Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUPRI TR-36
BY
Maghsood Abbaszadeh-Dehghani and William E. Brigham
DISCLAIMER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF
TABLES....................................o....~a.**o.m*m~ooeooem
LIST OF
FIG~S............oo...oo.o~.o...........ooo.......~oo*o.***~oo*
Vi
ix
ABSTRACT.........................o.............oo..............oo.oo***se
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........o.o.o..oo~..o......o.oo.......oo**~oeoo**ooo*oe~
1.
INTRODUCTION........................................o...~.~...**oo~mo
2.
LITERATURE T U E V I E W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
Convection...............................................
2.2.2
Hydrodynamic Dispersion..................................
2.3
2.4
3.
2.2.2.1
L i n e a r Flow.....................................
2.2.2.2
Non-Linear Flow.................................
11
2.3.1
Petroleum Reservoirs.....................................
11
2.3.2
Underground Aquifers.....................................
13
2.3.3
Geothermal Reservoirs....................................
14
SU~RY.........................................................
METHOD OF S O L U T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
3.2
3.3
PATTERN
P E ~ O ~ C E . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . o o o o o o o o o o . . ~ . * . o o . . . . . . . . . .
15
16
16
3.1.1
16
3.1.2
P a t t e r n Breakthrough Curves...............................
18
3.1.3
C o r r e l a t i o n of P a t t e r n Breakthrough Curves...............
20
3.1.4
26
32
3.2.1
Mixing......T
...h.e.o.r.y.
33
3.2.2
36
3.2.3
48
55
3.3.1
55
3.3.2
57
3.3.3
Optimization Technique...................................
62
- iii -
........................................................
68
4.1 HISTORY AND DESIGN O F THE T E S T ..................................
68
4.2 ANALYSIS OF TRACER RESULTS ......................................
74
5 . CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................
83
6 . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE.OW
......................................
85
NOMENCLATURE ............................................................. 86
REFERENCES ...............................................................
91
APPENDICES ...............................................................
96
A p p e n d i x A: DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR PATTERN BREAKTHROUGH
CURVES FOR MOBILITY RATIO OF ONE ............................
96
A.l
STAGGERED LINE DRIVE ...................................
98
A.2
FIVE- SPOT..............................................
106
A . 3 DIRECT L I N E DRIVE ......................................
107
A.4
INVERTED SEVEN-SPOT ....................................
112
A.5
RELATING DERIVATIVES OF THE STREAM FUNCTIONS
TO THE STREAM FUNCTIONS ................................
120
A.5.1
Staggered Line D r i v e ............................
120
A.5.2
D i r e c t L i n e D r i v e ...............................
122
A p p e n d i x B: DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR PATTERN RECOVERY CURVES
AT VARIOUS MOBILITY RATIOS ..................................
125
A p p e n d i x C: EVALUATION OF THE L I N E INTEGRAL I N MIXING EQUATIONS ......... 136
C.l
STAGGERED L I N E DRIVE ...................................
136
C . 2 FIVE- SPOT ..............................................
140
C.3
DIRECT L I N E DRIVE ......................................
141
A p p e n d i x D: COMPUTER PR0G
S.
...........................................
146
D.l
PROGRAM TO ANALYZE A TRACER ELUTION CURVE .............. 146
D.2
PROGRAM TO COMPUTE PATTERN BREAKTHROUGH CURVES OF A
DEVELOPED INVERTED SEVEN-SPOT FOR UNIT MOBILITY RATIO .. 177
D.3 PROGRAM TO COMPUTE PATTERN BREAKTHROUGH CURVE OF A
DEVELOPED FIVE- SPOT AT
ARBITRARY MOBILITY RATIO ..... 182
4.
F I E LEDL . E
AN
.iv .
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Page
Values of Breakthrough
- and Areal Sweep E f f i c i e n c y Curves f o r a
Developed Five- Spot, M o b i l i t y R...a...tC..i..o.......=
.......l
25
26
27
28
29
32
52
59
61
67
77
78
81
81
82
--
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
.................................
- v -
' _
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure
2.1
2.2
L o n g i t u d i n a l and L a t e r a l Mixing C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r
Various Sands ( a f t e r Blackwell, 1962)..............
13
17
3.2
17
3.3
19
21
22
22
23
24
24
30
30
31
31
A General
...o
..........Flow
.....................P
..asa.g.e.
35
37
39
2.3
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
- vi -
44
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
3.25
C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r s on Peak Concentrations.......................
50
3.26
C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r s on a / a t o C a l c u l a t e Peak Locations...........
51
3.27
54
54
3.29
Outcrops of Sandstone R e s e r v o i r s ( a f t e r Z e i t o , 1 9 6 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
3.30
60
61
62
65
66
66
68
4.2
69
4.3
72
73
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.28
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
4.1
4.4
vii
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4 09
4.10
4.11
4.12
A- 1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
B- 1
c- 1
c-2
.................
Analysis of Tracer Data f o r Well D w i t h Five Layers .............
Analysis of -Tracqr Data f o r Well D with Seven Layers ............
Analysis of Tracer Data f o r Well D w i t h Nine Layers .............
Analysis of Tracer Data f o r Well D with Ten Layers ..............
Analysis of Tracer Data f o r Well A w i t h Five Layers .............
Analysis of Tracer Data f o r Well A with Seven Layers ............
Analysis of Tracer Data f o r Well A w i t h Ten Layers ..............
A Developed Staggered Line Drive. i n Z-Plane ....................
W-Plane Showing t h e Transformation ..............................
Well Locations f o r a Developed Staggered Line Drive
i n t h e W-Plane ..................................................
Coordinate System f o r a Developed Staggered Line Drive ..........
A Developed Direct Line Drive i n Z-Plane ........................
Coordinate System f o r a Developed Direct Line Drive .............
Coordinate System f o r an I n v e r t e d Developed Seven-Spot ..........
Front Location i n a Developed Five-Spot P a t t e r n a t an
A r b i t r a r y Mobility R a t i o ........................................
Dimensions f o r a Staggered Line Drive Considered i n t h e
Analysis of Mixing Line I n t e g r a l ................................
V a r i a t i o n of Mixing Line I n t e g r a l with Tracer Front Location
1......
f o r Various Streamlines of a Staggered Line Drive. d / a
Dimensions of a Developed Direct Line Drive Considered
i n t h e Analysis of Mixing Line I n t e g r a l .........................
Q u a l i t a t i v e Streamlines f o r Well D of t h e P i l o t
c-3
.v i i i .
74
75
76
76
77
79
80
80
98
99
100
102
107
109
114
126
136
139
141
ABSTRACT
- ix -
u t i l i z e s t h e e q u a t i o n s of t h e five- spot p a t t e r n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e
developed c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s .
A f i v e - s p o t f i e l d example which has been
s u c c e s s f u l l y decomposed i n t o e e v e r a l l a y e r s is shown t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e u s e of
t h i s research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h i s work was provided by t h e
Department of Energy through t h e S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Petroleum Research
I n s t i t u t e , under C o n t r a c t No. DE-AC03-81SF11564.
- x -
INTRODUCTION
--
Several works (Brigham and Smith, 1965; Baldwin, 1966; and Yuen et al. 1979)
have been published on tracer flow which have attempted to obtain quantitative
information about the nature of reservoirs.
Each of these had limitations
which led to incorrectly defined reservoir parameters and also each of these
methods considered only fully developed five-spot patterns and unit mobility
ratio.
This study draws from these earlier works and was initiated to develop an
analysis for tracer tests which could be used for any repeated pattern within
the limitation of mobility ratio of one. To do this a mathematical description of tracer breakthrough curves for any developed homogeneous pattern is
required.
For the breakthrough curves to be precise, the analysis must
include a rigorous treatment of the mixing of tracer in the patterns. Also, a
correlation of these tracer production curves into a single curve (or a single
set of curves) could simplify the analysis.
Finally, a method which could
analyze tracer elution curves from stratified reservoirs without adopting
lengthy trial and error procedures could reduce the needed time for an
analysis.
With these points in mind, a new tracer analysis method has been
developed.
- 1-
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
--
2 -
--
- 3 -
~.
2.2.1
Convection
Hydrodynamic D i s p e r s i o n
L i n e a r Flow
a2 c
K2
ax
ac
ac
7F
v - ax =
C(x,O)
C("",t)
- 4-
..
Where,
C = c o n c e n t r a t i o n of d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d , mass f r a c t i o n
K = e f f e c t i v e mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
v = microscopic v e l o c i t y , q/A4
The Aronofsky- Heller s o l u t i o n is:
--
Raimondi e t al. (1959) found t h a t mixing between m i s c i b l e f l u i d s w a s cont r o l l e d by two parameters: c o e f f i c i e n t of molecular d i f f u s i o n , and a c o n s t a n t
determined by s t r u c t u r e of t h e porous medium.
They concluded t h a t t h e
e f f e c t i v e mixing c o e f f i c i e n t was given by K = D' + av. I n t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p ,
D' is t h e a p p a r e n t c o e f f i c i e n t of molecular d i f f u s i o n w i t h i n t h e porous
medium. It i s less than t h e a c t u a l molecular d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t by product
of formation r e s i s t i v i t y f a c t o r and p o r o s i t y .
The term a is a c o n s t a n t which
depends on t h e s t r u c t u r e , pore s i z e and g r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e porous
medium. For c o n s o l i d a t e d Berea sandstone c o r e s , t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e s of a
were between 0.15 and 0.25 cm.
For packings of uniform s i z e p a r t i c l e s , a w a s
e q u a l t o E 2dp, where d
is t h e average g r a i n d i a m e t e r and c2 i s a
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n s t a n t 08t h e packs which w a s found t o be e q u a l t o 0.68 f o r
uniform s p h e r e s .
The experiments showed t h a t molecular d i f f u s i o n was t h e
dominating f a c t o r a t low flow rates, and became n e g l i g i b l e a t high flow rates.
-
5 -
--
w i t h an e f f e c t i v e mixing c o e f f i c i e n t o f :
- 6-
IO'
0
0
0
0
H
4
IO'
Buds
Buds
Beads
Buds
Berm 500 d
Torpedo 250 d
0.470
0.100
0.044
0.100
0.175
0.175
0.175
0.990
0.175
0.175
IO'
IO
10-
IO -I
1.0
IO'
lo2
lo3
Rv
D
Fig. 2.1:
r"7
Fig. 2.2:
LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION
TRANSVERSE DISPERSION
IO4
IO0
IO'
IO
lo3
- 7 -
Harleman and Rumer's (1963) exp r mental work showed that the longitudinal
mixing coeff c nt was K = g, ve.l, while the transverse mixing coefficient
The vejocity, v, is the microscopic average velocity along
was KT = a
the main f?ow direction.
The ratio of the dispersion constants %/aT was
18.3.
This was in good agreement with the value of 24 reported by Blackwell.
Although molecular diffusion was not reported in this study, the authors
speculated that the effects of molecular diffusion would be minimal.
.OY'.
Besides the diffusion model (error function type solutions) describing mixing
phenomenon, other models have also been presented to predict mixing in a
porous medium.
The simplest one is the mixing cell, or stirred-tank model,
presented by Aris and Amundson (1957).
In this model, the porous medium is
viewed as a series of cells or tanks connected to each other by tubes having
no volumes.
Complete mixing is assumed within each cell, resulting in a
uniform composition in each cell. For a small number of such cells in series,
the calculated concentration profile is asymmetrical.
However, for larger
numbers of cells, the concentration profile approaches the symmetrical normal
distribution curve computed from a diffusion model.
In some linear miscible flow experiments, especially those run with short
cores, a "talling" in the effluent concentration profile is observed and the
effluent profile is asymmetric. The degree of asymmetry is more pronounced in
consolidated porous media than in laboratory packed columns.
Usually, the
deviation is not serious and the diffusivity equations provide a good approximation to actual observations. However, several investigators have attempted
to explain the asymmetrical concentration profiles quantitatively.
Deans
(1963) considered the porous medium as a series of normal pores with frequent
dead-end passages, or stagnant zones distributed throughout the system. These
stagnant pockets store fluids, thereby elongate the mixing zone, and give a
To describe this phenomenon mathematitall to the concentration profile.
cally, Deans modified the mixing cell model to include mass transfer from the
flowing stream into the stagnant volumes. As a result, he produced a capacitance model which has three parameters: number of mixing cells (equivalent to
dispersion coefficient); amount of stagnant volume (1-f), f being the flowing
volume as a fraction of total pore volume; and a rate constant for the mass
transfer into the stagnant volumes. Because of the existence of three degrees
of freedom (three constants), the capacitance model fits experimental data
better than does a diffusion model which contains only one constant (the
dispersion coefficient, K).
Coats and Smith (1964) augmented the diffusion equation with Deans' modified
They used
mixing-cell model and produced a differential capacitance model.
the new model to match their data obtained from displacement of calcium
choloride solution by a sodium chloride solution In linear cores. The cores
were both consolidated and unconsolidated, and between 8 and 9 inches long.
The effluent concentration profiles from the consolidated cores exhibited
considerable asymmetry, while the unconsolidated cores yielded nearly symmetrical profiles.
Coats and Smith demonstrated that the differential
capacitance model matched the data significantly better than a simple
diffusion model.
This behavior was rationalized on the basis that the
capacitance model attributed a certain amount of mixing to dead end pore
volume effects, while the dispersion model considered only part of the mixing
generated in the experiments.
The degree of contribution of capacitance
effects could be estimated from a dimensionless group defined as a = K,L/v,
-
8 -
For
( K m = mass t r a n s f e r rate, L = l e n g t h of t h e s y s t e m and v = v e l o c i t y ) .
t h e i r l a b o r a t o r y experiments, "a" was a small number which i n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e mixing by c a p a c i t a n c e e f f e c t s .
However, f o r f i e l d
cases, where "a" i s a l h - g e number (small v and l a r g e L ) , t h e c a p a c i t a n c e
e f f e c t s would be v i r t u a l l y a b s e n t and mixing would be c o n t r o l l e d almost
Thus, danger a r i s e s from a t t r i b u t i n g t h e
e n t i r e l y by a d i s p e r s i o n mechanism.
t o t a l mixing observed i n s h o r t l a b o r a t o r y c o r e s t o t h e d i s p e r s i o n mechanism
a l o n e , and s u b s q u e n t l y e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e r e s u l t s t o f i e l d scale.
An e a s y
a l t e r n a t i v e would be t o u s e l o n g e r c o r e s i n t h e experiments designed t o s t u d y
d i s p e r s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a s p e c i f i c porous medium.
Because it is o f t e n
i m p o s s i b l e t o r e t r i e v e long c o r e s from a formation, t h e r e s u l t s of experiments
conducted w i t h s h o r t c o r e s should be i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
--
9 -
where,
q = i n j e c t i o n rate
a = dispersion constant
D = apparent molecular d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
I n t h i s s o l u t i o n , t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n C ( r , O ) = 0 is not s a t i s f i e d .
This
i m p l i e s t h a t t h e approximate s o l u t i o n assumes a f i n i t e amount of tracer mass
p r e s e n t i n i t i a l l y i n t h e porous medium.
Although t h i s e r r o r is l a r g e i n t h e
immediate v i c i n i t y of t h e i n j e c t i o n w e l l , i t is v i r t u a l l y n e g l i g i b l e at l a r g e r
d i s t a n c e s from t h e i n j e c t i o n w e l l .
Another appraximate s o l u t i o n f o r d i s p e r s i o n i n a r a d i a l l y d i v e r g i n g flow was
o b t a i n e d by Lau e t a l . (1959). The approach was based on t h e assumption t h a t
t h e growth of t h e l e n g t h of t h e mixed zone i n a r a d i a l m i s c i b l e displacement
w a s a l i n e a r sum of two e f f e c t s : one due t o d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d ( l o n g i t u d i n a l
d i s p e r s i o n ) , and t h e o t h e r due t o t h e geometry of flow (divergence of streamlines).
The d i s t a n c e e f f e c t s were o b t a i n e d from t h e mixing e q u a t i o n f o r a
l i n e a r system.
The geometry e f f e c t s were d e r i v e d from c o n s i d e r a t i o n of
material b a l a n c e , n o t i n g t h a t t h e volume of t h e d i s p e r s e d zone had t o remain
The
c o n s t a n t a t a given p o i n t r e g a r d l e s s of t h e geometry of t h e system.
s o l u t i o n p r e s e n t e d by Lau e t a l . is:
_
I
-
--
where
is t h e average r a d i u s of t h e d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d .
Raimondis s o l u t i o n
(Eq. 2-5), a l s o redu_cLes t o t h i s e q u a t i o n by u s i n g t h e material b a l a n c e relat i o n s h i p , Q t = 0.5 r , n e g l e c t i n g t h e molecular d i f f u s i o n term and assuming
2 r i n Eq. 2-5.
For systems i n which t h e s i z e of mixed zone is
that r +
small, t h e s e assumptions are r e a l i s t i c .
--
--
- 10 -
--
(r/a
The rest of t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l focus on works which have d e a l t w i t h q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s of tracer breakthrough p r o f i l e s from petroleum and geothermal
r e s e r v o i r s and underground a q u i f e r s .
2.3.1
Petroleum R e s e r v o i r s
11 -
--
12
40
30
-I-
0
4
z
a
z
a
I-
w 20V
z
s n
W
10-
n
0
a
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Yu
2.3.2
Underground Aquifers
- 13 -
2.3.3
Geothermal R e s e r v o i r s
14
Tester e t a l . (1979) concluded t h a t a tracer response curve from a hydrauli c a l l y f f a z u r e d g r a n i t i c geothermal r e s e r v o i r was a l s o a combination of
several r e s p o n s e s , each p r r i v i n g from a subzone of t h e formation.
A field
conducted w i t h a p a i r of i n j e c t i o n and production wells u s i n g B r a 2
test
and Irff as r a d i o a c t i v e tracers.
Tester e t a l . proposed a mathematical model
i n which t h e r e s e r v o i r was assumed t o be composed of several porous zones,
each zone being homogeneous but d i f f e r e n t i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from o t h e r s .
In
t h i s model, a two- dimensional c o n v e c t i v e d i f f u s i v i t y e q u a t i o n , w i t h d i s p e r s i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s being p r o p o r t i o n a l t o f l u i d v e l o c i t y in each d i r e c t i o n , was
solved t o compute t h e tracer response p r o f i l e from a homogeneous l a y e r .
The
a n a l y s i s of tracer f i e l d d a t a was performed b a s i c a l l y by curve f i t t i n g t h e
observed f i e l d d a t a w i t h t h o s e computed from t h e model.
The curve f i t t i n g
p r o c e s s a u t o m a t i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d t h e parameters of t h e zones.
--
SUMMARY
- 15 -
._
b.
3.
METHOD OF SOLUTION
PATTERN PERFORMANCE
A s was d i s c u s s e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e review, t h e t r a n s p o r t of t r a c e r s o l u t i o n s
i n any flow system is s u b j e c t t o convection and d i s p e r s i o n .
Convection
r e p r e s e n t s t h e g r o s s movement of f l u i d s i n t h e system.
Its e f f e c t s are
o b t a i n e d from displacements i n which s h a r p f r o n t s between t h e f l u i d s are
preserved.
To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o i n t , c o n s i d e r a five- spot p a t t e r n i n i t i a l l y
F l u i d B is i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n c o n t i n u o u s l y t o
f i l l e d w i t h f l u i d A.
d i s p l a c e f l u i d A with a s h a r p f r o n t . Figure 3.la shows t h e l o c a t i o n of f l u i d
B i n t h e system a f t e r i n j e c t i n g a d e f i n i t e volume of t h e f l u i d .
The breakthrough curve d e s c r i b i n g t h e f r a c t i o n of f l u i d B i n t h e producing stream a t a
production w e l l is given I n Fig. 3.lb.
As t h i s f i g u r e shows, t h e r e is no
p r o d u c t i o n of B u n t i l breakthrough, a f t e r which production of B rises s t e e p l y
and approaches 100% a s y m p t o t i c a l l y . This s i t u a t i o n corresponds t o t h e f i l l - u p
The shape of t h e curve i n Fig. 3.lb i s a
of t h e e n t i r e p a t t e r n by f l u i d B.
f u n c t i o n of two parameters: t h e geometry of t h e p a t t e r n , and t h e m o b i l i t y
r a t i o of t h e f l u i d s .
