Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Deleted: 1992
Indian Standard
BIS 2002
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Deleted: PERMISSIBLE
STRESSES
Page 1 of 18
Page 2 of 18
Deleted: 1992
Deleted: 1992
Indian Standard
Deleted: PERMISSIBLE
STRESSES
1.1.
This standard (Part 1/Sec 2) stipulates the design strengths and other design
parameters to be adopted in the design of self-supporting steel lattice towers (using angles /
circular hollow sections) for overhead transmission lines.
1.
SCOPE
1.1.1. Materials, type of towers, loading and broken wire conditions are covered in Section 1 of
this standard.
1.1.2. Provisions on fabrication and testing of transmission line towers have been covered in
Part 2 and Part 3 respectively of the standard.
1.1.3. Provisions for loads and design strength s for Tall River crossing towers
have been covered in IS 802 (Part-5)
NOTE
1) While formulating the provisions of this standard it has been assumed that the structural
connections are through bolts.
2) For critical connections welded joints can be adopted subject to approval of purchaser / End
user.
1.2.
This standard does not cover guyed towers. These will be covered in a separate
standard.
2.
2.1
REFERENCES
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are necessary adjuncts to this standard.
2.2
3.
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
3.1.
Statutory requirement as laid down in the 'Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 or as specified
by the purchaser / end user.
3.2.
In addition to compliance with this standard local and provincial byelaws, fire and
safety laws and other civil aviation requirements applicable to such structures as specified
by purchaser / end user shall be incorporated.
4.
CONDUCTOR TENSION
35 percent
25 percent
4.1.
The conductor tension at everyday temperature and without external load should not
exceed the following percentage of the ultimate strength of the conductor:
Initial unloaded tension
Final unloaded tension
Page 3 of 18
Deleted: 1992
provided that the ultimate tension under everyday temperature and full wind or minimum
temperature and two-thirds wind pressure does not exceed 70 percent of the ultimate tensile
strength of the cable.
NOTE For 400 kV and higher voltage lines, the final unloaded tension of conductors at
everyday temperature shall not exceed 22 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of conductors
and 20 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of groundwire.
5.
DESIGN STRESSES
Deleted: PERMISSIBLE
STRESSES
5.1.
Axial Stresses in Tension for Angle Sections
The estimated tensile stresses on the net effective sectional areas (see 9) in various members
shall not exceed minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material. However in case the angle
section is connected by one leg only, the estimated tensile stress on the net effective sectional
area shall not exceed Fy, where Fy, is the minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material.
5.2.
5.2.1. The estimated compressive stresses in various members shall not exceed the values
given by the formulae in 5.2.2.
5.2.2. The allowable unit stress Fa, in MPa on the gross cross sectional area of the axially
loaded compression members shall be:
a)
1 kL / r 2
Fa = 1 *
* Fy when, kL / r Cc
2 Cc
and,
b)
Fa =
2 *E
(kL / r ) 2
When, kL / r > Cc
where
Cc = * 2 * E / Fy
Fy = minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material, MPa
E = modulus, of elasticity of steel that is 2 x 105 MPa,
KL/r = largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment of the member,
L = unbraced length of the compression member (see 6.1.1) in cm, and
r = appropriate radius of gyration in cm.
5.2.2.1.
The formulae given in 5.2.2 are applicable provided the largest width thickness
ratio b/t is not more than the limiting value given by:
(b/t) lim = 210/
Fy
Where
b = distance from edge of fillet to the extreme fibre in mm, and
t = thickness of flange in mm.
5.2.2.2.
Where the width thickness ratio exceeds the limits given in 5.2.2.1 , the formulae
given in 5.2.2 shall be used substituting for Fy the value Fcr given by:
Page 4 of 18
Deleted: 1992
a)
0.677 * (b / t )
Fcr = 1.677
* Fy
(b / t ) lim
and,
b)
Fcr =
65550
(b / t ) 2
when
b
378
>
E
Fy
NOTE The maximum permissible value of b/t for any type of steel shall not exceed 25.
5.2.2.3.
