Lecture 2

Frequent question: why some countries are poor, other are rich, and so on
The difference in casts is really a factor for discrimination in India.
The lower casts are scared of economic, social, political discrimination
Correspondence test, applicants for jobs, using a common African, white, Hispanic
name. thats how we get the idea of discrimination.
The level of discrimination in the job market can still be lower than the level in
society.
Focus on 2 question, classic question
Why two countries which started from the same place, who gained the
independence in 1947, now are really different?
13-14 million people moved because of religion, so that created 2 different
countries: Muslim Pakistan, and Hindus India.
A lot of people have been killed, and also lots had been missing.
India has done better in terms of democracy than Pakistan, India developed in a
higher rate than its neighbor.
But still the discrimination persists in all parts of India, but it has done better in
increasing the literacy than Pakistan.
Pakistan intern instability created really hard economic situation in the country. After
the partition of Pakistan, the level of minority discrimination in Pakistan is much
bigger than in India.
3 major difference from India and Pakistan:
-Pakistan worse inheritance
Pakistan skinny state sandwich between India. Pakistan spend too much money
on military in order to make the inheritance less worse.
-Pakistan weak party initialization compared to India.
Pakistan started with a really corrupted structure. In India was a massive capital
flight
- India had right leadership at the time.\
Money that Pakistan spent in order to defend political instability, India spent that
money on social development. India brought intro-group diversity,
One of the challenges for Pakistan was that after independence they had no
manufacture factories nor good resources. India had been producing really more
good than Pakistan.
Ethnic diversity of India is really high, thats make it more stable. Army is composed
of different nationality, that makes really easy to mobilize the force.

In order to make a state attack for a mono-cultural country you must convince only
in a language, and only one type of minds, in the multi-cultural country the situation
in inversed.
India took steps to make the population even more diverse! But Pakistan inherited
really poor diversity, which really influenced on its future development.
Party institutionalization, the British parties remained in India, the congress really
changed in 1920, the organization has been very competing. By 1947 the party
become a mass one, and existed more than 15 years, and that strong party
organization really convinced like 40 % of population, that the reason why it become
really strong.
When a political conflict appears, there are really quick fixing way developed among
20 years, so thats why every crisis is stopped really quickly in India.
Pakistan hasnt deep politics, which is the problem of weak party institutionalization,
especially in the rural area.
There is really a big difference in the India states, much emphasized then in US
stated. That was proved by the amount of teachers which didnt attempted the
lessons.

India advantages created the spaced to:

1)
2)
3)
4)

Steps to control military

Early initialization elections and constitution making
Any discrimination among religion is out of constitution (India says)
The number of new linguistic states increased, and the level of political
conflict decreased.
5) That made places for studies, medical care, etc. for different casts, which
reduced the level of discrimination among casts.
The Pakistan less cross-cultural progress
In Pakistan you have only one mega state, but in India are more than 29 now
The state reorganization really became one of the most crucial for society
development.
The 2014 Election