- 16 -
5:
0
d
0
C
d
U
:
Q
8r
b
Q
ri
rr)
01
rl
PI
..
d
0
In
en
- 17 -
P a t t e r n Breakthrounh Curves
1)
2)
- 18 -
3)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
--
D i r e c t Line Drive,
e.....
Five Spot
---
Ia! =
I n v e r t e d Seven Spot
Staggered Line Drive,
0.2
-da
= 1
0
0.5
1.5
1.0
Fig. 3.3:
- 19 -
2.0
f l u i d i n j e c t e d would be more u s e f u l .
from t h e f o l l o w i n g ( C r a i g , 1971):
--.
(1
- fD)
dVpD
= vpDbt +/"
(1
- fD)
dVpD
'pDbt
where,
EA
= areal sweep e f f i c i e n c y
fD = d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d c u t i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n stream
VpDbt = breakthrough pore volume o r breakthrough areal sweep
efficiency
VpD = d i s p l a c i n g pore volume corresponding t o c u t , fD
3.3.
It i s
3.1.3
C o r r e l a t i o n of P a t t e r n Breakthroueh Curves
For p a t t e r n s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s s t u d y , t h e same d e r i v a t i o n s
must be performed t o o b t a i n a breakthrough curve similar t o t h e c u r v e s i n Fig.
3.3. However, it would be d e s i r a b l e t o relate a l l p a t t e r n breakthrough curves
and f i n d a g e n e r a l c o r r e l a t i o n which would be a p p l i c a b l e f o r a l l p a t t e r n s .
P r e v i o u s l y , Morgan (1977) I n c o n t i n u a t i o n of Morales' (1975) work concluded
t h a t t h e breakthrough c u r v e s f o r d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s could p o s s i b l y be c o r r e l a t e d i n t o a s i n g l e curve f o r each m o b i l i t y r a t i o of displacement.
The
parameter t h a t was used i n t h e c o r r e l a t i o n w a s a d i m e n s i o n l e s s q u a n t i t y
d e f i n e d as:
PVD
'pD
- 'pDbt
- 'pDbt
(3-3)
20
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Fig. 3.4:
PD
comparison of t h e experimentally-measured d a t a w i t h t h e a n a l y t i c a l l y
computed and c o r r e l a t e d curve is i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 3.6.
The d a t a f o r t h e
f i v e - s p o t , d i r e c t l i n e d r i v e and t h e s t a g g e r e d l i n e d r i v e have been taken from
Dyes -e t al. (1954).
The d a t a f o r t h e i n v e r t e d seven- spot p a t t e r n are from
Guckert (1961). Figure 3.7 shows a comparison of r e s u l t s f o r a repeated f i v e s p o t p a t t e r n where s e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s have r e p o r t e d e i t h e r numerical o r
experimental d a t a f o r t h e performance of t h i s p a t t e r n (Fay and P r a t s , 1951;
- 21 -
1 .o
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.o
1.5
F i g . 3.5:
1.0
2.5
2.0
VpDbt)
3.O
3.5
4 .O
VpDbt)
0.8
fo0
-
0.6
0.4
Analytic
Five- Spot
I n v e r t e d Seven-Spot
d
D i r e c t Line D r i v e , a = 1
0
A
0.2
Staggered Line D r i v e , a = 1
0
0
0
0.5
1.0
"pD
3.6:
2.0
1.5
- 'pDbt)/(l
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
- 'pDbt)
22
= 1
1.0
I
0.8
0.6
0.4
0
A
0.2
I
0
I
0.5
-0-
Analytic
I
1.5
1.0
Dp'(
'
p
D
b
t
)
'
2.0
2.5
I
3.0
I
3.5
I
4.0
'pDbt)
where :
EAbt = breakthrough areal sweep efficiency = VpDbt
The correlation i s shown in Fig. 3.8. The equation for this curve obtained by
a non-linear curve-fitting routine is:
0.9273
- 0.74 13( PVD)
E m = l - e
(3-6)
- 23 -
1.0
0.8
n
W
I
0.6
rl
W
n
U
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
1.0
"pD
Fig.
- 3.8:
2.5
2.0
'pDbt)'(l
3.0
3.5
4 .o
'pDbt)
A c o r r e l a t i o n of f D and
i s provided i n Fig.
t o complete t h e set
of c o r r e l a t i o n s .
Also
shown i n t h i s f i g u r e i s
the correlation origin a l l y r e p o r t e d by Morgan
(1977).
Tables
3.1
through 3.4
give the
numerical v a l u e s of t h e
dimensionless pore volumes and t h e dimensionless areal sweep e f f i ciencies for different
p a t t e r n s . Comparison of
these values f o r t h e
v a r i o u s p a t t e r n s shows
t h e accuracy of t h e correlations.
28
Fig. 3.9:
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 .o
- 24 -
Table 3.1
VALUES OF BREAKTHROUGH AND AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY CURVES FOR
A DEVELOPED FIVE-SPOT, MOBILITY RATIO = 1
pvD
EA
D
-f - - - - - - -PD- - _ - - - - - - -- _ - - - - - -- - - - - - -
0.00
0.71777
0.00000
0.71777
0 .ooooo
0.05
0.71887
0.00391
0.71884
0.00378
0.10
0.72222
0.01576
0.72192
0.01471
0.15
0.72786
0.03573
0.72684
0.03215
0.20
0.73589
0.06419
0.73346
0.05559
0.25
0.74645
0.10164
0.74164
0.08457
0.30
0.75976
0.14880
0.75128
0.11872
0.35
0.77608
0.20661
0.76228
0.15700
0.40
0.79576
0.27634
0.77456
0.20123
0.45
0.81926
0.35961
0.78806
0.24905
0.50
0 A4720
0.45860
0.80270
0.30094
0.55
0.88038
0.57617
0.81844
0.35671
0.60
0.91993
0.71630
0.83522
0.41616
0.65
0.96742
0.88456
0.85299
0.47912
0.70
1.02514
1.08908
0.87170
0 34542
0.75
1.09666
1.34248
0.89130
0.61486
0.80
1.18789
1.66572
0.91173
0.68724
0.85
1.30986
2.09791
0.93291
0.76230
0.90
1.48714
2.72604
0.95475
0.83968
0.95
1.79710
3.82430
0.97709
0.91883
25
Table 3.2
VALUE OF BREAKTHROUGH AND AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY CURVES FOR A
1
DEVELOPED ItNERTED SEVEM-SPOT, MOBILITY RATIO
fD
pvD
EA
'
- - - - - - - - -PD- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4
0 .oo
0.74368
0 .ooooo
0.74368
0 .ooooo
0.05
0.74470
0.00390
0.74458
0.00350
0.10
0.74778
0.01592
0.74703
0.01305
0.15
0.75297
0.03616
0.75156
0.03072
0.20
0.76036
0.06499
0.75760
0.05447
0.25
0.77007
0.10290
0.76517
0.08382
0.30
0.78230
0.15061
0.77403
0.11838
0.35
0.79728
0.20905
0.78412
0.15775
0.40
0.81532
0.27942
0.79538
0.20168
0.45
0.83683
0.36337
0.80774
0.24990
0.50
0.86237
0.46299
0.82112
0.30214
0.55
0.89265
0.58116
0.83549
0.35818
0.60
0.92869
0.72175
0.85077
0.41781
0.65
0.97187
0.89025
0.86694
0.48087
0.70
1.02426
1.09467
0.88392
0.54713
0.75
1.08905
1.34744
0 .go168
0.61642
0.80
1.17153
1.66927
0.92014
0.68843
0.85
1.28162
2.72209
0.93925
0.76301
0.90
1.44137
2.72209
0.95894
0.83981
0.95
1.72088
3.81263
0.97908
0.91838
26
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m
pa
3
0
5
01
I-
6
m
0
0
0
0
ro
ro
I-
ro
OD
0
0
r:
0
0
m
N
I-
5:
m
ro
I-
9 9
9 9
0
0
0
2
w
0
IN
9
h .
9
9 9 9 0
3
0
0
0
0
OD
o:
0
II-
N
U
I-
m
IIn
rl
m
m
m
N
m
N
0:
--
Table 3.5
VALUES OF BREAKTHROUGH AND AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY CURVES FOR A
DEVELOPED FIVE-SPOT PATTERN AT VARIOUS MOBILITY RATIOS
fD
0.5
PD
M I 1
EA
fD
0.7305
0.7707
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.1646
0.3437
0.4399
0.5410
0.6473
0.7591
0.0767
0.9253
0.7403
0.7946
0.0396
0.9017
0.9090
1.1204
1.3551
1.5300
0.0063
0.0301
0.0734
0.9133
0.9556
0.9732
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.00
0.9749
1.9093
0.9910
0.90
PD
M-3
=A
0.7222
0.7359
0.7219
0.7335
0.7590
0.7950
0.0472
0.9199
1.0251
1.1079
0.7513
0.7746
0.8027
0.0352
0.0717
0.9117
0.7361
0.8123
0.0009
1.4071
0.9540
0.9430
- 29 -
0.1690
0.3164
0.4433
0.5537
0.6505
PD
0.7142
0.7305
0.7611
0.0106
0.0063
1.0002
EA
0.7137
0.7257
0.7442
0.7602
0.7973
1.1752
1.4619
0.0300
0.0603
0.9094
2.0190
0.9537
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.0
2.0
PD
3.10:
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
1.0
2.0
Fig. 3.11:
- 30 -
sand model.
F i g u r e 3.12, which
i s a r e p r o d u c t i o n of Fig. 1 i n
Higgins and L e i g h t o n ' s p a p e r ,
shows
the
c l o s e n e s s of
the
agreement.
S i n c e w a t e r f l o o d i n g is a Buckl e y - L e v e r e t t t y p e displacement
p r o c e s s , t h e pore volumes of o i l
produced i n F i g 3.12 are e q u a l
t o t h e product of areal sweep
efficiencies
and
displacement
e f f iciencies
Displacement eff i c i e n c y is d e f i n e d as
the
d i f f e r e n c e between average water
s a t u r a t i o n behind t h e f r o n t and
i r r e d u c i b l e water
saturation.
A t breakthrough, v a l u e s of d i s placement e f f i c i e n c i e s can be
o b t a i n e d from t h e f r a c t i o n a l
flow curves generated from relat i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y d a t a and o i l water v i s c o s i t y r a t i o s .
Figure
3.13 shows t h e f r a c t i o n a l f l o w
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0
0.4
+I
2
2
0.2
0 Computed Values by
0.1
Higgins- Leighton
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
curves constructed
f o r the four
o i l - w a t e r v i s c o s i t y r a t i o s used
i n t h e Higgins and Leighton
paper.
From t h e f r a c t i o n a l flow curves
and t h e recovery d a t a i n Fig.
3.12,
t h e breakthrough areal
sweep e f f i c i e n c y f o r each d i s placement
is
calculated
by
d i v i d i n g t h e computed breakthrough o i l recovery v a l u e by
t h e corresponding breakthrough
displacement e f f i c i e n c y .
Table
3.6 p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s .
As
t h i s t a b l e shows, t h e computed
breakthrough areal sweep e f f i c i e n c i e s f o r v i s c o s i t y r a t i o s of
0.083 and 8.08 are p r a c t i c a l l y
t h e same and c l o s e t o t h a t f o r
u n i t mobility r a t i o , while the
sweep v a l u e s corresponding t o
h i g h e r v i s c o s i t y r a t i o s are even
h i g h e r and are t h u s i n e r r o r .
T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y seems t o be due
t o t h e low breakthrough d i s placement e f f i c i e n c i e s o b t a i n e d
from t h e f r a c t i o n a l flow curves.
Although a good reason f o r t h i s
d i s c r e p a n c y could not be found,
the
invalidity
of
BuckleyL e v e r e t t t h e o r y at high m o b i l i t y
r a t i o s might be a f a c t o r .
0.3
Fig. 3.12:
1.0
0.8
-3
0.6
3
H
0.4
0.2
Oil-Water
Viscosity Ratio
"
n
0.2
0.4
0.6
WATER SATURATION,
Fig. 3.13:
31
0.8
,s
1 .o
Table 3.6
BREAKTHROUGH AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCIES EXTRACTED FROM HIGGINS AND
LEIGHTON MATCHITO DATA REPORTED BY DOUGLAS ET AL. ( 1 9 5 9 )
--
~~~~
Oil-water v i s c o s i t y r a t i o
0.083
8.080
141
754
I r r e d u c i b l e water s a t u r a t i o n
0.125
0.087
0.087
0.087
0.895
0.600
0.340
0.245
Breakthrough displacement e f f i c i e n c y
0.770
0.513
0.253
0.158
0.600
0.380
0.210
0.140
0.770
0.740
0.830
0.880
32
3.2.1
'.
Mixing Theory
When one f l u i d m i s c i b l y d i s p l a c e s a n o t h e r f l u i d i n a porous medium, a t r a n s i t i o n zone (mixed r e g i o n ) i s formed between them a t t h e r e g i o n of c o n t a c t . The
e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e mixed zone is due t o a phenomenon known as hydrodynamic
dispersion.
I n g e n e r a l , hydrodynamic d i s p e r s i o n c o n s i s t s of two p a r t s :
mechanical d i s p e r s i o n and molecular d i f f u s i o n . Mechanical d i s p e r s i o n r e s u l t s
from t h e movement of i n d i v i d u a l f l u i d p a r t i c l e s which t r a v e l at v a r i a b l e
v e l o c i t i e s through t o r t u o u s pore channels of t h e porous medium.
T h i s random
f l u i d movement i n i r r e g u l a r flow p a t h s s p r e a d s t h e d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d i n t o t h e
d i s p l a c e d f l u i d , thereby g e n e r a t i n g a blended r e g i o n between them. The amount
of s p r e a d i n g depends on t h e d i s p e r s i v e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e porous medium. The
p r o p e r t y of porous medium t h a t is a measure of i t s c a p a c i t y t o cause
I n general, dispersivity is
mechanical d i s p e r s i o n is c a l l e d d i s p e r s i v i t y .
c o n s i d e r e d t o have two components :
one i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of mean flow
( l o n g i t u d i n a l d i s p e r s i o n ) and one p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of mean f l o w
(transverse dispersion).
For p r a c t i c a l purposes, however, t r a n s v e r s e
d i s p e r s i o n has a small e f f e c t on t h e amount of mixing between f l u i d s compared
t o l o n g i t u d i n a l d i s p e r s i o n , as w a s i l l u s t r a t e d by Blackwell (1962), Harleman
and Rumer ( 1 9 6 3 ) , and Sauty (1980).
The second component of hydrodynamic dispersion- - namely , molecular d i f f u s i o n - o c c u r s on a macroscopic l e v e l as a consequence of n e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t s
a c r o s s s u r f a c e s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e average flow d i r e c t i o n . It i s caused by
t h e random movement of t h e d i f f e r i n g molecules.
This molecular d i f f u s i o n
c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e growth of t h e mixed r e g i o n as w e l l .
However, it has been
v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e e f f e c t of molecular d i f f u s i o n on mixing is n e g l i g i b l e u n l e s s
et a l . , 1959; Handy,
t h e displacement t a k e s p l a c e a t low v e l o c i t i e s (Raimondi -1959; Brigham _.e t a l . , 1961; and Blackwell, 1962).
T h e r e f o r e , i n most pract i c a l m i s c i b l e f l u i d flow through porous media, l o n g i t u d i n a l mechanical
d i s p e r s i o n i s t h e major f a c t o r i n c r e a t i n g a mixed zone between t h e f l u i d s .
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of each f l u i d i n t h e mixed zone can be computed as a
f u n c t i o n of p o s i t i o n if t h e flow geometry and t h e d i s p e r s i v i t y of porous
For s t a b l e m i s c i b l e displacements ( i n t h e absence of
medium are known.
v i s c o u s f i n g e r i n g ) , e q u a t i o n s i n c l o s e d form are a v a i l a b l e which d e s c r i b e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e f l u i d s .
These e q u a t i o n s have been d e r i v e d f o r nona d s o r b i n g , non-decaying and non- reactive m i s c i b l e f l u i d s .
Aronofsky and
Heller (1957) and Ogata and Banks (1961) p r e s e n t e x a c t s o l u t i o n s f o r l i n e a r
displacements (Eq. 2- 2), w h i l e Ogata (1958) g i v e s a n e x a c t e q u a t i o n f o r a
d i v e r g i n g r a d i a l flow.
Ogata's s o l u t i o n i n v o l v e s a very d i f f i c u l t i n t e g r a l .
However, t h e s e e x a c t s o l u t i o n s can be reduced t o more simple forms, provided
t h a t t h e p h y s i c a l dimensions of t h e flow systems are l a r g e r t h a n t h e d i s p e r s i o n c o n s t a n t of a porous medium, and t h a t t h e molecular d i f f u s i o n e f f e c t s
are n e g l i g i b l e . The dimensionless group which c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s
known as t h e P e c l e t number.
It i s d e f i n e d as t h e r a t i o of the displacement
f r o n t p o s i t i o n t o t h e d i s p e r s i o n c o n s t a n t of t h e porous medium. For a l i n e a r
33
1980),
the
(3-7)
where :
C = c o n c e n t r a t i o n at l o c a t i o n x
Co = i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n of d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d
x = f r o n t l o c a t i o n corresponding t o C = 0.5 Co
a = l o n g i t u d i n a l d i s p e r s i o n c o n s t a n t , l e n g t h u n i t , same as x
e r f c = complementary e r r o r f u n c t i o n = 1
- erf
et a l .
The corresponding approximate e q u a t i o n f o r r a d i a l flow is g i v e n by Lau -(1959) and Raimondi -e t al. (1959).
The s o l u t i o n is a c c u r a t e when t h e P e c l e t
number i s g r e a t e r t h a n 100 ( ; / a > loo), as was shown by Gelhar and C o l l i n s
(1971) and Sauty (1980):
I
-C
cO
-1 e r f c
( s k t
(3-9)
where :
s = l o c a t i o n corresponding t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n C
-s *
l o c a t i o n of t h e f r o n t corresponding t o C = 0.5C0
s.
1)
The movement of
34
( t h e longer t h e distance
s = L
s -
Fig. 3.14:
2)
t h e flow p a t h ( t h e wider t h e p a s s a g e ,
da
1959; Baldwin,
the
1966; and
(3-10)
a ds
-
(3-11)
crdw
(3-12)
then :
(3-13)
35
S i n c e t h e width of t h e passage is i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e v e l o c i t y of
f l u i d a t t h a t p o i n t , Eq. 3-13 i n terms of v e l o c i t y becomes:
du
u dv
-
(3-14)
a ds
do = - + -
u dv
M u l t i p l y b o t h s i d e s by 2a/v
(3-15)
and r e a r r a n g e :
-2u -du
2
V
2u2 dv
3
2a d s
2
I -
(3-16)
Or:
ds
(3-17)
I n t e g r a t i n g between p o i n t A and p o i n t B:
(3-18)
If t h e r e is no mixing a t t h e e n t r y i n i t i a l l y , t h e n uA = 0 a t s = 0 and:
(3-19)
36
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Fig. 3.15:
37
c - c0 - c b - c a
(3-20)
where:
C = c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t r a c e r
Ca = c o n c e n t r a t i o n of f l u i d ahead of t h e s l u g (formation f l u i d )
Cb = c o n c e n t r a t i o n of f l u i d behind t h e s l u g (chase f l u i d )
(3-21)
and behind t h e s l u g :
(3-22)
(3-23)
where :
8
= l o c a t i o n corresponding t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n C
-s = l o c a t i o n
-s1 = l o c a t i o n
2
of t h e f r o n t at t h e l e a d i n g edge
of t h e f r o n t at t h e t r a i l i n g edge
u1 = s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n computed a t t h e l e a d i n g edge
u2 = s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n computed a t t h e t r a i l i n g edge
- 38 -
AS=S
- S
(3-24)
-C = Aa si +mO
[F(s
As
-T
)-
As
F(S
+ T)]
dF
-As ds
(3-25)
where,
(3-26)
Theref o r e ,
(3-27 )
s.