The redundant members shall be checked for 2.5 percent of axial load carried by
the member to which it supports.
5.3.
Deleted: individually
5.4.
Deleted: in
Ultimate stresses in bolts conforming to IS 12427: 2001 shall not exceed the value given in
Table 1.
5.4.1. Where the material of bolt and the structural member are of different grades, the
bearing strength of the joint shall be governed by the lower of the two.
Table 1 Ultimate Stresses for Bolt Design, MPa
(Clause 5.4)
Nature of Stress
(1)
Tensile Stress (Fu)
Shear
Shear stress on gross area of bolts
Remarks
310
322
515
380
580
(5)
As =
*d
4
0.974
Deleted: 1988
Deleted: For bolts conforming to
IS3757: 1985, permissible stresses
and other provisions governing the
use of high strength bolts reference
shall be made to IS4000: 1992.
Deleted: s,
Tension
280
Deleted: in
Bearing
Bearing stress on gross diameter of bolts
600
600
960
For the bolt area in bearing (
Bearing stress for Mild steel material (Fy=250
500
500
500
see 10.5)
MPa & Fu=410 MPa)
Bearing stress for High Tensile steel material
700
700
700
(Fy=350 MPa & Fu=490 MPa)
Bearing stress to be considered as minimum of 2 times yield stress (2*Fy) and 1.5 times ultimate
tensile stress (1.5*Fu) for steel having yield stress (Fy) & Ultimate tensile stress (Fu) other than above.
Axial tensile stress
Deleted: s
Page 5 of 18
Deleted: 1992
6.
SLENDERNESS RATIOS
6.1.
The slenderness ratios of compression and redundant members shall be determined as
follows:
Type of Members
a) Compression Members
i) Leg sections or joint members bolted in both faces at connections for
0 < L/r < 120
ii) Members with concentric loading at both ends of the unsupported panel
for 0 < L/r < 120
iii) Member with concentric loading at one end and normal framing
eccentricity at the other end of the unsupported panel for 0 < L/r < 120
iv) Member with normal framing eccentricities at both ends of the
unsupported panel for 0 < L/r < 120
v) Member unrestrained against rotation at both ends of the unsupported
panel for 120 < L/r < 200
vi) Member partially restrained against rotation at one end of the
unsupported panel for 120 < L/r < 225
vii) Member partially restrained against rotation at both ends of the
unsupported panel for 120 < L/r < 250
b) Redundant Members
i) For 0 < L/r < 250
values of KL/r
Formatted Table
L/r
L/r
30 + 0.75 L/r
60 + 0.50 L/r
L/r
28.6 + 0.762 L/r
46.2 + 0.615 L/r
L/r
NOTE The values of KL/r corresponding to (a) (vi) and (a) (vii), the following evaluation is
suggested:
1
The restrained member must be connected to the restraining member with at least two
bolts.
2
The restraining member must have a stiffness factor I/L in the stress plane (I = Moment
of inertia and L = Length) that equals or exceeds the sum of the stiffness factors in the
stress plane of the restrained members that are connected to it.
3
Angle members connected by one leg should have the holes located as close to the
outstanding leg as feasible. Normal framing eccentricities at load transfer connection imply
that connection holes are located between the heel of the angle end the centre line of the
framing leg.
6.1.1. In calculating the slenderness ratio of the members, the length L should be the distance
between the intersections of the centre of gravity lines at each end of the member.
6.2.
Examples showing the application of the procedure given in 6.1 and 6.1.1 and method of
determining the slenderness ratio of legs and bracings with or without secondary members are
given in Annex D.
Deleted: B
NOTE Where test and/or analysis demonstrate that any other type of bracing pattern if found technically
suitable, the same can be adopted.
6.3.
Leg members, ground wire peak member and lower members of the cross arms
in compression
Other members carrying computed stresses
Redundant members and those carrying nominal stresses
6.4.
120
200
250
Slenderness ratio L/r of a member carrying axial tension only, shall not exceed 400.
Page 6 of 18
Formatted Table
Deleted: 1992
7.
