needed.
This effect is less important on BS 5400 and EN1337-3 which take into account every loads effects within specific formula.
XP-T47-815 refers to "fascicule 14" for design, which gives specific formula for each effect ; nevertheless fascicule 14 design method has been
established more than 30 years ago, and use some security coefficients which had been established refering to the knoweledge of bearings
behavior at this time. As this knowledge has improved, some of these coeficients are no more justified (see stability criterion).
Good fit of bearings produced with design requirements is ensured by tests and manufacturing tolerances specified.
BS5400 and AASHTO D4014 do not specify any initial type test, but tests on raw material and quick production tests. This means that
manufacturing process is only roughly controled (only global shape of bearings is controlled during quick production tests).
XP-T47-815 only specifies initial type tests on complete bearings, and no control tests on raw material used. This can be a problem to ensure the
quality of bearings produced as raw material characteristics are not controled to be homogenous.
On contrary to that, DIN4141 and EN1337-3 specify some initial tests on raw materials, and on complete bearings, checking both raw material
and manufacturing process.
Among all standards, only EN1337-3 specify tests on raw material, intitial tests on complete bearing and quick production tests. Thus all steps of
manufacturing are checked.
Quick production tests are specified for all bearings in case of BS5400.
AASHTO D4014 specifies at least a test for 1 bearing per lot, and EN1337-3 specifies several tests with frequency variating among total volume
of bearings produced.
Thus for these three standards, real quality of bearings produced are roughly tested.

Comparing all standards considered here, more safe one is EN1337-3 which fits well bearings sizes to real load case applied during the design
phase, then specifies tests at all steps of manufacturing for quality control.
BS5400 fits also bearings to real load cases, but don't specify initial tests on manufactured bearings to check manufacturing process.
AASHTO D4014 is quite similar to BS5400 standard, with more package formula used for design. This could result in over evaluated bearing
sizes, and so greater prices.
DIN4141 specifies a lot of tests on bearings and raw material, but give only package values for loads permitted on bearing.
XP-T47-815 way of design is quite close to EN1337-3. Nevertheless this standard has been established in the 70's, and is based on rough
knoweledge of elastomeric behavior, whereas experimental result on which has been ground made EN1337-3 is more refined.