The computation of t r a c e r
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s from Eq.
calcula3-27 r e q u i r e s
t i o n s involving distances
along
the
streamtubes.
However, i t i s more convenient t o replace the
d i s t a n c e terms w i t h t h e i r
equivalent
volumetric
terms i n Eq. 3-27. This
is
conversion
process
accomplished by approximating t h e a c t u a l locat i o n of t h e t r a c e r s l u g
i n t h e streamtube by a
r e c t a n g l e as shown I n
Fig. 3.16.
The approximation is j u s t i f i e d s i n c e
t h e s l u g s i z e is small.
PRODUCTION WELL
FLOW
c
F i g . 3.16:
39
'.
(S
where,
S)wh (pSw = V
-V
(3-28)
width of t h e streamtube a t v o l u m e t r i c l o c a t i o n
t h i c k n e s s of t h e streamtube
(p = p o r o s i t y
S, = d i s p l a c e d f l u i d s a t u r a t i o n i n t h e s y s t e m
V = d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volume of streamtube up t o l o c a t i o n s
i s r e l a t e d t o t h e v e l o c i t y of f l u i d a t t h a t
(3-29)
where,
v = microscopic v e l o c i t y , darcy v e l o c i t y d i v i d e d by p o r o s i t y
q = i n j e c t i o n r a t e i n t o t h e streamtube
- -s - V- (V - v)
(3-30)
S u b s t i t u t i o n of Eqs.
f i c a t i o n r e s u l t s in:
where,
(3-33)
- 40 -
Equation 3-32 d e f i n e s
s t r e a m t u b e i n terms of
tracer i s computed by
s t r e a m t u b e f o r V. For
t h e tracer c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t any l o c a t i o n w i t h i n t h e
volumes. A t t h e p r o d u c t i o n w e l l , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of
s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e t o t a l d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volume of t h e
t h i s case, a t any t i m e , t:
v -v
- t)
= q(tbt
(3- 34)
t =- P
Qt
(3-35)
(3- 36)
where,
= t o t a l volume of chase f l u i d i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n a t t i m e t
Vp
v - v- = -Q
qt
('pbt
( 3-37)
(3-38)
where,
= d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volumes i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n at breakthrough
of t h e streamtube under s t u d y = Vpbt/A4hsw
'pDbt
VPD
A = area of t h e p a t t e r n
41
(3- 39)
Tracer
where VTr i s t h e t o t a l volume of tracer i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n .
volume i n a streamtube can a l s o be expressed i n terms of d i s p l a c e a b l e pore
volume of t h e p a t t e r n :
= p_ A+hS F
w r
(3- 40)
where,
Fr
'Tr
A W w
(3- 41)
F i s t h e t r a c e r s l u g volume i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n e x p r e s s e d as a f r a c t i o n
of t h e d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volume of t h e p a t t e r n .
S i n c e t h e flow around w e l l b o r e s is e s s e n t i a l l y r a d i a l , t h e p o t e n t i a l s i n t h e
immediate v i c i n i t y of a w e l l b o r e can be expressed by 4 = c h ( r ) + c2 where
1
c1 and c2 are c o n s t a n t s .
I n g e n e r a l , t h e v a l u e s of t h e s e c o n s t a n t s can be
determined from t h e flow r a t e and t h e p o t e n t i a l v a l u e a t a wellbore. Because
a b s o l u t e v a l u e s of p o t e n t i a l s and flow rates do not a f f e c t t h e n a t u r e of
tracer flow, f o r mathematical convenience, t h e c o n s t a n t s c1 and c are chosen
T h e r e f o r e , 4 = h ( r f and conset o be e q u a l t o one and z e r o , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
q u e n t l y , t h e s t r e a m l i n e s are d e f i n e d i n accordance w i t h t h i s l a t t e r p o t e n t i a l
e q u a t i o n as shown i n Appendix A. From Darcy's Law:
(3- 42)
- 42 -
(3-44
dP a
(3-45)
and,
(3-46)
( 3-37 1
= 1.8540747
Equation 3-47 s i m p l i f i e s t o :
For t h i s p a t t e r n ,
respectively.
VpDbt($)
0.645776 a
Y($)
and Y($)
are
- "pD )
a ('pDbt(')
given
by
Eqs.
A-49
(3-48)
and
C-23,
- 43 -
(3-44
(3- 45)
and,
(3- 46)
Therefore:
(3- 47)
The VpDbt($) term i s given by Eq. A-73 and Y($)
Note t h a t f o r t h e s e p a t t e r n s , e x a c t l y t h e
same form of
equation describes tracer
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a streamtube a t t h e prod u c t i o n w e l l . Only t h e Y($) term which i s
r e l a t e d t o t r a c e r d i s p e r s i o n , and VpDbt,
which r e p r e s e n t s t h e convection of t r a c e r ,
are d i f f e r e n t
Theref o r e , i t i s s p e c u l a t e d
t h a t o t h e r p a t t e r n s w i l l a l s o have t h e same
form as Eq. 3-47 but with d i f f e r e n t express i o n s f o r t h e Y and VpDbt terms.
Fig. 3.17:
ELEMENT CONSIDERED
I N COMPUTING TRACER
PRODUCTION CURVES
FOR THE STAGGERED
LINE DRIVE PATTERN
E f f l u e n t tracer c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
E,
8
qt
44
(3- 49)
Because of unit mobility ratio displacement, flow rates in the streamtubes are
constant and equal t o each other. At the limit, when the streamtubes approach
the streamlines:
(3- 50)
9, = 2 nq
&
(3- 51)
where
Five-Spot:
to :
= 1.854074 reduces
CD = 0.577266
The term
ED is
(3-53)
Direct Line Drive: For a direct line drive, 1 / 4 of the pattern must be
considered, as shown in Fig. 3.18.
For this system, the effluent concentration integral is:
(3- 54)
qt
where C($)/Co
112
G K'(m)
cD
[-
a ('pDbt(')
l
r
2
6
vm
Therefore:
- 'PD)~]
d$
(3-55)
- 45 -
0.20
I un
0.15
0.10
0.05
1 .o
0.5
F i g . 3.19:
1.5
PD
46
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
1 .o
QD
Fig. 3.20:
0.20
0.15
'D
0.10
0.05
"
0
0
1 .o
0.5
PORE VOLUMES INJECTED, V
Fig. 3.21:
QD
47
0.20
0*15
2 FIVE- SPOT
3
d/a = 1.5
0.10
0.05
0
0
Fig. 3 . 2 2 :
1 .o
0.5
1.5
t h e same g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
A comparison of t r a c e r p r o d u c t i o n curves
from t h e s e t h r e e p a t t e r n s f o r a / a = 500 i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 3 . 2 2 . Again,
tracer p r o d u c t i o n o c c u r s b e f o r e t h e t h e o r e t i c a l breakthrough a r e a l sweep
e f f i c i e n c y of t h e p a t t e r n s ; t h e curves spread as t h e r e s u l t of d i s p e r s i o n .
3.2.3
- 48 -
1.00
. . ...
I I W .
. . . ....
Fig. 3.23:
0.10
0.01
lo2
lo3
lo5
PECLET NUMBER. a/a
Fig. 3.24:
- 49 -
t h e s e l i n e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e five- spot l i n e s produced two sets of correct i o n f a c t o r s : one f o r maximum tracer c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and t h e o t h e r one f o r a / a
t o c a l c u l a t e t h e peak, l o c a t i o n . The c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s , which are i n t h e form
of m u l t i p l i e r s , are shown,in F i g s . 3.25 and 3.26. The t a b u l a t e d v a l u e s of
t h e s e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s are provided i n Table 3.7.
I f the correction factors
from t h e s e two f i g u r e s are a p p l i e d t o t h e peak d a t a of a t r a c e r breakthrough
curve from a f i v e - s p o t s y s t e m , they produce t h e peak d a t a for t h e p a t t e r n
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
F i g . 3.25:
- 50 -
2.0
2.5
3.0
..
The f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s
(3-56)
pat t e r n
where, fm i s the c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r on the peak concentration ( F i g . 3 . 2 5 ) .
1.2
1.0
0.8
e
(d
z
0
5&
0.6
2
L
ru
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
d
a
Fig. 3.26:
- 51 -
Table 3.7
CORRECTION FACTORS ON TRACER PEAK CONCENTRATION AND a/a FOR
STAGGERED LINE -DRIVE AND DIRECT LINE DRIVE AT VARIOUS d/a RATIOS
-d
f
m
0.75
1.13
1.09
0.092
1.06
1.00
1.36
1.22
0.173
1.03
1.25
1.76
1.37
0.280
1.07
1.50
2.26
1.52
0.410
1.17
1.75
2.76
1.68
0.536
1.27
2.00
3.26
1.83
0.665
1.39
2.25
3.78
1.99
0.790
1.50
2.50
4.28
2.14
0.915
1.62
2.75
4.79
2.30
1.040
1.74
3.00
5.30
2.46
1.165
1.85
3.25
5.81
2.63
1.294
1.95
3.50
6.12
2.78
1.420
2.06
Substituting for
f
m
max
pattern
(g)
pattern
(e)
( 3-57)
5-spot
The c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r on P e c l e t number, f
( F i g . 3.26),
r e l a t e s a / a values:
(+)pattern
= fp
(T)5-spot
- 52 -
(3-58)
Finally :
( cmax) p a t t e r n
(3-59
(cmax)5-sp0t
i.e.:
pD,max
- "pDbt
pD,max
- 'pDbt
(3-60)
S-SpOt
O r , equivalently:
p
'D
('PD,max)
,max
- p'
Dbt
- 'pDbt
pattern
(' - 'pDbt
pattern
(3-61)
+ ('pDbt)
pattern
where, VpDbt i s t h e a r e a l sweep e f f i c i e n c y expressed as a f r a c t i o n .
- 53 -
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
3.0
Fig. 3.27:
ala
700
120
2280
-1
F i g . 3.28:
- 54 -
For any value of ala and for different geometries, the actual curves can be
related to a five-spot system by using the parameters in the coordinates of
Fig. 3.28, and the correction factors on Fig. 3.25 and 3.26 as follows:
(3- 62)
max
max
pattern
'pattern
f m 6
(3- 63)
'S-spot
The pore volumes at which the concentrations in Eq. 3-63 occur are obtained
from the dimensionless pore volume abscissa coordinate of Fig. 3.28.
The
relationship is similar to Eq. 3-61 and subsequently is given by:
c--vpDbt
)
'pDbt
(
'
p
D
)
pattern
=
5-spot
- 'pDbt)
pattern ('pDbt)
+
pattern
(3- 64)
Reservoirs often are sedimentary deposits laid down in a body of water over a
long period of time. After deposition, they undergo further physical and
chemical changes. As a result of the non-uniform nature of deposition and
secondary alteration, heterogeneities develop within the reservoirs.
The
severity of the heterogeneity depends on the lithology and the external forces
acting upon the system. In general, sandstone reservoirs tend to be more
uniform than limestone or carbonate reservoirs.
Levorsen (1956) details
sedimentary basins including the origin of heterogeneities i n each basin.
Hutchinson (1959) presents an excellent review on reservoir inhomogeneity.
Since the sediments are deposited areally, it is expected that some lateral
uniformity exists over wide ranges of a reservoir. However, a variation is
anticipated in the vertical direction due to differences in the depositional
- 55 -
Fig* 3o2ga
Fig. 3.29b
Fig. 3.29:
- 56 -
OUTCROPS OF SANDSTONE
RESERVOIRS (after Zeito,
1965)
between t h e l a y e r s .
The s t r a t a d e s c r i p t i o n f o r t h e p i l o t was o b t a i n e d from
core data.
Based on a s t r a t i f i e d model, Hearn (1971) developed t h e o r e t i c a l
p s e u d o - r e l a t i v e - p e r m e a b i l i t y curves f o r a r e s e r v o i r which i n c l u d e d v e r t i c a l
p e r m e a b i l i t y v a r i a t i o n . T,he pseudo- relative- permeability curves converted t h e
s t r a t i f i e d r e s e r v o i r i n t o a mathematically- equivalent, two- dimensional homogeneous system w i t h pseudo p r o p e r t i e s .
T h i s model was shown t o match t h e
performance . of a w a t e r f l o o d i n g o p e r a t i o n conducted i n a c a r b o n a t e r e s e r v o i r .
There was v e r t i c a l communication among t h e l a y e r s of t h i s r e s e r v o i r .
Cross- flow between t h e l a y e r s o c c u r s as a r e s u l t of t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a
v e r t i c a l p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t between t h e l a y e r s .
One o r more of t h r e e f o r c e s
may cause v e r t i c a l p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t s t o develop.
These are g r a v i t y ,
c a p i l l a r y and v i s c o u s f o r c e s . I n m i s c i b l e d i s p l a c e m e n t s , v e r t i c a l d i s p e r s i o n
a l s o c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e amount of cross- flow.
I n a m i s c i b l e displacement of
If
f l u i d s w i t h e q u a l d e n s i t i e s , t h e r e are no g r a v i t y and c a p i l l a r y f o r c e s .
t h e f l u i d s a l s o have t h e same v i s c o s i t y ( m o b i l i t y r a t i o e q u a l t o o n e ) , no
v i s c o u s f o r c e s w i l l be p r e s e n t a c r o s s t h e l a y e r s . A m i s c i b l e displacement i n
which t h e s e f o r c e s are absent w i l l t h e o r e t i c a l l y produce similar r e s u l t s i n a
s t r a t i f i e d system w i t h no b a r r i e r between t h e l a y e r s , and i n a system i n which
impermeable l a y e r s prevent cross- flow.
However, t h e systems which e x h i b i t
cross- flow can a l s o be modeled by a h y p o t h e t i c a l system w i t h no cross- flow.
This was i l l u s t r a t e d by F i t c h and G r i f f i t h (1964), who matched t h e r e s u l t s of
a m i s c i b l e t e s t by a s t r a t i f i e d model w i t h no cross- flow. The t e s t w a s conducted i n l a b o r a t o r y layered- prototypes without b a r r i e r s between t h e l a y e r s a t
a m o b i l i t y r a t i o of about twenty. The s u c c e s s of s t r a t i f i e d r e s e r v o i r models
i n matching performance of m i s c i b l e and immiscible displacements i n d i c a t e s
t h a t t h i s concept of modeling i s o f t e n r e a s o n a b l e .
S i m i l a r l y , t h e flow of tracers i n heterogeneous r e s e r v o i r s can be modeled by a
s t r a t i f i e d system.
S i n c e t h e tracer material i s m i s c i b l e w i t h both t h e
d i s p l a c i n g and d i s p l a c e d f l u i d s , and has t h e same d e n s i t y and v i s c o s i t y as
t h e s e f l u i d s , cross- flow can occur o n l y as a r e s u l t of l a t e r a l d i s p e r s i o n .
However, t h e e f f e c t s of l a t e r a l d i s p e r s i o n are much smaller t h a n l o n g i t u d i n a l
d i s p e r s i o n , as has been d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r . T h e r e f o r e , f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s ,
t h e r e s u l t s of tracer flow i n a s t r a t i f i e d r e s e r v o i r , w i t h o r w i t h o u t b a r r i e r s
between t h e l a y e r s , would be similar.
3.3.2
2)
3)
4)
5)
The m o b i l i t y r a t i o of t h e displacement is e q u a l t o u n i t y .
- 57 -
Ckh
A Sw
(3-65)
(3- 66)
where :
n = number of l a y e r s
(3-67)
where Fr i s t h e tracer s l u g s i z e i n j e c t e d i n t o l a y e r j i n terms of f r a c t i o n
of t h e pdre volume of l a y e r j. It i s t h u s g i v e n by:
"Tr
=- (kh) j
jrj
Ckh A (Oh) Sw =
j
- 58 -
j
$ Ckh
j
'Tr
AS,
(3-68)
and
-C
?
'
This dimensionless concentration is given by one of the Eqs. 3-51, 33-55, depending on the type of pattern.
If thickness, porosity and
(V
53'?#
permeability of the layers are known, the tracer concentration profiles for
various patterns can be constructed.
Conversely, the decomposition of a
tracer production curve from a multilayered system into the constituent layer
responses can yield the layer parameters. Yuen et al. (1979) presented a
method for the decomposition of overall tracer response curves from developed
five-spot systems.
--
staggered line drive with d/a = 1 was considered. The area of the system was
90,000 ft2, the Peclet number was a/a
2000, and the total tracer injected
into the system was 10 ft3. Also, the system was considered to be of unit
thickness with a porosity of 0.25 and an initial water saturation of 60
percent. Table 3.8 shows the assumed parameters of the layers. The calculated tracer response from this system is presented in Fig. 3.30.
There are
four distinct peaks in this figure which are widely separated from each
other. A computer algorithm, based on the Yuen et ale's (1979) method, was
prepared which would deconvolve the overall tracer profile into the constituent layer responses, and thus evaluate the porosity thickness and fractional
permeability thickness products of the individual layers from the input peak
data (concentration and volume).
The computer program would then regenerate
the entire tracer production profile based on the computed layer parameters.
This program will be referred to as "deconvolution routine" in this study.
Table 3.8 shows the computed results using the deconvolution routine based on
exact equations for a staggered line drive system. The corresponding computed
tracer curve was close to the original profile.
--
Table 3.8
ASSUMED AND COMPUTED PARAMETERS OF THE LAYERS FOR THE THEORETICAL
STAGGERED LINE DRIVE, EXAMPLE 1
ASSUMED
COMPUTED
PARAMETERS
USING EQUATIONS
FOR
STAGGERED LINE DRIVE,
PARAHETERS
d/a = 1
LAYER
kh
Ckh
COMPUTED PARAHETERS
USING EQUATIONS OF
EQUIVALENT 5-SPOT SYSTEM
kh
Ckh
kh
Ckh
1.0134
0.4
1.00601
0.39824
1.00197
0.39664
1.1403
0.3
1.13376
0.29921
1.13944
0.30071
0.5068
0.1
0.51094
0.101 13
0.52816
0.10454
SUM
2.9455
1.0
2.9307 1
0.99608
2.94787
0.99819
--------------___-_-----------------
- 59 -
20
15
10
K
4""
5
15
25
35
45
V O L W INJECTED, MBBLS
Fig. 3.30:
--
- 60 -
15
ul
10
E.
0-
-.
ORIGINAL CURVE
MATCHED CURVE
-..
0100
5 -
5
VOLUME INJECTED, MEBLS
Fig. 3.31:
Table 3.9
ASSUMED PARAMETERS
LAYER
"
kh
Ckh
h,
ft
k,
md
4h
kh
Ckh
ft
k,
md
h,
____________________------------_---1
0.315
0.15
1.26
119.05
0.314996
0.149998
1.26
119.05
1.000
0.40
4.00
100.00
0.999957
0.399984
4.00
100.00
0.6875
0.25
2.75
90.91
0.687447
0.249983
2.75
90.91
0.6000
0.20
2.4
83.33
0.600065
0.200024
2.40
83.33
2.6025
1.00
2.602466
0.999989
____________________-_------------_-SUM
* The
~~
- 61 -
20
. . .
Fig. 3 . 3 2 :
tracer response curves interfere with each other and, hence, shift the
location of the observed peaks from their corresponding layer peaks. Brown
and Brigham (1981) have shown a method of handling this shift using a trialand-error procedure for each peak.
This usually requires many trials to
achieve a desirable match and can be tedious for large systems. In this
study, an attempt has been made to overcome this problem.
4.3.3
Optimization Technique
Non-linear optimization (or multiple regression analysis) is a powerful technique in fitting data by a set of variables. This procedure is also known as
a non-linear least-squares method for curve fitting. The idea is to minimize
the objective function F:
N
(3-69)
where :
c;
- 62 -
and d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d w i l l be
each l a y e r .
If (VT)i i s t h e
p o i n t i is observed, t h e pore
Eq. 3-65 are:
(3-71)
where
i s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n flowing t o t h e w e l l b o r e from l a y e r j a t t h e
t i m e ar3d) i n j e c t i o n volume a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o i n t i.