MINIMUM THICKNESS
7.1.
Minimum Thickness, mm
Galvanized
Painted
5
Leg members, ground wire peak member and lower members of
6
cross arms in compression
Other members
4
5
7.2.
Gusset plates shall be designed to resist the shear, direct and flexural stresses acting on
the weakest or critical section. Re-entrant cuts shall be avoided as far as practical. Minimum
thickness of gusset shall be 2mm more than lattice it connects only in case when the lattice is
directly connected on the gusset outside the leg member. In no case the gusset shall be less
than 5 mm in thickness.
8.
8.1.
The net sectional area shall be the least area which is to be obtained by deducting from
the gross sectional area, the area of all holes cut by any straight, diagonal or zigzag line across
the member. In determining the total area of the holes to be deducted from gross sectional area,
the full area of the first hole shall be counted, plus a fraction part X, of each succeeding hole cut
by the line of holes under consideration. The value of X shall be determined from the formula:
X =1-
P
4gd
Where,
P = longitudinal spacing (stagger), that is the distance between two successive holes in the line
of holes under consideration;
g = transverse spacing (gauge), that is the distance between the same two consecutive holes as
for P; and
d = diameter of holes.
For holes in opposite legs of angles, the value of g should be the sum of the gauges from the
back of the angle less the thickness of the angle.
9.
9.1.
In the case of single angle connected through one leg, the net effective section of the
angle shall be taken as:
A1+A2k
where
A1 = effective sectional area of the connected leg.
A2 = the gross cross-sectional area of the unconnected leg, and
k=
3 A1
(3 A1 + A2 )
where lug angles are used, the effective sectional area of the whole of the angle member shall
be considered.
9.2.
In the case of pair of angles back to back in tension connected by one leg of each angle to
the same side of gusset, the net effective area shall be taken as:
Corrected as discussed in Meeting-1 held on 26-27 September at L&T ECC, Chennai
Page 7 of 18
Formatted Table
Deleted: 1992
A1+A2k
where
A1 and A2 are as defined in 9.1, and
k=
5 A1
(5 A1 + A2 )
NOTE The area of the leg of an angle shall be taken as the product of the thickness and the length from the outer
corner minus half the thickness, and the area of the leg of a tee as the product of the thickness and the depth minus
the thickness of the table.
10.
BOLTING
The net area of a bolt in tension shall be taken as the area at the root of the thread.
FRAMING
Page 8 of 18
Deleted:
<#>The angles connected together
back-to-back (in contact) or
separated back-to-back by a
distance not exceeding the
aggregate thickness of the
connected parts shall be provided
with stitch bolt at a pitch not
exceeding 1000mm. The slenderness
ratio of individual component
between adjacent stitch bolts shall
not be more than that of the two
members together.
Deleted: 1992
11.1. The angle between any two members common to a joint of a trussed frame shall
preferably be greater than 20 and never less than 15 due to uncertainty of stress distribution
between two closely spaced members.
12.
WELDING
For critical connections welded joints can be adopted subject to approval of purchaser / End
user.
Special care should be taken to assure proper galvanizing and to avoid acid bleeding at pockets
in structural assemblies.
ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF ADJUNCT INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No.