This c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s
computed from Eq. 3-67 as f o l l o w s :
(3- 72)
(e
where F
i s given by Eq. 3-68 and
) . , dimensionless c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n
= ( V P D l j , i Diathe e q u a t i o n f o r tracer p r o d u c t i o n
l a y e r j,is c a l c u l a t e d a t V
curves from homogeneous pat!Erns.
From Eqs. 3-51, o r 3-53, o r 3-55 ( f o r t h e p a t t e r n of i n t e r e s t ) , and Eqs. 3-68
and 3-70 through 3-72, i t can be concluded t h a t Ei i s only a f u n c t i o n of
k /(4jZkh), (kh)j/Zkh, (VT)i,
and t h e number of l a y e r s .
The f u n c t i o n a l form
i$ :
(3-73)
where I i s a f u n c t i o n given by combining Eqs. 3-51, o r 3-53, o r 3-55 ( f o r t h e
p a t t e r n s ) w i t h Eq. 3-70 and 3-72. Denoting:
(3-74)
and,
(3-75)
- 63 -
(3-76)
The s u b r o u t i n e VARPRO a t t h e S t a n f o r d Center f o r I n f o r m a t i o n Technology ( C I T )
can minimize t h e f u n c t i o n F given i n Eq. 3-69 when
i s i n t h e form of Eq.
i
3-76. T h i s s u b r o u t i n e r e q u i r e s i n i t i a l estimates on non- linear p a r a m e t e r s ,
with no requirements on i n i t i a l estimates f o r l i n e a r parameters,
In
xj
case of i n t e r e s t h e r e , t h e i n i t i a l estimates on Z can be o b t a i n e d e a s i l y from
Eq. 3-70 by assuming t h a t t h e observed l o c a t i o n df peaks i n t h e tracer breakthrough curve correspond t o t h e l o c a t i o n of peaks from i n d i v i d u a l l a y e r
responses. T h i s is given by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :
(3-77)
where :
(T'
,max)
profile, bbls
p
' D ,max = pore volume corresponding t o t h e peak l o c a t i o n i n t r a c e r
response from a homogeneous system. This can be o b t a i n e d
from Fig. 3.24 combined with breakthrough areal sweep e f f i c i e n c y e q u a t i o n s provided i n Appendix A f o r d i f f e r e n t
patterns
A computer program has been developed which u t i l i z e s t h e s u b r o u t i n e VARPRO t o
perform t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n . The i n p u t d a t a f o r t h i s program are as f o l l o w s : N
d a t a p o i n t s from t h e o v e r a l l t r a c e r p r o f i l e , number of l a y e r s expected ( n )
where n is smaller t h a n N, and n l o c a t i o n volumes corresponding t o peaks i n
t h e observed t r a c e r breakthrough curve.
The program computes n non- linear
parameters and n l i n e a r parameters w i t h t h e l e a s t p o s s i b l e e r r o r s . From t h e s e
p a r a m e t e r s , $h and kh/Ckh of each l a y e r are computed as f o l l o w s :
xj
Ckh
2
j
(3-78)
(3-79)
Based on t h e above computed parameters,
tracer breakthrough curve.
t h e program r e g e n e r a t e s t h e e n t i r e
- 64 -
20
. . , .
. . . .
. . . .
VI
3
w
VI vo
F i g . 3.33:
- 65 -
Fig. 3 . 3 4 :
Fig. 3.35:
- 66 -
Table 3.10
COMPUTED PARAMETERS OF THE LAYERS USING THE OPTIMIZAZION
TECHNIQUE W I T H VARIOUS NlMBER OF LAYERS, EXAMPLE 2
COMPUTED PARAMETERS
WITH FIVE LAYERS
COMPUTED PARAMETERS
WITH THREE LAYERS
LAYER
kh
Ckh
h,
ft
md
0.62362
0.24942
2.49
99.99
0.37630
0.15055
1.51
100.01
0.68738
0.24996
2.75
90.91
0.60014
0.20005
2.40
83.33
2.60243
0.99998
10.00
$h
Ckh
h,
ft
md
$h
1.17024
0.46375
4.68
681.02
0.94361
0.32965
3.77
87.34
kh
k,
k,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUM
3.45202
0.95404
9.80
*The
- 67 -
4.
FIELD EXAMPLE
A f t e r s u c c e s s f u l a n a l y s i s of t r a c e r responses from h y p o t h e t i c a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d
m u l t i - l a y e r e d systems, t h e s t u d y was d i r e c t e d t o t h e a n a l y s i s of f i e l d d a t a .
The f o l l o w i n g example was t a k e n from t h e paper by Brigham and Smith (1965).
4.1
--
A t r a c e r program was i n i t i a t e d
i n 1962 t o measure t r a v e l
times and breakthrough char-
260 BIJPD
a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h i s pis3 o t
Prior t o the test, the inject i o n and production r a t e s were
s t a b l e and remained c o n s t a n t
d u r i n g most of t h e t e s t . Flow
r a t e s and information regardi n g t h e p a t t e r n and r e s e r v o i r
are shown on Fig. 4.2.
Because of o p e r a t i n g problems,
t h e i n j e c t i o n pump was s h u t
d o m on t h e 1 8 t h day of t h e
p r o j e c t through t h e 21st day.
Water i n j e c t i o n W B S then resumed a t 600 BWPD, e q u a l t o
the i n j e c t i o n rate p r i o r t o
t h e s h u t down.
T o t a l product i o n r a t e from t h e f o u r w e l l s
was 800 BWPD, implying t h a t
t h e p r o d u c t i o n w e l l s produced
200 BYPD from o u t s i d e of t h e
p a t t e r n a r e a . This amount w a s
n o t enough t o balance t h e
patterrz completely.
For a n
i s o l a t e d five- spot p a t t e r n t o
a c t as though i t i s c o n f i n e d ,
i t 2s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e prod u c t i o n r a t e from each w e l l be
e q u a l t o t h e i n j e c t i o n rate.
160 BWPD
INJECTOR
B
140 BWPD
240 BWPD
PATTERN AREA
2.5 acres
330 f t
200 lbs
69
Fr
Tr
A 4hS
(4-2)
mT =
'
0
T'
'Tr
where,
mT = mass of tracer, pounds
d e n s i t y of tracer s o l u t i o n = d e n s i t y of water
70
(4-3
50
-6
)(62.4)(2.5
10
43560)(0.26)(12)(0.55)
pD, max
- VpDbt =
0.043
Therefore,
is
max = 0.73
max
= A +hS V
w pD, max
= (2.5
43560)(0.26)(12)(0.55)(0.73)/5.615
= 24,300
bbls
Time t o t h e peak:
tph
V
max
injection rate
24300
600
40.5
days
PP
= t
Ph
(2)
where,
tpp = t i m e t o peak of t h e most permeable l a y e r
kh
- 71 -
(4-5)
PP
The t i m e of 12 days can be viewed as an approximate time f o r tracer breakthrough from t h i s p i l o t .
A t t h e completion of t h e
tracer t e s t , t h e r e were
unequal amounts of tracer
flow from Wells A, C and
D,
w i t h a b s o l u t e l y no
tracer product i o n from
Well B d u r i n g t h e t e s t
period.
This implied
t h a t t h e r e was l i m i t e d
communication between t h e
i n j e c t o r and Well B. This
fact
is
substantiated
f u r t h e r by a s t u d y of
wellhead temperatures of
t h e wells d u r i n g t h e h o t
water i n j e c t i o n p e r i o d i n
which t h e temperature of
Well
B
remained
near
65OF.
Figure 4.3 shows
t h e isotherms of average
sand temperature f o r t h e
pilot.
This f i g u r e was
t a k e n from Martin
&.
(1968).
100O F
D 160T
- 72 -
F i g . 4.4a
------
AMMONIUM TMIOCYANATE
POTASSIUM IODIDE
INJECTION
DOWN
Fig. 4 . 4 b
W
_..~
- 3- as
z
0
TRACER CONCENTRATION
--------
AMMONIUM TMIOCYANATE
POTASSIUM IODIDE
AMMONIUM ION
F i g . 4.4c
t
F i g . 4.4:
TRACER ELUTION CURVES FOR FIELD TEST (Smith and Brigham, 1965)
- 73 -
4.2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0-
------
qC
W
c.c
--
- 74 -
As a r e s u l t
30
25
20
0 FIELD
15
10
2000
DATA
COWUTED CURVE
....
COMPUTED PEAKS
2500
Fig. 4 . 6 :
shown on t h i s f i g u r e .
The shape of t h e computed curve shows t h a t more l a y e r s
should improve t h e match.
F i g u r e 4.7 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e new match u s i n g seven
layers.
For t h i s a n a l y s i s , t h e peak volumes wsre chosen a t t h e computed
l o c a t i o n s i n Fig. 4.6 and t h e a d d i t i o n a l two peaks were s e l e c t e d a t 3050 bbls
and 2200 b b l s .
The match w i t h seven l a y e r s shows an improvement over t h e
The a n a l y s i s was continued w i t h n i n e and ten l a y e r s ,
match w i t h f i v e layers.
each t i m e u t i l i z i n g t h e computed peak- locations from t h e p r e v i o u s match and
a d d i n g a d d i t i o n a l peaks i n t h e p o s i t i o n s where t h e greatest divergence w a s
observed between the f i e l d d a t a and t h e match.
F i g u r e s 4.8 and 4.9 a r e t h e
The l a t e r p o r t i o n of t h e
matches w i t h nine and t e n l a y e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
f i e l d d a t a could not be matched very w e l l as shown i n t h e s e f i g u r e s . This i s
b e l i e v e d t o be due t o i n a c c u r a c y of t h e f i e l d d a t a c l o s e t o t h e shut-down
time.
Table 4.1 shows t h e r e s u l t s of t h e a n a l y s i s w i t h d i f f e r i n g numbers of
75
FIELD DATA
COWUTED CURVE
....
COHEUTED PEAKS
00
F i g . 4.7:
FIELD DATA
COMPUTED CURVE
....
COMPUTED PEAKS
00
F i g . 4.8:
35
30
25
E
PI
20
15
V
z
0
10
0
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Fig. 4 . 9 :
Table 4.1
COMPUTED LAYER PARAMETERS FOR F I E L D TEST, WELL D, U S I N G THE
OPTIMIZATION ROUTINE WITH DIFFERENT NUMBER OF LAYERS
~.
F I V E LAYERS
LAYER
SEVEN LAYERS
N I N E LAYERS
kh
Lkh
TEN LAYERS
kh
Zkh
kh
Zkh
9h
kh
Zkh
9h
0.035312
0.033734
0.015658
0.016360
0.011562
0.012167
0.011410
0.012009
0.106529
0.092838
0.047419
0.043769
0.015575
0.015031
0.013782
0.013344
0.106198
0.082195
0.084410.
0.072963
0.041926
0.038131
0.034880
0.031938
0.094516
0.066012
0.052945
0.041998
0.078987
0.068042
0.070605
0.061395
0.088629
0.055505
0.058256
0.043471
0.052492
0.041585
0.026728
0.022284
0.087285
0.060604
0.057068
0.042590
0.047820
0.037617
0.087122
0.054503
0.084869
0.058990
0.053306
0.039756
0.075888
0.047784
0.084649
0.058840
0.021086
0.012465
0.075661
0.047642
Oh
____-___-____________--------------------------
77
Table 4.2
COMPUTED PERMEABILITIES AND THICKNESSES OF LAYERS FOZ FIELD
TEST, WELL D, WITH DIFFERENT NUMBER OF LAYERS
FIVE LAYERS
SEVEN LAYERS
NINE LAYERS
TEN LAYERS
M Y ER
h,ft
k,md
h,ft
k,md
h,ft
k,md
h,ft
k,md
0.1358
4471
0.0602
4890
0.0445
4925
0.0439
4926
0.4097
4078
0.1824
4320
0.0599
4516
0.0530
4531
0.4085
3622
0.3248
4044
0.1613
4257
0.1342
4285
0.3635
3267
0.2036
3712
0.3038
4032
0.2716
4070
0.3409
2931
0.2036
3843
0.2019
3708
0.1028
3902
0.3357
3249
0.2195
3493
0.1839
3682
0.3351
2928
0.3264
3253
0.2050
3490
0.2919
294 7
0.3256
3253
0.0811
2767
0.2910
2947
0.0810
2768
____-___----------------------------
10
-*
The
- 78 -
40
35
30
PI
25
20
15
FIELD DATA
COMPUTED CURVE
10
0
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Fig. 4.10:
4500
40
...
..
.. ...-
..
Fig. 4.11: ANALYSIS OF TRACER DATA FOR WELL A WITH SEVEN LAYERS
40
35
30
25
20
15
....
10
FIELD DATA
COMPUTED DATA
COMPUTED PEAKS
Fig. 4.12: ANALYSIS OF TRACER DATA FOR WELL A WITH TEN LAYERS
- 80 -
T a b l e 4.3
COMPUTED LAYER PARAMETERS FOR FIELD TEST, WELL A, USING THE
OPTIMIZATION ROUTINE WITH DIFFERENT NUMBER OF LAYERS
FIVE LAYERS
SEVEN LAYERS
LAYER
4h
kh
zkh
TEN LAYERS
......................................
1
0.059200
0.048826
0.032384
0.027887
0.003501
0.003406
0.106992
0.079197
0.062602
0.049838
0.014466
0.012830
0.127590
0.086185
0.088567
0.064821
0.033026
0.027410
0.108782
0.067011
0.114285
0.077143
0.044046
0.035187
0.133239
0.073089
0.080341
0.050052
0.085634
0.062662
0.066540
0.038455
0.104723
0.070947
0.101029
0.054634
0.045561
0.029158
0.055029
0.033550
0.061547
0.035315
.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.096968
. . . . . .0.052357
.
0.535732
SUM
0.354308
0.545748
0.36283
0.545301
0.362822
T a b l e 4.4
COMPUTED PERMEABILITIES AND THICKNESSES OF LAYERS FOR FIELD TEST,
WELL A, W I T H DIFFERENT NUMBER OF LAYERS
~~
~~
FIVE LAYERS
SEVEN LAYERS
TEN LAYERS
LAYER
. . . . .h,ft
. . . . .k.s.d. . . . . .h,ft
. . . . .k.,.d . . . . . .h,ft
. . . . .k , d
1
0.2277
3860
0.1246
4030
0.0135
4553
0.4115
3464
0.2408
3726
0.0556
4151
0.4905
3163
0.3406
3425
0.1270
3884
0.4184
2883
0.4396
3159
0.1725
3672
0.5125
2567
0.3090
2916
0.3294
3425
0.2559
2704
0.4028
3171
0.3886
2530
0.1752
2995
0.2117
2853
0.2367
2685
10
0.3730
2527
To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t of d r a i n a g e areas on t h e a n a l y s i s , t h e tracer d a t a
of Well A was recalc l a t e d u s i n g an e s t i m a t e d d r a i n e d area of 40,800 f t2
r a t h e r t h a n 27,225 f t as used before.
This v a l u e was computed by d i v i d i n g
t h e p a t t e r n area i n t o segments p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e amounts of f l u i d s moving
towards t h e wells, as has been suggested by Deppe (1961). The match based on
t h i s d r a i n a g e area and t e n l a y e r s was v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l to Fig. 4.12.
Table
4.5 p r e s e n t s t h e parameters of t h e l a y e r s computed from t h i s match.
The
p e r m e a b i l i t y v a l u e s a l l are g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e i n Table 4.3 by a f a c t o r of
40,800/27,225 = 1.5
( r a t i o of t h e assumed d r a i n a g e areas); however, t h e
r e l a t i v e v a l u e s of p e r m e a b i l i t i e s i n Tables 4.2 and 4.5 are i d e n t i c a l .
0.009530
0.012830
0.0371
6220
0.022038
0.027410
0.0848
5821
0.029925
0.035187
0.1151
5503
0.057142
0.062662
0.2198
5132
0.069879
0.070947
0.2688
4752
0.030402
0.029158
0.1169
4488
0.036720
0.033550
i3.1412
4276
0.041069
0.035315
0.1580
4024
CONCLUSIONS
1,
2.
3.
The study shows that the tracer breakthrough curves from a homogeneous
system depend upon the geometry, pattern size, and dispersion constant of
the formation rock.
4.
5.
6.
from stratified reservoirs, and computes porosity thicknesses and fractional permeability thicknesses of the layers, The algorithm utilizes a
non-linear least-squares routine as an optimization technique to minimize
- 83 -
9.
The method developed i n t h i s s t u d y can a l s o be used i n d e s i g n of well- tow e l l t r a c e r tests. The amount of t r a c e r r e q u i r e d and tracer breakthrough
times may be computed from t h e method p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n .
- 84 -
6.
- 85 -
NOMENCLATURE
A = area, ft2
a
Co
Ca
C, C(e)
'max
-C
CD
CqJ
j4
%,
max
-C
-C j
3,'
-Ci
*
Ci
D'
- 86 -
dP
do
EA
'Abt
average g r a i n s i z e d i a m e t e r , L
d i f f e r e n t i a l change i n s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n term used i n mixing
equation
a r e a l sweep e f f i c i e n c y , f r a c t i o n of p a t t e r n area
breakthrough areal sweep e f f i c i e n c y , f r a c t i o n of p a t t e r n area
EAD
e r f c (x)
complementary e r r o r f u n c t i o n = 1
e r f (x)
- erf
(x)
formation r e s i s t i v i t y f a c t o r , dimensionless
d i s p l a c l n g f l u i d c u t i n t h e production stream, f r a c t i o n
fD
1 - f
fm
fP
Fr =
Frj
F(v,K)
I
:
t r a c e r s l u g s i z e i n j e c t e d i n t o a homogeneous p a t t e r n i n terms
of f r a c t i o n of p a t t e r n d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volume, d i m e n s i o n l e s s
tracer s l u g s i z e i n j e c t e d i n t o l a y e r j i n terms of f r a c t i o n of
l a y e r d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volume, dimensionless
incomplete e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l of t h e f i r s t kind
where y = s i n v
thickness, f t
t h i c k n e s s of l a y e r j
mixing l i n e i n t e g r a l f o r s t r e a m l i n e $
p e r m e a b i l i t y , md
- 87 -
kj
permeability of layer j, md
kp
K(m),
I$,, =
KT
K'(m)
m, ml
mT
pressure
radius, L
,
S
8
- -SI' -s2
8,
sn, cn, dn
t
tbt
injection time, T
breakthrough time of a Streamline, T
- 88 -
microscopic ( p o r e ) v e l o c i t y , darcy v e l o c i t y d i v i d e d by
p o r o s i t y , L/T
vx
t ph
tPP
= d i s p l a c e a b l e pore volu?
l o c a t i o n i n t h e tube, L
)
('T,max
',ax
Vp
Vpbt
VpDbt($)
VpDbt
VpD
of a streamtube up t o tracer f r o n t
's
(V )
pD j , i
p
' D ,max
(V
pD j
V T = t o t a l volume i n j e c t e d i n t o a p a t t e r n , b b l s
(vT)i
('T,max)
Vh:
t o t a l volume i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a t t e r n a t sample p o i n t i, b b l s
t o t a l volume of t r a er s l u g i n j e c t e d i n t o e i t h e r homogeneous or
layered pattern, f t
- 89 -
"tr
w
width of a streamtube, L
-.
aL
"T
As
'est
j'(
porosity, fraction
porosity of layer j, fraction
density of tracer solution, lb/ft3
viscoslty, cp
L'
42
gth of mixed
J , =
potential function
on
,L
n = complex potential
v
- 90 -
REFERENCES
Abramowitz,' M.,
and Stegun, I. A.:
"Handbook of Mathematical Functions ,"
Dover P u b l i c a t i o n s , Inc., New York (1972).
Baldwin, D. E., Jr. : " P r e d i c t i o n of Tracer Performance i n a Five-Spot Patt e r n , " J. Pet. Tech. ( A p r i l 1966), 513-517.
Bear, J.:
Brigham, W. E.:
"Mixing Equations i n Various Geometries," SPE Paper 4585,
p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 48th Annual F a l l Meeting of SPE-AIME, Las Vegas,
Nevada, Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973.
Brigham, W. E.:
"Mixing Equations i n Short Laboratory Cores," SOC. Per. Eng.
J. (Feb. 1974), 91-99.
for
- 91-
216,
Craig, F. F., Jr., Geffen, T. M., and Morse, R. A. : " O i l Recovery Performance
of P a t t e r n Gas o r Water I n j e c t i o n Operations from Model T e s t s , " Trans.
AIME (1955),
204,
7-15.
Deans, H. A.:
"A Mathematical Model f o r D i s p e r s i o n i n t h e D i r e c t i o n of Flow
i n Porous Media," Trans. AIME (1963), 9- 228 49-52.
Deppe, J. C.:
" I n j e c t i o n Rate
The E f f e c t of M o b i l i t y R a t i o , Area Swept and
P a t t e r n " , SOC. P e t . Eng. J. (June 1961), 81-91.
D'Hooge, J. A., Sheely, C. Q., and W i l l i a m s , B. J.:
" I n t e r w e l l Tracers--An
E f f e c t i v e R e s e r v o i r E v a l u a t i o n Tool:
West Sumatra F i e l d R e s u l t s , " J.
P e t . Tech. (May 198l), 779-782.
Douglas, J., Jr, Peaceman, D. W., and Rachford, H. H.:
"A Method f o r Calcul a t i n g Multi- Dimensional Immiscible Displacement," Trans. AIME (19591,
216, 297-308
-
27-32.
Dykstra, H., and Parsons, R. L.:
"The P r e d i c t i o n of Waterflood Performance
w i t h V a r i a t i o n i n P e r m e a b i l i t y P r o f i l e , " Prod. Monthly, (1950),
9-
12
14,
1962.
Fay, C. H., and P r a t s , M.:
"The A p p l i c a t i o n of Numerical Methods t o Cycling
and Flooding Problems," Proceedings from Third World Petroleum Congress
(19511, S e c t i o n 11, 555-564.
F i t c h , R. A., and G r i f f i t h , J. D.:
"Experimental and C a l c u l a t e d Performance
of M i s c i b l e Floods i n S t r a t i f i e d R e s e r v o i r s , " J. P e t . Tech. (Nov. 1964),
1289-1298.
Gelhar. L. W.. and C o l l i n s . M. A.:
"General Analysis of L o n-g i t u d i n a l Disper;ion i n - Nonuniform Flow," Water Res. Research (Dec. 1971), -'
7 No; 6,
5111-1521.
Gradshteyn, 1. S., and Ryzhik, I. M.:
"Table of I n t e g r a l s ,
Products," Accademic P r e s s , Inc., New York (1980).
- 92 -
Series,
and
Guckert, G. L.:
"Areal Sweepout Performance of Seven- and Nine-Spot Flood
P a t t e r n s , " M.S.
T h e s i s , Pennsylvania S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Pennsylvania
( J a n . 1961).
Handy, L. L.:
"An E v a l u a t i o n of D i f f u s i o n E f f e c t s i n M i s c i b l e Displacement ,"
Trans. AIME (19591, 216
' 382-384.
Halevy, E., and N i r , A.:
"The Determination of Aquifer Parameters w i t h t h e
Aid of R a d i o a c t i v e Tracers," J. Geophys. Res. ( J u n e 19621, 7,No. 6,
2403-2409
C. L.:
" Simulation of S t r a t i f i e d Waterflooding by Pseudo R e l a t i v e
P e r m e a b i l i t y Curves," J. P e t . Tech. ( J u l y 1971), 805-813.
Horne,
R. N.,
and Rodriguez, F.:
" Dispersion i n Tracer Flow i n F r a c t u r e d
Geothermal Systems," Proceedings (1981), 7 t h Annual S t a n f o r d Geothermal
Workshop
Ivanovich, M.,
and Smith, D. B.:
" Determination of Aquifer Parameters by a
Two-Well Pulsed Method Using R a d i o a c t i v e Tracers," Jour. of Hydrology
A.,
Jr.,
and Slobod, R.
(19571, 210
'
40.
L.:
(1959)
Levorsen, A. I.:
"Geology of
F r a n c i s c o ( 1956).
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Martin. W. L., Dew. J. N.. Powers, M. L., and S t e v e s , H. B.: " Results of a
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of Oil
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Ogata, A.:
"Dispersion in Porous Media," Ph.D.
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Ogata, A., and Banks, R. B.: " A Solution of the Differential Equation of
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..
Spiegel, R. M.:
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- 94 -
- 95 -
APPEND ICES
Appendix A
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR PATTERN BREAKTHROUGH CURVES
FOR MOBILITY RATIO OF ONE
96
where,
n ( z ) = complex p o t e n t i a l
#(x,y) = v e l o c i t y p o t e n t i a l e q u a t i o n
$ ( x , y ) = stream f u n c t i o n
z = x + i y
Both #(x,y) and Jl(x,y) are harmonic f u n c t i o n s ; t h e r e f o r e , they s a t i s f y t h e
Laplace equation.
From t h e Cauchy-Riemann p r i n c i p l e and Darcy's l a w , t h e
v e l o c i t y components of f l u i d a t any p o i n t are r e l a t e d t o t h e p o t e n t i a l
e q u a t i o n and t h e stream f u n c t i o n as follows:
and,
where, k i s t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y and
IJ
is the f l u i d viscosity.
...,
...,
- 97 ~
The terms v
and u
denote t h e s t r e n g t h
respectively?
Equa@on A-6 can be used t o
ment.
However, f o r some p a r t i c u l a r w e l l
mapping g r e a t l y eases t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n
i l l u s t r a t e d i n Appendices A.1 and A.3.
Appendix A.1:
of t h e i n j e c t o r s and producers,
d e r i v e Q(z) f o r any well arrangep a t t e r n s , t h e u s e of conformal
of complex p o t e n t i a l s . h i s is
Z-PLANE
PRODUCTION
INJECTION
*d
P
0
Fig. A-1:
(A-7)
- 98 -
s,
W- PLANE
--
fi
Fig
-1
sn
(w,m)
(A-8)
Correspondingly:
sn(z,m)
(A- 9)
I n t r o d u c i n g a second t r a n s f o r m a t i o n :
-w
i w
- 99 -
(A- 10)
t h e upper h a l f of t h e w-plane
i s mapped i n t o t h e l e f t h a l f
of t h e ;;-plane as shown i n Fig.
A-3.
W-PLANE
Fig. A.3:
(A-11)
The w e l l s a t i n f i n i t y do not c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e complex p o t e n t i a l .
A-0 and A-9:
-w
= -i sn(z,m)
From Eqs.
(A-12)
~ ( z )=
- an
-
[cn(z,m)]
100
(A-13)
P r a t s (1956) has r e p o r t e d t h e above e x p r e s s i o n (A-13) f o r t h e complex potent i a l but w i t h a p o s l t i v e s i g n because t h e i n j e c t o r s were assigned n e g a t i v e
p o t e n t i a l i n h i s formulation. From Byrd and Friedman (1954):
- i 2s n ( x ) dn(x)
sn(y)
2
1 - s n ( y ) dn (x)
cn(x) cn(y)
cn(z,m) = cn(x + i y , m ) =
dn(y)
(A-14)
where, s n ( x ) = sn(x,m), cn(x) = cn(x,m), dn(x) = dn(x,m), s n ( y ) = sn(y,ml) and
cn(y) = cn(y,m ) are v a r i o u s Jacobian e l l i p t i c f u n c t i o n s with parameters m and
1
ml where m + ml = 1. From complex v a r i a b l e theory:
n(z) =
- -2
2
cn (x) cn (y)
+ s n2 ( x )
[1-
2
2
dn ( x ) s n (y) dn2(y)
s n 2 ( y ) dn2(x)]
(A-16)
(A-18)
--
- 101 -
0
II
-5
Fig. A-4:
4
X
From Eq. A- 2:
(A- 20)
(A- 21)
- 102 -
where,
(A-22)
Theref ore,
(A-23)
The pore volume injected into the system at the time of breakthrough of
streamline $ is:
'bt
qt
(A- 25)
pD
kh
=r
*Sd+
The
(A-26)
where the integral is taken around any closed surface in the flow regime.
Because the flow in the vicinity of a wellbore i s essentially radial, Eq. A26, with the values of streamline shown in Fig. A-4, reduces t o :
kh
I-
qt
IJ
A$
2nkh
11
(A-27)
Using this expressfon for qt and Eq. A-24 for tbt, Eq. A-25 simplifies to:
(A-28)
(A-29)
and rl is a constant for the streamline $.
103
- 2Bf 2 (x,m)
+ f 4 (x,m)
(A-30)
and ,
'pD
'II
(1
+n)
f (x,m) dx
2K(m) K'(m)
(A-33)
2
(-
al g l )
a1 + B g l
+
(A-36 )
= ta;'
( -1 7 )
a:=l-B 2
(A-37 )
(A-38)
(A-39)
(A-40)
A = l + r ,
(A-41)
(A-42 )
"A + B
K2
4AB
=
(A
(A-43)
B)*
(A-44)
Equations A-35 and A-44 j o i n t l y d e s c r i b e t h e p a t t e r n breakthrough curve of a
developed s t a g g e r e d l i n e d r i v e system.
Breakthrough Areal Sweep E f f i c i e n c y
The breakthrough s t r e a m l i n e is J,
n/4
and rl = 1, and Eq. A-34 reduces t o :
Therefore, at breakthrough, fD = 0
00
'pDbt
dz
2 K(m) K'(m)
d(z2
- 105 -
(A-45)
"pDbt
s t r e a m l i n e around t h e p o l n t
dz
71
282 + 1 ) ( z 2
{K(m)/2,
(A-46)
-32
+I)
n
2 K(m) K ' ( m )
K[(I
- 2m)2~
(A-47 )
For t h i s
m = ml = 0.5
B = m
- ml
= 0
P
'D
= 0.228473 (1
+ 11)
K(l
- n2)
(A-49)
where ,
2
rl = t a n
JI
- 106 -
(A-50)
A-49 w i t h
"pDbt = 0.71777
ADDendix A.3:
o b t a i n e d i n a manner similar t o t h a t
is a p p l i e d t o t r a n s f o r m t h e segment
t h e w-plane. The production w e l l is
is mapped at t h e o r i g i n as was shown
Z-PLANE
PRODUCTION 0
Fig. A-5:
107
Q(w)
Rn w
(A-52)
~ ( z ) i n [sn(z,m)]
(A-53)
where ,
(A-55)
(A-57)
(A-58)
- 108 _
Fig. A-6:
(A- 61)
'pD
tbt qt
4 @hK(m) K f ( m )
(A- 62)
(A- 63)
- 109 -
6'
K' (m)
PD
I n t h i s equation,
= - n ( 1 + n)
K ( d K'(m)
r(
dy
g(Ysml) f ' ( x , m )
(A-64)
= t a n $ which is c o n s t a n t for a s p e c i f i e d s t r e a m l i n e .
--
[ml
relate t h e d e r i v a t i v e s t o t h e
- f 2(x,m)] 2 + 4 f 2(x,m)
(A-65)
(A-66)
v
pD
(1
+n)
dt
2 m t K(m) K'(m)
(A-68)
where ,
1
a =
(1
-m2
1
b (1
+m2
(A-69)
(A-70)
(A-71)
- 110 -
-n
d =
(1
= - a n
-via2
(A-72)
an a n a l y t i c
where,
F ( u , K ) is an incomplete e l l i p t i c i n t e g r a l of t h e f i r s t kind w i t h
argument v and modulus K given by t h e f o l l o w i n g two e x p r e s s i o n s :
v = Arcsin(d-)
a + m
ab (1
(a
+ nl2
+ bn)(b + an)
(A-74)
(A-75)
and t h u s ,
n is
(A-76)
r e l a t e d t o f D as f o l l o w s :
(A-77)
curve of a developed
OD,
v = Arcsin
($)
F(v,l)
VpDbt
K2
m 2 K(m) K'(m)
1
111
(A-78)
(A-79)
However,
F(v,l) = Rn (tan u
+ sec
U)
(A-80)
(A-81)
VpDbt
[<+*I
v=
(A-82)
'pDbtP
'II
h(m)
4 m l K)m) K'(m)
Appendix A.4:
(A-83)
INVERTED SEVEN-SPOT
f(z)
(A-84 )
where,
(A-85)
- 112 -
Let :
(A- 86)
(A-87)
- ig
cn(z,m) = h
(A- 88)
f(z) =
(h2
(A- 89 )
f(z)
A
C
iB
- iD
A C - B ; + i A D +C2B C D2
0
c2
(A- 90)
where,
A = a
+ 4bu 2 -
B = 2u(a
C = a
- b)* - b t
- b + 2bG)
+ 4bu 2 +
D = 2u(a
(a
(a
- b ) E - bt
- b - 2bfi)
(A- 91)
(A- 92)
(A- 93)
(A- 94)
and,
(A- 95)
(A- 96)
- 113 -
(A- 97)
Substitute
rearrange:
for A,
= tail
B,
C,
from Eq.
4u[(l
8u2(2b2u2
i n Eq.
A-98
- 114 -
and
(A- 99)
tbt
dr
(A- 100 )
vY
Making t h e f o l l o w i n g s u b s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e terms
- b2)(4u2 + t ) + a2 -
r = (1
w = 8u2(2b2u2
(A-10 1)-
- 5 + b 2 t ) + a2 + b 2 t 2 - 14t
(A-102)
then:
(A-103 )
T h e r e f o r e , from Eqs. A-58 and A-103:
(A-104)
tbt =
-k
2K' (m)
w(ru'
--I
wLdy
r'u)
NW'
(A- 105 )
Pore volumes i n j e c t e d :
=
'p~
tbt qt
p a t t e r n pore volume
(A-106)
4,
'i; AJ, = 4~
and,
p a t t e r n pore volume
115
-kIJ
2VT4 K2 (m)
(A-107)
(A-108)
p' D
w 2 dy
+ tan
w(ru'
+ r'u)
- ruw'
(A- 109 )
x =
X(rCl,Y)
t h e d e r i v a t i v e s of v a r i o u s terms i n
r' = (1
w' = 16uu'(4b2u2
- b2)(8uu'
From
= ahfax
h'
+ t')
(A- 111 )
t' = 4(h2
h'
(A-1 10)
- g2 )(hh' - gg')
(A-112)
(A-1 13)
- sn ( x ) dn (x)cn (y 1
2m cn 2 ( x ) s n
(A-1 14)
R2
2
R[dn ( x )
-m
2
2
2
sn (XI] 2m s n (y)dn ( x ) s n
R2
(A-115)
R = 1
- s n2 (y)dn 2 (x)
(A-1 16)
In computing V
v a l u e s from Eq. A-109, t h e x terms i n t h e i n t e g r a l should be
Therefore, for a s e l e c t e d x v a l u e on a streamexpressed as fPuDnctions of y.
l i n e $, t h e corresponding y v a l u e has t o be e v a l u a t e d . This w a s accomplished
n u m e r i c a l l y by applying a r o o t - f i n d i n g r o u t i n e t o Eq. A-99 w i t h a c o n s t a n t 9
value.
The computed c o o r d i n a t e p o i n t s on s t r e a m l i n e $ were then s u b s t i t u t e d
i n t o Eq. A-109 and t h e i n t e g r a l term i n t h i s e q u a t i o n was e v a l u a t e d numerically.
Equations A-110 through A-116 were used i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y
terms i n Eq. A-109,
The computer program developed t o g e n e r a t e t h e breakthrough curve of t h i s p a t t e r n is given i n Appendix D.2.
- 116 -
of
a repeated
The breakthrough s t r e a m l i n e is Q
n.
On t h i s s t r e a m l i n e , x = 0; t h e r e f o r e ,
cn(x,m) = 1, dn(x,m) = 1, and sn(x,m) = 0. A l l t h e parameters d e f i n e d b e f o r e
t a k e s i m p l e r forms as follows:
(A-1 18)
g = o
(A-119)
h' = 0
(A-120)
(A- 121)
t =
u = o
(A- 122 )
(A-123)
cn (y,ml)
(A- 124)
t'
(a2
r -
1)cn (y,ml)
(y,m,)
- 117 -
(A-125)
+ (1
- b2 1
(A-126)
(A-127)
r' = 0
(A- 128
w' = 0
(A- 129)
(A- 130
then:
(A-131)
and,
p = cn2
rmll
2K'(m)
3
(2
-fi)2 = b2
'II
a2p4
p(1
- P)(mlP
14p2
b2
2 dP
a2 - 1
+ m)(p + l - b 1
(A-132)
118
But :
m = (2 - m / 4
my = 1
- ml
= (2
+ 43)/4
na
4 s m1(a2
'pDbt
(p
1)K2(m)
-b
l)(P
2
b
P(P +
z)
dP
- 2 tan-l(b) - t a n -1(r)
1
b
dp =
For :
l)(P
(A-135)
This is:
(p
>; - b
2
b
P(P +a)
119
(A-136)
The value of VpDbt computed from Eq A-135 w i t h the i n t e g r a l given by Eq. A-136
is :
VpDbt = 0.743682
Appendix A.5:
Appendix A.5.1:
(A-137)
(A-139)
(A-140)
And :
(A-1 4 1)
(A-142)
(A- 14 3 )
120
Theref ore :
(A- 144)
Or:
Let:
y = ml
- m - f 2 (y,ml)
(A- 146)
(A- 147)
121
Similarly:
1
+ 2(ml - m)
2
f (x,m)
+ f 4(x,m)
(A- 150)
Appendix A.5.2:
From Eq. A-55:
(A-151)
Using t h e d e r i v a t i v e of
through A-143:
f'(x,m) =
the J a c o b i a n e l l i p t i c
2
dn (x,m)
m sn(x,m)
2
functions
from Eqs.
A-138
2
2
sn (x,m) cn (x,m)
2
sn ( x , m >
+m
(A- 152)
-1
sn (x,m)
From Eq. A-151:
2
2
cn (x,m) dn (x,m>
f (x,m> =
2
s n (x,m>
2
4
m sn(x,m)
(1
+ m)sn 2 (x,m) +
2
sn (x,m)
Or:
(A-153)
Let:
y1
= 1
+ m + f 2 (x,m)
(A-154)
(A-155)
2m
- 122 -
it i s concluded t h a t
(A-157)
Substitute f o r Y1
The above
approach
to
g(y,ml).
From
Eq. A-56 :
(A-159)
The d e r i v a t i v e of t h i s f u n c t i o n is:
(A-160)
Using E q s .
of dn(y,ml)
A- 141
, Eq.
-m
(A-161)
ml dn (y,ml)
g (Y,ml)
2
2
sn (y,ml)
(Y,rn,)
2
dn ( ~ , m 1 )
4
dn (y,ml)
=
(1
+ m)dn 2 (y,m,)
m21 dn4(y,ml)
123
terms
-m
Let:
yp = 1
2
The solution for dn (y,m,)
+m
- ml2 g2(y,m1)
(A- 163 )
dn b,m1 1 =
(A-164)
(A-1 6 5 )
(A-166)
__
124
Appendix B
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR PATTERN RECOVERY CURVES
AT VARIOUS MOBILITY RATIOS
The location of the displacement front plays a major role in the analysis of
pattern performance when the mobility ratio is other than one.
For such a
displacement:
1) the streamlines in the regions behind and ahead of front
deviate from those determined at mobility ratio of one; and 2) the total
resistance to flow continually changes as the location of the front varies.
This is in contrast to a unit mobility ratio displacement in which the
resistance to flow is constant and independent of the interface position. In
the following analysis, it is assumed that streamlines are the same for any
mobility ratio while the overall resistance to flow varies during the
displacement. Consequently, for a constant pressure drop between an injection
well and a production well, the total flow rate in the pattern as well as the
flow rates in the individual streamtubes will change as the front advances
towards the production well.
Furthermore, at any particular time, the flow
rates in the individual streamtubes will differ from each other. This is due
to establishment of different resistances in the streamtubes for the same
total pressure drop across them.
Consider a piston-like displacement of two fluids in a developed five-spot
pattern, as shown in Fig B-1.