Title
IS 802 (Part 1,
Section 1) Draft
Code of practice for use of structural steel in overhead transmission line towers
and substation structures Part-1 Material, loads and Design Strengths Section-1
Material & loads (Fourth Revision)
Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and
structures Part-3 Wind loads (Second Revision)
Code of practice for general construction in steel (Third revision)
High strength structural bolts ( second revision )
Code of practice for high strength bolts in steel structures
Fasteners - Threaded Steel Fasteners - Hexagon Head Transmission Tower Bolts
Specification (Reaffirmed in 2007)
Hexagonal bolt for steel structures
Code of practice for use of Steel tubes in general building construction
Foundation bolts Specification (Reaffirmed in 2008)
Fasteners - Threaded Steel Fastener - Step Bolts for Steel Structures
(Reaffirmed in 2007)
Hexagon Head Bolts, Screws and Nuts of Product Grade C - Part 3 : Hexagon
Nuts (Size Range M5 to M64) (Reaffirmed in 2007)
High Strength Structural Nuts Specification
Specification for Plain Washers (Reaffirmed in 2006)
Specification for Heavy Washers for steel structures (Reaffirmed in 2006)
Fasteners - Single coil rectangular section spring lock washers Specification
(Reaffirmed in 2004)
Specification for Hardened and Tempered Washers for High Strength Structural
Bolts and Nuts (Reaffirmed in 2004)
Hot-dip zinc coatings on structural steel and other allied products
Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fasteners Part XIII Hot-dip
galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (Reaffirmed in 2006)
Specification for Electroplated Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel (Reaffirmed in
2006)
IS 875 (Part-3)
Draft
IS 800: 2007
IS 3757: 1985
IS 4000:1992
IS 12427: 2001
IS 6639:1972
IS 806 Draft
IS 5624: 1993
IS 10238: 2001
IS 1363 (Part-3)
2002
IS 6623: 2004
IS 2016: 1967
IS 6610: 1972
IS 3063: 1994
IS 6649: 1985
IS 4759: 1996
IS 1367 (Part-13)
1983
IS 1573: 1986
Formatted Table
Page 9 of 18
Deleted: 1984
Deleted: use of structural steel in
Deleted: building
Deleted: revised
Deleted: 1988
Deleted: Transmission tower bolts
Deleted: 1992
ANNEX B
(Clause 2)
LIST OF RELEVANT STANDARDS
IS No.
Title
BSEN 1993-1-1:2005
BSEN 1993-1-12:2007
ACSE 10-97
CEI IEC 60826
BS 8100-3:1999
Formatted Table
ANNEX C
Mr. Natarajan to compile including Formulae for Tension Design for Tubular Sections
Page 10 of 18
Deleted: 1992
ANNEX D
(Clause 6.2)
Deleted: B
Deleted: B
D-1
Deleted: B
CENTER LINE
OF TOWER LEG
y
x
v
v
x
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of joints
Slenderness Ratio
Concentric Loading
L
from 0 to 120
rvv
LEG
90
No restraint at
Ends
L*
kL L
=
rvv
r
kL L
L
from 120 to 200
=
rvv
r rvv
* MEASURED
LENGTH
LEG MEMBER USING STAGGERED BRACING (Nos. of staggered parts 4 and more)
CENTER LINE
OF TOWER LEG
D-2
v
x
v
x
y
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of joints
LEG
90
Slenderness Ratio
1.2 *
Concentric Loading
l*
1.2 *
No restraint at Ends
l*
L*
l*
* MEASURED
LENGTH
SeeNote
or 1.2 *
L
ryy
SeeNote
or
kL L
=
r rvv
SeeNote
L
or 1.2 *
or
ryy
l
from 0 to 120
rvv
L*
l*
L
rxx
L
rxx
SeeNote
l
from 120 to 200
rvv
kL L
=
rvv
r
Page 11 of 18
Deleted: B
Deleted: 1992
D-3
v
x
v
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of joints
x
y
Slenderness Ratio
LEG
0.5 * L
L
L
or
or
from 0 to
ryy
rxx
rvv
90
Concentric Loading
kL L
=
r
r
0.5 * L
L
L
or
or
from 120
rxx
ryy
rvv
120
0.5L*
No restraint at Ends
L*
0.5L*
kL L
=
r
r
to 200
0.5L*
* MEASURED
LENGTH
Deleted: B-3
x
y
y
x
* MEASURED
LENGTH
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of Joints
Tension system with