Flow rate in a general streamtube $1
location s
in the tube is:
$1
front is at
where :
= - = fluid mobility
-s = front
location, same as s
$1
- 125 -
S = Path Along A
Streamline
F i g . B-1:
a'
and,
q$
@pb)$l
l(a
Ab
S
$1
where :
*$I
- 126 -
$1
The t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e f r o n t i n t h i s streamtube t o r e a c h t h e p r o d u c t i o n
w e l l is:
Substitute f o r q
At this time,
given by:
(s)
111
t h e f r o n t l o c a t i o n i n t h e streamtube $2 is at
- 127 -
$2 ' which is
['%*'A(s)
d s d$
l%;*.I.,
d s d$
(B-10)
EA =
( p a t t e r n pore a r e a ) / 8
44K2(0.5)
4(l.8540746)2~ = 13.75036 4
EA
0.5818 4 [ X s ' A ( 8 )
ds d$
f r A ( s )
ds d$
(B-11)
a t t h e time of breakthrough i n t h e s t r e a m t u b e $1
PD
EA
-k
('pD)a
(B-12)
("PD),
( t $ l b t - t$bt) dJ,
Ibt
( p a t t e r n pore volume)/8
- 120 -
(B-13)
(B-14)
(B-16)
D i s p l a c i n g f l u i d c u t , f , i s t h e r a t i o of producing d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d rate
d i v i d e d by t h e t o t a l p r o 8 u c t i o n rate. This is given by:
(B-17)
It
where, q i s t h e flow rate i n any streamtube t h a t has not broken through.
v a r i e s w t h time and is d i f f e r e n t f o r d i f f e r e n t streamtubes, as it i s w i t h i n
t h e i n t e g r a l sign.
- 129 -
Substitute for qb from Eq. B-4 and for qa from Eq. B-14:
.fu
--
(B-18)
Equations B-11, B-12, B-16 and B-18 are written in general forms.
this appendix focusses on simplifing these equations.
The rest of
where,
= flow rate in the streamtube if the displacement was at M = 1
q
M= 1
[.(.)I
M=1
M = 1
The term
de
which
A(s)
2 ds
m X
(B-21)
[.(si]
M= 1
(B-23)
130
( B-24 )
Theref o r e :
(B-25)
(B-28)
(B-29)
S u b s t i t u t e Eqs. B-26 through B-29 i n B-25 and u s e Eq.
f(y,ml) terms by f(x,m) terms:
A-32 t o r e p l a c e t h e
(B-30)
in which ,
rl = t a n
2JI
(B-31)
(n+z)
2
2
2 z & l + z )(rl
- 131 -
dz
+ z2)
(B-32)
(B-33)
Let :
(B-34 )
At z
0 and z
m, t h e term G(z,n) approaches i n f i n i t y .
These p o i n t s c o r r e spond t o s i n g u l a r i t i e s a t t h e i n j e c t i o n and p r o d u c t i o n w e l l s .
To avold t h e
s i n g u l a r i t l e s i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s , a r a d i u s e q u a l t o d/10000 is a s s i g n e d t o
t h e wells, where d i s t h e d i s t a n c e between an i n j e c t o r and a producer.
(B-35)
X dx
(B-36)
(B-37 )
where ,
(B-38 )
(B-39 )
f (H,m)2
( B-40 )
and,
x
wi
x
W
= r
s i n J,
(B-41)
c o s JI
(B-42)
-x i s
Define :
P(n)
M G(z
,rl)
- G(zi,n)
(B-43)
Using E q s . B-36, B-37 and B-43, t h e H term defined i n Eq. B-35 becomes:
From E q s . A-
(B-45)
(B-46)
where,
(B-47)
(B-48)
with the property t h a t ,
(B-49)
(B- 51)
where, $1
r e p r e s e n t s $1 a t breakthrough.
Note t h a t i n Eq. B- 51, t h e l e f t
hand s i d e bfs computed a t $2 and t h e r i g h t s i d e a t $ l b t .
A t t h e breakthrough of $1, s u b s t i t u t i o n of Eq. B- 36 i n Eq. B-11
B-52 and n o t i n g t h a t z
- 134 -
results in:
Values of
* at t h e
are obtained
The pore volumes of d i s p l a c l n g f l u i d produced a t breakthrough of t h e streaml i n e $lbt are computed from Eqs. B-16, B-33, B-34, B-35 and B-50.
The r e s u l t
is:
dJ,
where, H
'bt
H
'bt
(B-54)
=-
G(E,n) d;
+n
(B-55)
P(n)
+ (1
- M)
G(E,n)
The computer program given i n Appendix D.3 u t i l i z e s Eqs. B-12, B-53, B-54 and
B-56 t o e v a l u a t e areal sweep e f f i c i e n c y and d i s p l a c i n g f l u i d c u t f o r v a r i o u s
mobility r a t i o s .
- 135 -
Appendix C
.
I n t h i s appendix, e v a l u a t i o n of t h e l i n e i n t e g r a l i n t h e mixing e q u a t i o n s is
i l l u s t r a t e d f o r developed s t a g g e r e d l i n e d r i v e , f i v e - s p o t , and d i r e c t l i n e
The appendix c o n s i s t s of t h r e e sub- appendices, each corredrive patterns.
sponding t o one of t h e above p a t t e r n s .
Appendix C.1:
STAGGERED L I N E DRIVE
Fig. C-1:
The stream f u n c t i o n s
A- 18 as follows:
f(w,m)
sn(w,m) dn(w,m)
cn(w,m)
136
-2Kb)
a
(C-3)
dx
( C-6
Differentiating
be come :
Eq.
C-1
k
%
"X
ww
-
K'(m)
d
f(w,m> f '(z,ml)
1
+ [f(w,m) f(z,ml)]
(C-10)
where,
= tan
41 = constant
137
(C- 12)
Utilizing Eqs. 0 3 , C-5, C-9, C-10 and C-11, the following expression for the
line integral is obtained:
where,
These are:
(C-15)
where ,
B = m -
(C-17)
ml
Substitute for the derivatives in Eq. C-13 and C-14 from Eqs. C-15 and C-16,
and eliminate f(z,ml) by Eq. C-11; then Eq. C-13 simplifies to:
3
ad
2K(m)K' 2(m)
2
f (w,m) dw
*
(C-18)
Introducing a variable change of f 2(w,m)
the f'(w,m) terms, Eq. C-18 becomes:
(C-19)
3
(1
f2(F,m)
fl dt
+n)
(t2
- 2f3t +l)(t2
-
138
2Bnt
(C-20)
+n
2 m 2 + n)
10
7
n
32
E
w
z
W
GI
t3
sc
0.2
0.4
0.6
Fig. C-2:
1 .o
0.8
2a
;/
- 139 -
Appendix C.2:
FIVE SPOT
B = m - m
= O
(C-22)
3 0 1 e97678
where ,
fi d t
(C- 23)
- 140 -
Appendix C . 3 :
DIRECT L I N E DRIVE
Figure C-3 shows the coordinate system with the dimensions for t h i s pattern:
Fig. C-3:
d i
I s
d)
The stream functions for the above coordinate system are obtained by analogy
t o E q s . A - 5 4 , A-55 and A- 56 as follows:
(C- 25)
( C- 26)
- 141 -
w=2Kh)
a
(C- 27 )
=K'(d
d
(C- 28)
(C- 29)
The following equations f a c i l i t a t e e v a l u a t i o n of
ds =
I =
(C- 30)
(dx)'
v2 = v
+ vY 2
(031)
(C- 32)
Using t h e s e e q u a t i o n s , t h e I i n t e g r a l becomes:
I =
J,
vy
( c-33 1
-4
(C- 34)
E- -
v+sw
2K(m)
a
f '(w,m)
g(z,m,)
1 + [f(w,m) g(z,m,>]
(C-35)
(C- 36)
where,
n is
- 142 -
Utilizing Eq. C-28 and Eqs. C-33 through C-36, the following expression for
the line integral, I, is obtained:
(C-38)
and,
1
(C-40)
Substitute for the derivatives from Eqs. C-39 and C-40 in Eq.
eliminate the f(w,m) term by using Eq. C-36:
C-37 and
(043)
- 143 -
with :
(0 4 5 )
if
o <
z < K' (m ,
or e q u i v a l e n t l y ,
o < g2(T,ml
<
(1
+m2
and,
(C- 46)
A t the production w e l l ,
c-45 :
and g2[K'(m),ml]
K'(m),
= 0; t h e r e f o r e ,
from Eq.
2t2
ml
- 2(2 - m l ) t + 1 = m12(t - a ) ( t - b )
+n
2t2
ml
= m12(t
144
i e)
(C-49)
(C- 51)
where :
a =
(1
(C- 52)
-*I2
1
b -
(c- 53)
(1 + S I 2
(C-54)
d =
[ - n(2
e = i
- ml) -
m
rl
2
n
6
]/ m2l
(C- 55)
complex
(C- 56)
Since rl
0 , 0 < m < 1 , and 0 < m C 1; then, a > b, c < 0 and d < 0 .
Theref o r e , the integran4 contains a singularity at point t = b which corresponds t o
the upper l i m i t of the integral i n Eq. C- 48. To remove t h i s s i n g u l a r i t y , l e t :
b - t = E 2
(C-57 )
Then :
(C- 58)
where :
= m 254
T1
1
*E4
T3 = ml
+ b2m12 +
2b11(2
- b + E2
- 2b ml2
52+ b2m12
- 145 -
- ml) + 112
( c- 59 )
(C- 60)
+ rl
(C- 61)
Appendix D
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Appendix D.l:
- 146 -
JOB (JE.NAD,lOQ),'MAGSUD'
EXEC WATFIV
//GO.SYSIN
DD
C
C
C
C
T H I S PROGRAM ANALYZES A TRACER BREAKTHROUGTH CURVE FROM A
C
S T R A T I F I E D RESERVOJR FOR A G I V E N TYPE OF FLOODING PATTERN.
C
THE PROGRAM GENERATES POROSITY THICKNESS PRODUCT, ( P H I * H ) ,
C
AND FRACTIONAL P E R M E A B I L I T Y THICKNESS PRODUCT, (KH/SUM(KH),*
C
FOR EACH LAYER AS N E L L AS A MATCH TO THE I N P U T TRACER
C
BREAKTHROUGH P R O F I L E FOR A S P E C I F I E D NUMBER O F LAYERS.
C
THE PROGRAM CAN CURRENTLY HANDLE F I F T E E N LAYERS.
C
C
********i****************************
C
C
PREPARED BY
C
C
MAGHSOOD ABBASZADEH- DEHGHANI
C
STAN FORD U :.(IV ERS I TY
C
J U L Y 1982
C
C
NOMENCLATURE:
C
C
AALFAP = PECLET NUMSER FOR THE PATTERN
C
A A L F A 5 = PECLET NUMBER FOR AN EQUIVALENT F I V E - S P O T
C
AREA = DRAINAGE AREA OF A WELL WHOSE TRACER RESPONSE CURVE
C
IS B E I N G ANALYZED, FT SQUARE
C
C P H I H J = TRACE2 COKCENTRATION FROYI LAYER J, C / C O
C
CSTAR = TRACER CONCENTKATIOKS I N THE F I E L D TRACER E L U T I O N
C
CURVE, PPH.
AN ARRAY C O N T A I N I N G NDATA P O I N T S
COIKEN = T R A C E R CONCENTRATION I
N THE GENERATED MATCH , mi
C
C
EABTP = BREAKTHROUGH AREAL S!JEEP E F F l C I E N C Y OF A DEVELOPED
C
PATTERN
EABT5 = BREAKTHROUGH AREAL SldEEP E F F I C I E N C Y OF A DEVELOPED
C
C
F I VE-SPOT
C
FACTOR = A CONVERSION FACTOR TO CONVERT TRACER CONCENTRATION
C
(FROM U S U A L L Y P P r i ) T O WEIGHT FRACTION
C
FM = CORRECTION FACTOR ON TRACER PEAK CONCENTRATION
C
FP = CORRECTION FACTOR ON PECLET NUPIBER
C
FRAC = R A T I O OF THE RATE OF F L U I D F L O N I N G FROM THE I N J E C T O R
C
OF THE PATTERN TOWARDS THE WELL, D I V I D E D BY THE TOTAL
C
PRODUCTION RATE FROM THE WELL.
FOR EXAMPLE, I N A
DEVELOPED F I V E - S P O T WHEN TRACER IS I N J E C T E D I N T O ONE
C
OF THE WELLS ONLY, FRAC
0.25
C
KP
=
COMPLEMENTARY
AND
INCOMPLEMENTARY
COMPLETE E L L I P T I C
C
K,
C
I N T E G R A L S OF THE F I R S T K I N D
C
K H J = FRACTIONAL CONDUCTANCE OF LAYER J, ( K H ) J / S U M ( K H )
C
NDATA = NUMBER OF DATA P O I N T S I N P U T E D FROM A F I E L D TRACER
C
RESPONSE CURVE
C
NLAYER = NUMBER OF LAYERS I N THE S T R A T I F I E D MODEL
C
NOTPUT = NUMBER O F P O I N T S D E S I R E D TO B E CALCULATED ON THE
C
MATCH CURVE
C
P H I H J = POROSITY THICKNESS PRODUCT OF LAYER J
C
PVDMX5 = CORRELATING DIMENSIONLESS PORE VOLUME FOR A DEVEC
LOPED F I V E - S P O T .
SW = I N I T I A L WATER SATURATION I N THE RESERVOIR
C
C
T = VOLUMES CORRESPONDING TO SELECTED "CSTAR" VALUES
C
I N THE F I E L D DATA, B B L S
C
TR = TOTAL VOLUME O F TRACER SOLUTION I N J E C T E D I N T O A
//
//
*
..............................................................
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
- 147 -
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C.
C
C
VCAL
VMXCAL
VOBSRV
VPDBT
=
=
VPDMXP
VTMAX
VTMIN
VTMAXP
=
=
YSIGH
Y(J)
XY(J)
PATTERN, F T 3 .
C A L C U L A T E D PEAK VOLUMES O F T H E LAYERS, I F T H E
SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED AND THE WELL WAS R E C E I V I N G
TRACER FROM A L L THE I N J E C T O R S SURRONDING I T , B D L S
C A L C U L A T E D PEAK VOLUMES OF THE L A Y E R S I N T H E MATCH
CURVE TO T H E F I E L D DATA, B B L S
VOLUMES I N THE MATCH CURVE ( X - A X I S ) , B B L S
X - C W R D I N B T E OF THE P A T T E R N BREAKTHROUGH CURVE OF A
DEVELOPED F I V E - S P O T ( D I S P L A C I N G F L U I D CUT VS PORE
VOLUMES) 9 D I M E N S I O N L E S S
PORE VOLUMES CORRESPONDING TO THE PEAK CONCENTRATION
I N A TRACER BREAKTHROUGH CURVE FROM A HOMOGENEOUS
PATTERN, D I M E N S I O N L E S S
UPPER V A L U E OF T H E RANGE AT W H I C H A MATCH TO T H E
F I E L D TRACER E L U T I O N CURVE I S SOUGHT, B B L S
LOWER VALUE OF T H E RANGE, B B L S
VOLUMES CORRESPONDING TO T H E PEAK CONCENTRATIONS I N
THE F I E L D TRACER RESPONSE CURVE, B B L S .
THESE W I L L B E
USED AS I N I T I A L E S T I M A T E S I N T H E O P T I M I Z A T I O N R O U T I N E
"Ytr V A L U E I N THE M I X I N G L I N E I N T E G R A L , F U N C T I O N OF
STREAMLINE
J T H N O N L I N E A R PARAMETER I N THE O P T I M I Z A T I O N R O U T I N E
KJ/(PHI*SUM(KH))
J TH L I N E A R PARAMETER I N THE O P T I M I Z A T I O N R O U T I N E
K J / ( P H I * S U M ( KH 1 ) f K H J/SUM( KH 1
I M P L I C I T R E A L *8 ( A - ti, 0-2 1
REAL * S K ,KP ,M ,M 1 ,KH J ,K ET A
DIMENSION VPDBT(llO)~YSIGH(110)~T(5O~l~~CSTAR(50)
DIMENSION W ( 5 0 ) , A A ( 5 0 , 3 2 ) , Y ( 1 5 ) , X Y ( l 5 ) , C P H I H ( 1 5 ) , V T M A X P ( l 5 )
EXTERNAL ADA
COMMON I P A R I Y S I G H VPDBT
COMMON /PARK/K,KP,VTMAXP1VPDMXP,EABT5,EABT5,EABTP,FM,FP
COMMON / F O R M IAREA ,SW ,A / \ L F A 5 9 TR 8 N v NM ,tl 1 ,H 2
C
C
C
I N P U T PARAMETERS:
READpFRAC,FACTOR,NDATA,NLAYER
READ,SW,AREA,AALFAP,TR
READPEABTPPFMPFP
READ,VTMIN,VTMAX,NOTPUT
DO 1 0 J = l , N L A Y E R
READ,VTMAXP(J)
10
VTMAXP(J)=VTMAXP(J)*FRAC
DO 20 I = l , N D A T A
READ,T(I,l)pCSTAR(I)
T(I,l)=T(I,l)*FRAC
20
C
C
C
C
C
CSTAR(I)=CSTAR(I)/FRAC*FACTOR
I N THE ABOVE, VALUES OF VTMAXP, T, AND CSTAR WERE CONVERETED TO
THOSE CORRESPONDING TO A DEVELOPED P A T T E R N
EABT5z.7177783
C
C
C
AN E Q U I V A L E N T F I V E - S P O T I S D E T E R M I N E D
AAL F A S Z A A L F A P / F P
148
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
VPDMXP=EABTP+(l.-EABTP)*PVDMX5
PI='Y.*DATAN(l.DO)
K=1.8540746773DO
KP=K
M = O .5DO
Ml=M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
P A T T E R N B R E A K T H R O U G H CURVE, "VPBD", A N D M I X I N G L I N E I N T E G R A L t
"Y(SIGH)** F O R A D E V E L O P E D FIVE- SPOT A R E C O M P U T E D . I N T H E
F O L L O W I N G , T H E S T R E A M L I N E S B E T W E E N Z E R O A N D 10 D E G R E E S A R E
D I V I D E D I N T O "N=50" S T R E A N T U B E S A N D T H O S E B E T W E E N 10 D E G R R E S
A N D 4 5 D E G R E E S A R E A L S O D I V I D E D I N T O "N=50" T U B E S . T H I S I S
DONE TO OBTAIN HIGHER ACCURACY FOR T H E EXTREME STREAMTUBES
UPPER=l.D+4
TETl=O.DO
TETL=PI*lO. 0 1 180.
N=50
NN=N+ 1
NHN=?*NN- 1
N?l= 2 ++N
H2=(PI/4.-TETL)/N
H 1 = T E T L/N
DO 5 0 Iz2,NNN
I F (1.LE.NN)GO T O 3 0
TET=TETL+H2*(I-N-l)
GO T O 40
TET=Hl*(I-l)
ETA=DTAN(TET)**2
C=PI/4.*(1+ETA)/K/KP
ZZ=l.-ETA**2
C A L L KVALUE(Z2,KETA)
VPDBT(I-l)=CRKETA
C A L L GAUSS(UPPER,ETA,SIGMA)
YSIGH(I-l)=SIGMA
30
40
50
C
C
C
C
" IPRINT" C O N T R O L S T H E T Y P E O F T H E O U T P U T F R O M T H E O P T I M I Z A T I O N
ROUTINE. S E E S U B R O U T I N E "VARPRC" F O R I N F O R M A T I O N
IPRINT=l
C
C
C
C
T H E W E G H T I N G F A C T O R S F O R T H E F U N C T I O N N E E D E D I N " VARPRO" A R E
EVALUATED
60
&
D O 6 0 LMKz1,NDATA
W(LMK)=l.
LEKGTH=2WLAYER+2
C A L L VARPRO(NLAYER,NLAYER,NDATA,NDATAtLENGTH,l,T,CSTAR,W,
ADA,AA,IPRINT,YtXYpIERR)
149
70
X
C
C
C
C
W R I T E ( 6 r70 1
FORMAT('1',2X,'LAYER
'KH/SUM(KH)',/)
NO~'~7X~'POROSITY.THICKNESS'~l2X,
PHIHJ=XY(IOPT)~Y(IOPT)/Y(IOPT)
WRITE(6,80 )IOPTtPHItiJeKHJ
I F (PHIHJ.LT.O.)GO
TO 2 0 4
80
FORMAT(6X~IZ~l4X,FlO.6,16X~F10.6)
90
CONTINUE
WRITE(6,lOO)
FORMAT('l',lX,'VOLUME
100
C
C
C
C
PRODUCED,
BBLS',
XI
CON ENTR T I O N ,
PPM',/
DELTAP=(VTMAX-VTMIN)/NOTPUT
NOTPT=NOTPUT+l
DO 1 8 0 I K = l , N O T P T
VOBSRV=(IK-l)*DELTAP+VTMIN
V P A T T = V 0 9 S RV EFR A C
C A L L FUNCCYpVPATT , C P H I H i K L A Y E R )
SUMC=O.
DO 1 1 0 M L = l , N L A Y E R
110
120
183
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
200
SUMC=SUMC+XY(ML)*CPHIH(ML)
C 0 N C EN = F E A C/ FA C T 0 R*S UMC
KRITE(6rl20)VOBSRV,CONCEN
FORMAT(5X,F9.2,20X,FlO.6)
CONTINUE
"NLAYERql VOLUMES CORRESPOtiDING TO THE PEAK VOLUNES FROM THE
C O K S T I T U T I N G LAYERS ARE CONPUTED.
THE D I F F E R E N C E BETNEEN T H E
I N P U T E D PEAK VOLUMES AND THE COMPUTED PEAK VOLUMES IS THE
AROUNT OF S H I F T GENERATED UPON A D D I N G THE LAYER RESPONSES TO
FRODUCE AN OVERAL TRACER BREAKTHROUGH CURVE
WRITE(6,200)
FORMAT(//,lX,'SELECTED
DO 2 0 1 I J I = l , N L A Y E R
PEAK VOLUME',5X,'COMPUTED
PEAK VOLUME',/)
VTMAXP(IJI)=VTMAXP(IJI)/FRAC
20 1
202
204
205
300
VCAL=AREAxSI.J*VPDPiXP / 5 . 6 1 5 / Y ( I J I )
VMXCAL=VCAL/FRAC
W R I T E (6,202)VTMAXP(IJI),VMXCAL
FO R N A T ( 7 X ,F 7 - 1 ,18 X ,F 7 1 1
GO TO 3 0 0
WRITE(68205)
FORMAT(//,ZX,'A
LAYER PARAMETER I S N E G A T I V E , ' , / , 2 X , ' P R O D A B L Y
& S E L E C T E D PEAK VOLUMES ARE NOT GOOD',//)
STOP
END
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE F U N C ( V A R B L E t V T , G A M A , N L A Y E R )
C
C
T H I S S U B R O U T I N E COMPUTES THE G A M A ( J , I )
- 150 -
THE
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
I M P L I C I T REAL*8 (A-HPO-2)
REAL*8 K,KP
DIMENSION Y S I G H ( l 1 0 ) ~ V P D B T ( 1 1 0 ~ ~ V A R B L E ~ N L A Y E R ) ~ G A M A ~ l 5 ~
DIMENSION FS(lOl),VTMAXP(15)
CoririoN IPARIYSIGH,V P D B T
COMMON /PARK/K,KPtVTMAXP,VPDMXP,EABT5,EABTP1FM,FP
C 0FlM 0N 1F 0EM 1A R E A S14 ,A A L F A 5 ,T R ,N ,N M H 1 ,H 2
PI=4.*DATAN(l.DO)
DO 55 IJZ1,NLAYER
VPDPAT=5.615*VT*VARBLE(IJ)/(AREA*SW)
9
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
40
80
50
90
EX=-K*KP*KPsAALFA5*PVDIFF/(PI*PI*YSIGH(J))
IF(EX.LT.-170.DO)GO
TO 4 0
FS(J+l)=DEXP(EX)/DfQRT(YSIGH(J))
GO T O 80
FS(J+l)=O.DO
CONTINUE
CALL INTGRL(N,Hl,FS,VOLl)
DO 9 0 J=N,NM
PVDIFF=(VPDBT(J)-VPD5)**2
EX=-K*KPsKPsAALFA5xPVDIFF/(PI*PI*YSIGH(J))
IF(EX.LT.-170.DO)GO
T O 50
FS(J+l-N)=DEXP(EX)/DSQRT(YSIGH(J))
G O T O 90
FS(J+l-N)=O.DO
CONTINUE
CALL INTGRL(NIH2,FS,VOLP)
VOL=VOLl+VOL2
IF(VOL.GT.1.D-70)GO
T O 115
GAMA(IJ)=O.DO
G O TO 55
- 151 -
C
C
115
C
C
C
C
C
GAMA(IJ)=GAMA(IJ)*FMSDSQRT(FP)
55
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
DFUNC(VARBLE,VT,DGAMA,NLAYER)
NLAYER
OUTPUT : DGAMA
INPUT:
=
=
KJ/(PHI)J*SUM(KH),
THE N O N - L I N E A R PARAMETERS
TOTAL PORE VOLUMES I N J E C T E D I N T O T H E PATTERN
AT WHICH GAKA W I L L B E CALCULATED
KUMBER O F LAYERS
D E R I V A T I V E OF THE GAMA F U N C T I O N W I T H RESPECT
TO THE N O N - L I N E R PARAMETER COMPUTED AT TOTAL
VOLUME I N J E C T E D , VT.
I M P L I C I T REALSS ( A - H , O - Z )
REALxS K t K P
D I t l E N S I O N YSIGHC I 1 0 1 t V P D B T ( 1 1 0 1 , V A R B L E ( N L A Y E R ) ,DGANA( 1 5 )
D I P l E t < S I O N FS( I 3 1 ) , V T M A X P ( 1 5 )
COI.I;ION / P A R / Y S I G H , VPDST
COPIMON / P A R K / K , K P , V T M A X P t V P D M X P , E A B T 5 ~ E A U T P , F M , F P
COMMON / F O ~ M / A R E A , S W , A A L F A 5 , T R , N , N ~ N ~ , H l , H 2
P I = 4 . % D A T A N ( 1 .DO)
DO 55 I J z l p N L A Y E R
V?DPAT=5.615*VT*VARBLE(IJ)/(AREA*SN)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
PVDIFF=(VPDBT(J)-VPD5)**2
EX=-K*KP*KP*AALFA5*PVDIFF/(PI*PI*YSIGH(J))
IF(EX.LT.-150.DO)GO
T O 40
FS(J+l)=DEXP(EX)/DSQRT(YSIGH(J))*(VPDBT(J)-VPDS)/YSIGH(J)
40
80
GO TO 80
FS(J+l)=O.DO
CONTINUE
CALL INTGRL(N,Hl,FS,VOLl)
- 152 -
DO 90 J=N,NM
PVDIFF=(VPDBT(J)-VPD5)**2
EX=-K*KP*KP*AALFA5*PVDIFF/(PI*PI*YSIGH(J))
IF(EX.LT.-150.DO)GO
TO 5 0
FS(J+l-N)=DEXP(EX)/DSQRT(YSIGH(J))*(VPDBT(J)-VPD5)/YSIGH(J)
GO T O 90
FS(J+l-N)=O.DO
CONTINUE
CALL INTGRL(N,H2,FS,VOL2)
V O L = V O L 1tVOL2
IF(DABS(VOL).GT.l.D-70)GO
T O 115
DGAFtA( IJ )=O. DO
G O T O 55
50
90
C
C
C
C
115
C
C
C
C
D E R I V A T I V E S OF GAMA FUNCTION A R E C O N V E R T E D TO T H O S E C O R R E S P O N D I N G
TO T H E P A T T E R N
DGAMA(IJ)=DGAMA(IJ)~(l-EABT5)/(1-EABTP)wFMwDSQRT(FP)
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
55
C
C
&
C
C
C
C
C
S U B R O U T I N E ADA(LP,NLAYER,NMAXA,NDATA,LENGTH,IPltApINC,T,ALF
,ISEL)
T H I S S U B R O U T I N E S U P P L I E S T H E R E Q U I R E D P A R A M E T R E S FOR S U B R O U T I N E
I V A R P R 0
I M P L I C I T REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)
REAL*S K I K P
DINENSION Y S I G H ( l l O ) ~ V P D B T ( 1 1 0 ~ ~ I N C ( 1 5 ~ 1 6 ~ ~ T ~ N D A T A ~ l ~
D I M E N S I O N A(NDATA,LENGTH),VTMAXP(l5)rC(15),DC(15)rALF(NLAYER)
COMMON /PAR/YSIGH, VPDBT
COMMON /PARK/ K , K P , V T M A X P , V P D M X P , E A B T 5 , E A B T P , F M , F P
COMMON / F O R M / A E E A , S W , A A ? F A 5 ~ T R p N ~ N P l ~ H l ~ H 2
30
10
6
7
IF(ISEL.EQ.1)GO
TO 10
IF(ISEL.EQ.2)GO T O 20
DO 30 I=l,NDATA
VT=T(Ip 1 )
CALL DFUNC(ALF,VTtDC,NLAYER)
DO 30 J=l,NLAYER
A(I,NLAYER+l+J)=DC(J)
GO TO 100
DO 6 I=l,NLAYER
INC(I,I)=l
DO 7 I=l,NLAYER
ALF(I)=AREA*SW+VPDMXP/5.615/VTMAXP(I)
DO 9 I=l,NDATA
VT=T(I, 1 )
153
9
20
12
100
CALL FUNC(ALFpVT,C,NLAYER)
CALL DFUNC(ALF,VT,DC,NLAYER)
DO 9 J=l,NLAYER
A(I,J)=C(J)
A(I,NLAYER+l+J)=DC(J)
GO TO 100
DO 12 I=l,NDATA
VT=T<I,l)
CALL FUNC(ALF,VT,C,NLAYER)
DO 12 J=l,NLAYER
A ( I p . J 1= C ( J 1
RET U R t i
END
C
SUBROUTINE INTGRL(N,H,F,VOL)
THIS SUBROUTINE COMPUTES VALUE O F A N INTEGRAL USING SIMPSON'S
R U L E OF INTEGRATION.
N = NUMBER OF INTERVALS, AN EVEN INTEGER NUMBER
H = INTERVAL S I Z E
F = VALUES OF FUNCTIONS CCMPUTED AT INTERVALS, AN ARRAY
OUTPUT: VOL = VALUE O F T H E INTEGRAL
INPUT:
50
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SUBROUTINE GAUSS(UPPER,E,SIGMA)
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E2=E*E
N=8
X(1)=.18343464249565ODO
X(2)=.525532409916329DO
X(3)=.796664774136272DO
X(4)=.960289856497536DO
- 154 -
X(5)=-X(1)
X(6)=-X(2)
X(7)=-X(3)
X(81=-X(4)
W(1)=.362683783378362DO
W ( 2 1 = .3 1 37 0 6 6 4 5877887 DO
W(3)=.222381034453374DO
W(4)=.10122853629037600
W(5)=W( 1 )
W (6 )=N( 2 1
w( 7 j =w( 3)
W( 8)=W(4 1
AINT=O .DO
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20
10
50
30
T=O APPROACHES
As0 .DO
B=. 0 l*E
1FCUPPER.LE.B) BZUPPER
SUM=O .DO
DO 10 I=lrN
Y=.5DO+((B+A)+(B-A)~X(I))
SUM=SUMtW( I )*F(Y 1
VALUE=.5DOw(B-A)sSUM
AJNT=AINT+VALUE
IF(UPPER.EQ.B)GO T O 30
A=B
IF(B.GT.1.0) G O T O 50
B=2.ODOSB
GO T O 20
Bz5.DOsB
G O T O 20
SIGMA=(l.DO+E)**l.5*AINT
RETUXN
END
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SUBROUTINE KVALUECMtKM)
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155
KM=X+Y*DLOG(l./Ml)
RETURN
END
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S U B R O U T I N E ELLEP(Y,Z,A)
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15
IF((90.-QE).LE.TOL)GO
K=K1
T O 30
G O T O 15
30
A=WsDLOG(DTAN(PI/4+X/2))
RETURN
END
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S U E R O U T I N E VARPRO ( L , NL, N, NMAX, LPP2, IV, T, Y, W , ADA, A,
X IPRINT, ALF, BETA, IERR)
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...
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NOKM(RES1DUAL)
N
SUN
1=1
(Y
ETACALF, BETA; T 1)
I
- 156 -
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DETERMINED).
NOTES :
A)
THE ABOVE PROBLEM I S ALSO REFERRED TO AS ' M U L T I P L E
NONLINEAR REGRESSION'.
FOR USE I N S T A T I S T I C A L E S T I M A T I O N ,
VARPRO RETURNS THE RESIDUALS, THE COVARIANCE M A T R I X OF THE
L I N E A R AND NOIILINFAR PARAPIETERS, AND THE ESTIPiATED VARIANCE O F
THE OBSERVATIONS.
B ) 'AN ETA OF THE ABOVE FORM I S CALLED 'SEPARABLE'.
THE
CASE OF A NONSEPARABLE ETA CAN B E HANDLED BY S E T T I N G L = 0
AND U S I N G P H I ( L + l ) .
C ) VARPRO MAY ALSO B E USED TO SOLVE L I N E A R LEAST SQUARES
PROBLEMS ( I N THAT CASE NO I T E R A T I O N S ARE PERFORMED).
SET
NL = 0 .
D)
THE M A I N ADVANTAGE O F VARPRO OVER OTHER LEAST SQUARES
PROGRAPlS I S THAT NO I N I T I A L GUESSES ARE NEEDED FOR THE L I N E A R
PARAMETERS.
NOT ONLY DOES T H I S M A K E I T E A S I E R TO USE, BUT I T
OFTEN LEADS TO FASTER CONVERGENCE.
D E S C R I P T I O N O F PARAMETERS
L
NL
N
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I V
T
Y
W
INC
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HMAX
LPP2
- 157 -
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IPRINT
ALF
BETA
IERR
COVARIANCE
SUBROUTINES REQUIRED
N I N E SUBROUTINES, DFA, ORFACt, ORFACP, BACSUBt POSTPR, COVI
XNORM, I N I T , AND VARERR ARE PROVIDED.
I N A D D I T I O N , THE USER
MUST P R O V I D E A SUBROUTINE (CORRESPONDING TO THE ARGUPlENT ADA)
WHICH, G I V E N ALF, W I L L EVALUATE THE FUNCTIONS P H I C J ) AND T H E I R
P A R T I A L D E R I V A T I V E S D P H I ( J ) / D A L F ( K ) , AT THE SAMPLE P O I N T S
T(I>.
T H I S R O U T I N E MUST B E DECLARED 'EXTERNAL' I N THE C A L L I N G
PROGRAM.
I T S C A L L I N G SEQUENCE I S
SUBROUTINE ADA ( L + 1 ,
ISEL)
NL,
N,
NMAXt LPPP,
I V t A,
INC,
T , ALF,
(GIVEN
...,
...
- 158 -
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=
=
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0) ONLY ISEL
1 I S USED1 AND
R E S T R I C T 1ONS
THE SUBROUTINES DPA, I t t I T (AND ADA) CONTAIN THE LOCALLY
DIMENSIONED PlATRIX I E I C , KHDSE D I M E I I S I O I I S ARE CURRENTLY SET FOE
MAXIMA O F L t l = 1 6 , NL = 15.
T l i E Y KUST B E CHANGED F O R LARGER
PROBLEMS.
DATA PLACED I N ARRAY A IS OVERWCITTEN ( ' D E S T R O Y E D ' ) .
THE PROGRAM
DATA PLACED I N ARRAYS T, Y AND I N C IS L E F T I N T A C T .
RUNS I N WATFIV, EXCEPT WHEN L = 0 O R NL = 0 .
I T I S ASSUMED THAT THE M A T R I X P H I ( J 1 ALF; T ( 1 ) ) HAS F U L L
COLUMN RANK.
T H I S MEANS THAT THE F I R S T L COLUMNS O F THE M A T R I X
A MUST B E L I N E A R L Y INDEPENDENT.
OPTIONAL NOTE:
AS W I L L B E NOTED FROM THE SAMPLE SUBPROGRAM
ADA, THE D E R I V A T I V E S D P H I ( J ) / D ALFCK) ( I S E L
3 ) MUST B E
COrlPUTED INDEPENDENTLY OF THE FUNCTIONS P H I C J ) ( I S E L = 21,
S I N C E THE FUNCTION VALUES ARE OVERldRITTEN AFTER ADA I S CALLED
W I T H I S E L = 2.
T H I S IS DONE TO M I N I M I Z E S'IORAGE, AT THE POSS I B L E EXPENSE OF SOME RECOMPUTATION ( S I N C E THE FUNCTIONS AND
DERIVATIVES FREQUENTLY H A V E SOME CoririoN SUBEXPRESSIONS).
TO
REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF COMPUTATION AT THE EXPENSE OF SOME
STORAGE, CREATE A M A T R I X B OF D I M E N S I O N NMAX BY L + t I N ADA, AND
AFTER THE COMPUTATION OF THE P H I ' S ( I S E L = 2 1 , COPY THE VALUES
I N T O B.
THESE VALUES CAN THEN B E USED TO CALCULATE THE D E R I V ATIVES ( I S E L = 3 ) .
( T H I S MAKES USE OF THE FACT THAT WHEN A
CALL TO ADA W I T H ISEL = 3 FOLLOWS A CALL W I T H I S E L = 2 , THE
A L F S ARE THE SAME.)
- 159 -
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ALGOR I THM
THE R E S I D U A L R IS M O D I F I E D TO INCORPORATE, FOR ANY F I X E D
ALF, THE OPTIMAL L I N E A R PARAMETERS FOR THAT A L F .
I T I S THEN
P O S S I B L E TO M I N I M I Z E ONLY ON THE NONLINEAR PARAMETERS.
AFTER
THE OPTIMAL VALUES OF THE NONLINEAR PARAMETERS HAVE BEEN DETERMINED, THE L I N E A R PARAMETERS CAN L E RECOVERED B Y L I N E A R LEAST
SQUARES TECHNIQUES ( S E E REF. 1 ) .
- 160 -
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T t i E M I N I M I Z A T I O N I S BY A M O D I F I C A T I O N OF OSBORNE'S ( R E F . 3)
M O D I F I C A T I O N OF THE LEVENBERG-MARQUARDT ALGORITHM.
I N S T E A D OF
SOLVING THE NORMAL EQUATIONS W I T H M A T R I X
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T
(J J
+ NU
D),
WHERE
D(ETA)/D(ALF),
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SEE
------
JOHN BOLSTAD
COXPUTER SCIENCE DEPT.,
STANFORD U N I V E R S I T Y
JANUARY, 1 9 7 7
SERRA HOUSE
..................................................................
DOUBLE P R E C I S I O N A(NMAX, L P P Z ) , BETACL), A L F ( N L ) , TCNMAX, I V ) ,
2 W(N), Y ( N ) , ACUM, EPS1, GNSTEP, NU, PRJRES, R, RNEW, XNORM
INTEGER B l t OUTPUT
LOGICAL S K I P
EXTERNAL ADA
I T M A X 1281, OUTPUT / 6 /
DATA E P S l I 1 . D - 6 1 ,
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c---------------------------'-"""""--------------------------
c-----------------------------------------------------------------
IERR = 1
ITER = 0
LP1 = L + 1
B l = L + 2
LNL2 = L + NL + 2
N L P 1 = NL + 1
S K I P = .FALSE.
KODIT = I P R I N T
I F ( I P R I N T . L E . 0 ) MODIT = I T M A X + 2
NU = 0 .
I F GAUSS-NEWTON I S D E S I R E D REMOVE THE NEXT STATEMENT.
NU = 1 .