compression strut
(eccentricity in critical
axis)
Bracing Requirements
( Single Angle
Members ):
Slenderness Ratio
Single bolt
connection, no
restraint at ends
L
kL L
=
from 120 to 200
rVV
r
r
Multiple bolt
connection partial
restraint at both ends
L
L
kL
= 60 + 0.5 *
from 0 to 120
r
rVV
r
L
from 120 to 250
rVV
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
Page 12 of 18
Deleted: 1992
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of Joints
Tension system strut
compression
concentric loading
x
y
y
x
Bracing Requirements
(Two Angle
Members):
Single bolt
connection, no
restraint at ends
* MEASURED LENGTH
Multiple bolt
connection partial
restraint at ends
Deleted: B-4
Slenderness Ratio
L
L
kL L
=
or
from 0 to 120
r
rxx
ryy
r
L
L
kL L
=
or
from 120 to 200
ryy
r
rxx
r
L
L
or
from 120 to 250
rxx
ryy
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
L*
0.5L*
y
x
* MEASURED LENGTH
Deleted: B-5
Slenderness Ratio
0.5 *
L
L
or
from 120 to
rxx
ryy
250
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
0.5 *
L
ryy
or
L
from 0 to 120
rxx
L
kL
= 30 + 0.75
r
r
L
L
or
from 0 to 120
0.5 *
rxx
ryy
kL L
=
r
r
Page 13 of 18
Deleted: 1992
D-7 EFFECT OF SUBDIVIDED PANELS FOR THE HORIZONTAL MEMBER AND END
CONNECTIONS ON MEMBER CAPACITY
L*
0.5L*
* MEASURED LENGTH
x
y
y
x
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of Joints
Tension system with
compression strut:
Bracing Requirements
Single bolt connection, no
restraint at ends for
intermediate
Multiple bolt connection
at ends. Single bolt
connection at intermediate
point:
Partial restraint at one
end, on restraint at
intermediate
Partial restraint at both
ends
Slenderness Ratio
0.5 *
L
L
or
from 0 to 120
rvv
rxx
L
kL
= 60 + 0.50 *
r
r
L
L
or
from 120 to 200
0.5 *
rvv
rxx
kL L
=
r
r
0.5 *
L
from 120 to 225
rvv
L
kL
= 28.6 + 0.762 *
r
r
L
from 120 to 250
rxx
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
L
L
0.5 *
or
from 120 to 250
rvv
rxx
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
Page 14 of 18
Deleted: B-6
Deleted: 1992
* MEASURED LENGTH
x
y
y
x
Method of Loading/
Rigidity of Panel
Tension system with
compression strut:
Slenderness Ratio
Concentric loading
kL L
=
r
r
L
L
0.5 *
or
from 120 to 200
ryy
rxx
Bracing Requirements:
Single bolt connection,
no restraint at ends and
intermediate
Multiple bolt
connection at ends.
Single bolt connection
at intermediate joint
Partial restraint at one
end, no restraint at
intermediate
Partial restraint at both
ends
Multiple bolt
connection
Partial restraint at ends
and intermediate
0.5 *
Deleted: B-7
L
L
or
from 0 to 120
rxx
ryy
kL L
=
r
r
0.5 *
L
from 120 to 220
ryy
L
kL
= 28.6 + 0.762 *
r
r
L
from 120 to 250
rxx
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
L
L
0.5 *
or
from 120 to 250
ryy
rxx
L
kL
= 46.2 + 0.615 *
r
r
Deleted: B-8
Page 15 of 18
B-8.1
AB/rvv
B-8.2
a)
AC/rvv or CB/rvv or
*AB/rxx or *AB/ryy or
*AD/rvv
b)
B-8.3
a)
b)
E
A
D
1
c)
B-8.4
^ Application for tension compression system only i.e. tensile stresses in one bracing must be at least
equal to 75 percent of the compressive stress in the other bracing.
# The corner stay should be designed to provide lateral support adequately.
Page 16 of 18
Deleted: 1992
Deleted: 1992
B-8.2
a)
b)
Deleted: B-9
AC/rvv or
CB/rvv or
AB/rxx or AB/ryy
AC/rvv or
CB/rvv
B-8.3
a)
AD/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv or
AB/rxx or AB/ryy
b)
AD/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv or
AC/rxx or AC/ryy
c)
AD/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv
B-8.4
AE/rvv or
ED/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv
Page 17 of 18
Page 18 of 18
Deleted: 1992