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Y t W,
ALF,
ADA,
IERR,
I F ( I P R I N T .LE. 0) GO TO 1 0
WRITE (OUTPUT, 2 0 7 ) XTERIN, R
WRITE ( OUTPUT , 200) riu
B E G I N TWO-STAGE ORTHOGONAL F A C T O R I Z A T I O N
1 0 CALL O R F A C l ( N L P 1 r NMAXt Np L , I P R I N T , A c t , B 1 ) , P R J R E S t I E R R )
I F ( I E R R . L T . 0 ) GO TO 9 9
IERR = 2
I F (NU .EQ. 0 . ) GO TO 3 0
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25
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CALL ORFAC2CNLP1,
NMAX,
NU,
A(l,
Bl))
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- 162 -
LNL2))
NEW A L F ( K )
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ALFCK)
+ DELTA ALFCK)
40
ADA,
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I F ( I T E R . L T . I T M A X ) GO TO 50
IERR = - 1
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T , I E R K t 1 )
GI) TO 9 5
I F (RNEW
R . L T . EPS1*(R + 1.DO))
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50
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GO TO 7 5
0.)
GO TO 6 0
GAUSS-NEWTON O P T I O N OIiLY
GNSTEP = O.S*GNSTEP
I F (GtiSTEP . L T . E P S 1 ) GO TO 9 5
DO 5 5 K = 1, NL
A ( K , B 1 ) = ALFCK) + GNSTEP*A(K, L N L Z )
GO T O 4 0
ENLARGE THE KAAQUARDT PARAMETER
NU = 1 . 5 f N U
I F (.NOT. S K I P ) WRITE (OUTPUT, 2 0 6 ) NU
I F ( N U . L E . 1 0 0 . 1 GO TO 6 5
IERR = - 2
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T , I E K R , 1 )
GO TO 95
R E T R I E V E UPPER TRIANGULAR FORM
AND R E S I D U A L OF F I R S T STAGE.
DO 70 K = 19 NL
KSUB = L P 1 + K
DO 70 J = K t N L P l
JSUB = L P 1 + J
JSUB = N L P l + J
A(K, J S U B ) = A ( I S U B , KSUB)
GO TO 25
END OF I N N E R I T E R A T I O N LOOP
ACCEPT THE STEP JUST TAKEN
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75 R
RNEW
DO 80 K = 1 , NL
80
ALFCK)
A(K,
B1)
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ACUM
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GNSTEP*XNORM(NL,
Act,
CALC. NORMCDELTA A L F ) / N O R M ( A L F )
LNL2))/XNORM(NL,
ALF)
I F ( I T E R I N .EQ.
1 ) NU
0.5*NU
- 163 -
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I F ( S K I P ) GO T O 85
W R I T E ( O U T P U T , 2 0 0 ) NU
W R I T E (OUTPUT, 208) A C U M
85 I E R R = 3
I F ( P R J R E S .GT. EPSl*(R + 1.DO)) GO T O 5
E N D OF O U T E R I T E R A T I O N L O O P
C A L C U L A T E FINAL Q U A N T I T I E S
C O V A R I A N C E M A T R I X , ETC.
--
9 0 IERR = ITER
95 I F ( N L .GT. 0) C A L L DPACL, NL, Nt NMAX, LPP2, I V , T, Y , W , ALF,
X ADA, 4 , IPRINT, A, BETA, A C 1 , LPl), R)
C A L L P O S T P R C L , NL, N , NMAX, LNL2, EPSl, R, I P R I N T , ALF, W , A,
X A(1, LPl), B E T A , I E R R )
99 R E T U R N
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200 FORMAT
203 FOEMAT
206 FORflAT
207 FORMAT
2 0 8 FORMAT
216 F O R M A T
END
(9H
(12HO
N U = t E15.7)
I T E R A T I O N , 14, 2 4 H
NONLINEAR PARAMETERS)
(25H
S T E P R E T R A C T E D , N U =, E15.7)
( I H O , 15, 20H N O R M O F R E S I D U A L = p E15.7)
(34H
N O R M C D E L T A - A L F ) / N O R M C A L F ) =, E12.3)
( l H O , 7E15.7)
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S U B E O U T I N E O R F A C l C N L P l , NMAX, N, L, I P R I N T , B, F R J R E S , I E R R )
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S T A G E 1:
HOUSEI1OLDER R E D U C T I O N O F
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DR
R2 1
R3 1
NL
1,
R4 1
N-L-NL
NL
DE'.
(----.
TO
NL
-1
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W H E R E DR = -D(Q2)sY IS T H E D E R I V A T I V E O F T H E M C D I F I E D R E S I D U A L
P R O D U C E D BY D P A , R 2 I S T H E TRANSFORPIED R E S I D U A L F R O M D P A , A N D
DR' I S I N U P P E R T R I A N G U L A R FORI.1 (AS I N REF. (21, P. 18).
D R I S S T O R E D IN ROIdS L + l T O N A N D COLU[lNS L+2 T O L + NL + 1 O F
T H E M A T R I X A (I.E., C O L U M N S 1 T O NL O F T H E M A T R I X B).
R 2 IS
S T O R E D I N C O L U M N L + NL + 2 O F T H E M A T R I X A ( C O L U M N N L + 1 O F
8). F O R K = 1 , 2,
NL, F I N D R E F L E C T I O N I - U * U' / B E T A
W H I C H Z E R O E S B(It K ) , I = L+K+l,
N.
...,
...
....................................................................
)
NL = NLPl
1
NL23 = 2rNL + 3
LPl = L + 1
C
D O 3 0 K = 1 , NL
LPK = L + K
A L P H A = DSIGN(XNORM(Ntl-LPK, B C L P K , K)),
U = BCLPK, K) + A L P H A
BCLPK, K) = U
BETA = ALPHA * U
I F ( A L P H A .NE. 0.0) GO T O 13
164
BCLPK, K ) )
L P l + K)
IERR,
C
C
APPLY R E F L E C T I O N S TO R E M A I N I N G COLUPlNS
OF B AND TO R E S I D U A L VECTOR.
13
20
25
30
KPl = K + 1
DO 25 J = KP1, NLf'l
ACUM = 0 . 0
DO 2 0 1 = LPK, N
ACUM = ACUM + B ( I ,
ACUPi = ACUM / BETA
DO 25 I = LPK, N
B(1, J ) = B(1, J )
BCLPK, K ) = - ALPHA
PRJRES
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C
C
C
XNORM(NL,
B(LP1,
K)
B(I,
K)
B(I,
J)
ACUM
NLP1))
K))
C
9 9 RETURN
END
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SUBROUTINE O E F A C 2 ( N L P 1 p NMAXt NU, B )
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STAGE 2:
S P E C I A L HOUSEHOLDER REDUCTIOH OF
NL
DR'
(-----
N- L- NL
(-----
NL
(NU*D
NL
R3
. -- 1
. R 4 )
. -- I
(DR"
(-----
TO
R5 1
1
. --
. R 4 )
(- - - - -
1
. R 6 )
. --
NL
..................................................................
DOUBLE P R E C I S I O N ACUM,
X XNORM
ALPHA,
BCNMAX,
NL = N L P l
1
N L 2 = 2*NL
NL23 = NL2 + 3
DO 30 K = 1, NL
- 165 -
NLPl),
BETA,
D S I G N t NU,
UP
KP1 = K + 1
N L P K = NL + K
NLPKMl = NLPK
1
B C N L P K , K) = N U * B(NL23, K)
B(NLp K) = B(K, K)
A L P H A = DSIGN(XNORM(K+lr BCNL, K)), B(K9 K))
U = B(K, K) + A L P H A
BETA = ALPHA * U
B(K, K) = - ALPHA
T H E K-TH R E F L E C T I O N FlODIFIES O N L Y R O W S K,
NL+l, NL+Z,
, NL+K, A N D C O L U M N S K TO NL+l.
D O 30 J = KP1, NLP1
BCNLPK, J ) = 0 .
ACUM = U
B(K,J)
DO 2 0 I = NLP1, N L P K M l
A C U M = A C U M + B(I,K) * B(I,J)
ACUM = ACUM 1 BETA
B(K,J) = B(K,J) - U * A C U M
DO 30 I = NLP1, N L P K
B(I,J) = B(I,J) - B(I,K) * A C U M
...
20
30
C
RETURN
END
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S U B R O U T I N E D P A ( L t NL, N, N M A X , L P F Z , IV, T, Ye LJ, A L F , ADA, ISEL,
X I P R I K T , A, Ut R, R N O R M )
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COFlPUTE T H E N O R M O F T H E R E S I D U A L ( I F I S E L = 1 O R 21, O R T H E
(N-L) X NL D E R I V A T I V E O F T H E FlODIFIED R E S I D U A L (N-L) V E C T O R
Q2*Y ( I F I S E L = 1 O R 3). H E R E Q * Pt1I = S , I . E . ,
Y)
-42
- 1
D(PHI)*
Q1* Y .
..................................................................
D O U B L E P R E C I S I O N A(Nf'lAX, L P P 2 1 , ALF(NL), T C N M A X , IV), W(N), Y(N),
X ACUM, A L P H A , BETA, R N O R M , D S I G N , D S Q R T , S A V E , RCN), U(L), X N O R M
I N T E G E R FIRSTC, F I R S T R , INC(15,16)
LOGICAL NOWATE, PHILPl
EXTERNAL ADA
I F ( I S E L .NE. 1 ) GO T O 3
LPl = L + 1
L N L 2 = L + 2 + NL
LP2 = L + 2
LPPl = L P P Z
1
FIRSTC = 1
L A S T C = LPPl
F I R S T R = LPl
C A L L INXT(L8 NL, N, NMAX, LPP2, IV, T I W , A L F I ADA, I S E L ,
- 166 -
I P R I N T , A, I N C , NCON, NCONPl,
I F ( I S E L .NE. 1 ) GO TO 9 9
GO TO 30
PHILP1,
NOGIATEI
3 CALL ADA ( L P l ,
x 31)
FIRSTC = LP2
LASTC = L P P l
FIRSTR = ( 4
GO TO 50
N,
NMAX,
LPP2,
IV,
A,
INC,
ISEL)*L
ALF,
MINOCISEL,
ISEL
3 OR 4
ISEL
+ 1
6 FIRSTC
T,
2 1 GO TO 6
I F ( I S E L .EQ.
C
NL,
NCONPl
LASTC = L P l
I F (NCON .EQ. 0 1 GO TO 30
I F ( A ( 1 , NCON) .EQ. SAVE) GO TO 30
ISEL = -7
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T , I S E L , NCON)
GO TO 9 9
ISEL
1 OR 2
30 I F ( P H I L P I ) GO TO 4 0
DO 35 I = 1 , N
35
R(I1 = Y(I1
GO TO 50
40
DO 45 I = 1 , N
45
R(I) =
Y(1)
R(I)
WEIGHT APPROPRIATE COLUMNS
5 0 I F ( N O N A T E I GO TO 58
DO 55 I = 1, N
ACUn = W ( I )
DO 5 5 J = F I R S T C , LASTC
55
A ( I , J I = A C I D J)
ACUM
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
58 I F ( L .EQ. 0 1 GO TO 7 5
DO 7 0 K = 1, L
KP1 = K + 1
I F ( I S E L .GE. 3 .OR. ( I S E L .EQ.
ALPHA = DSIGN(XNORM(N+l-K,
A(K,
U ( K 1 = ACK, K ) + ALPHA
A ( K , K ) = - ALPHA
FIRSTC = KP1
I F (ALPHA .NE. 0.01 GO TO 6 6
ISEL = -8
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T , I S E L , K )
GO TO 9 9
C
C
66
BETA
-A(K,
K)
2 .AND.
Kll,
K .LT.NCONPlll
A(K, K ) I
GO TO 6 6
APPLY R E F L E C T I O N S TO COLUMNS
F I R S T C TO LASTC.
U(K)
- 167 -
D O 70 J = FIRSTC, L A S T C
A C U M = U(K)*A(K, J )
DO 68 I = KP1, N
I F ~ D A B S ~ A ~ I ~ K ~ ~ . L T . 1 ~ D ~ 3 O . O ~ ~ D A B S ~ A ~ IT ,O J68
~~~LT~l~D~3O~GO
A C U M = A C U M + A(I, K)*A(I, J )
CONTINUE
ACUM = ACUM / BETA
A(K,J) = A(K,J) - U(K)*ACUM
DO 70 I = KP!, N
A(I, J ) = A(I1 J ) - A(1t K)*ACUM
68
70
C
75 I F ( I S E L .GE. 3 ) G O T O 85
R N O R M = XNORM(N-L, R(LP1))
I F ( I S E L .EQ. 2) G O TO 99
I F ( N C O N .GT. 0) S A V E = A(1,
C
C
C
C
C
C
NCON)
F 2 I S NOW C O N T A I N E D I N R O W S L + l T O N A N D C O L U M N S L + 2 T O
L+P+1 OF T H E M A T R I X A. N O W S O L V E T H E L X L U P P E R T R I A N G U L A R
S Y S T E M S*BETA = R1 F O R T H E L I N E A R P A R A M E T E R S BETA. B E T A
O V E R W R I T E S R1.
85 I F (L .GT. 0) C A L L B A C S U B (NMAX, L , A, R )
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
K A J O R P A R T O F KAUFMAN'S S I M P L I F I C A T I O N O C C U R S HERE.
T H E D E R I V A T I V E OF ETA W I T H R E S P E C T T O T H E N O N L I N E A R
PARAMETERS
T
Q
D ETA
* --------
T
Q f
D ALFCK)
L
D PHICJ)
( S U M BETA(J) -------J=1
D ALFCK)
COMPUTE
D PHI(L+l)
---------- 1
F2*BETA
D ALFCK)
T O L+NL+l. I F I S E L N O T
T H I S I S -D(C2)*Y.
IF
( I N COL. L + l ) I S C O P I E D
COLUPlN L+l I S COPIED.
D O 95 I = FIRSTR, N
I F ( L .EQ. N C O N ) G O T O 9 5
M = LP1
DO 90 K = 1 , NL
A C U M = 0.
DO 88 J = NCONPl, L
I F (INCCK, J ) .EQ. 0 ) G O T O 88
M = M + 1
A C U M = A C U M t A(I, ri) * R(J)
88
CONTINUE
K S U B = LPl + K
I F (INC(K1 LPl) .EQ. 0) G O T O 9 0
M = M + 1
A C U M = A C U M + A(1, M )
ACI, K S U B ) = A C U M
ACI, LNLZ) = R(1)
90
95
C
99 R E T U R N
END
C
S U B R O U T I N E INITCL, NL, N, NMAX, LPP2, IV, T, W, ALF, ADA, ISEL,
A, INC, NCON, NCONPlr P H I L P 1 , N O W A T E )
X IPRINTt
C
C
168
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS.
C
C
C
C
..................................................................
DOUBLE P R E C I S I O N ACNMAX, L P P Z ) ,
X DSQRT
I N T E G E R OUTPUT, P, I N C ( 1 5 , 1 6 )
L O G I C A L NOWATE, P H I L P 1
DATA OUTPUT / 6 /
LP1 = L + 1
LNL2 = L + 2
ALFCNL),
T(NMAX1 I V ) ,
W(N),
NL
CHECK FOR V A L I D I N P U T
I F CL .GE. 0 .AND. N L .GE. 0 .AND. L+NL .LT. N .AND. L N L 2 . L E .
X L P P 2 .AND. 2*NL + 3 .LE. NMAX .AND. N . L E . NMAX .AND.
X I V . G T . 0 .AND. .NOT. ( N L .EQ. 0 .AND. L .EQ. 0 ) ) GO TO 1
I S E L = -4
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T , I S E L , 1 )
GO TO 9 9
C
1 I F ( L .EQ. 0 . O R . NL .EQ.
DO 2 J = 1, L P 1
DO 2 K = 1, NL
2
INCCK, J ) = 0
0) GO TO 3
3 CALL ADA ( L P 1 ,
NL,
N,
NMAX,
LPP2,
IV,
A,
INC,
1, ALF,
ISEL)
C
NOWATE = .TRUE.
DO 9 I = 1 , N
NOWATE = NOWATE .AND. (W(I)
I F ( W ( 1 ) .GE. 0.) GO TO 9
.EQ.
1. O )
ERROR I N WEIGHTS
ISEL = -6
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T ,
GO TO 9 9
W ( I ) = DSQRT(W(1))
ISEL,
I)
C
NCON = L
NCONPl = L P 1
P H I L P l = L .EQ.
I F ( P H I L P 1 .OR.
0
NL
c
C
.EQ.
0 ) GO TO 9 9
CHECK I N C M A T R I X FOR V A L I D I N P U T AND
DETERMINE NUMBER OF CONSTANT FCNS.
P = 0
DO 11 J = 1, L P 1
I F ( P .EQ. 0) NCONPl = J
DO 1 1 K = 1 , NL
I N C K J = INCCK, J )
I F ( I N C K J .NE. 0 .AND. I N C K J .NE.
I F ( I N C K J .EQ. 1 ) P = P + 1
I1
CONTINUE
1 ) GO TO 1 5
1
NCON = NCONP1
I F ( I P R I N T .GE. 0 ) WRITE (OUTPUT,
I F ( L + P + 2 .EQ. L P P 2 ) GO T O 2 0
2 1 0 ) NCON
I N P U T ERROR I N I N C M A T R I X
15 ISEL = -5
CALL VARERR ( I P R I N T ,
GO TO 9 9
ISEL,
1)
DETERMINE
169
20 DO 25 K = 1, NL
25
I F <INC(K, L P I )
.EQ.
1) PHILPI
.TRUE.
C
9 9 RETURN
2 1 0 FORMAT (33HO
NUMBER OF CONSTANT FUItCTIONS
END
SUBROUTINE BACSUB (NMAX, N t A i X )
C
C
C
C
=,
I 4 1)
N),
X(N),
ACUM
NMAX,
LNL2,
= B.
X ( N ) = X ( N ) 1 A(N, N )
I F ( N .EQ. 1 ) GO TO 3 0
NP1 = N t 1
DO 20 I B A C K = 21 N
I = NP1
IBACK
I = N-1, N - 2 1
2, 1
IPl = I t 1
ACUM = X ( 1 )
DO 1 0 J = I P 1 , N
10
ACUM = ACUM
A(I,J)*X(J)
20
X ( 1 ) = ACUM
A(I,I)
...,
C
30 RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE POSTPRCL,
X W , A, Rc U, I E R R )
C
C
C
C
C
NL,
N,
EPS, RNORM, I P R I N T , A L F ,
R(N),
U(L),
W(N),
ACUM,
C
LPl = L + 1
LPNL = L N L 2
2
L N L I = LPNL + 1
DO 1 0 I = 1, N
10
U ( I ) = W(I)**2
C
C
C
I F ( L .EQ. 0) GO TO 30
DO 25 KBACK = 1, L
K = LPl
KBACK
KPl = K + 1
ACUM = 0.
DO 2 0 I = KP1, N
20
ACUM = ACUM + A ( I , K )
R(I)
SAVE = R ( K )
R ( K ) = ACUM / ACK, K )
ACUM = -ACUM 1 ( U ( K )
A(K, K ) )
U ( K ) = SAVE
DO 25 I = KP1, N
- 170 -
25
R(I)
R(I)
A(I,
K)+ACUM
30 ACUM
35
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
0.
DO 35 I = 1, N
ACUM = ACUM + R ( 1 )
SAVE = ACUM 1 N
THE F I R S T L COLUMNS OF THE M A T R I X HAVE BEEN REDUCED TO
UPPER TRIANGULAR FORM I N DPA.
F I N I S H BY REDUCING ROlJS
L + 1 TO N AND COLUMNS L + 2 THROUGH L + N L + l TO TRIANGULAR
FORM.
THEN S H I F T COLUMNS OF D E R I V A T I V E M A T R I X OVER ONE
TO THE L E F T T O B E ADJACENT TO THE F I R S T L COLUMNS.
IF ( N L .EQ. 0 ) GO T O 4 5
CALL O R F A C l ( N L + l r NMAX, N,
DO 4 0 I = 1, N
A(1, LNL2) = R ( I )
DO 4 0 K = LPl, L N L l
40
A ( I s
K) = A ( I , K + l )
C
L,
IPRINT,
A(1,
L+2),
PRJRES,
4)
COMPUTE COVARIANCE M A T R I X
4 5 A ( 1 , L N L 2 ) = RNORM
L
ACUM = RNORM*RNORM/(N
A(2, L N L 2 ) = ACUM
CALL COV(NMAX, L F N L , ACUM,
- -
NL)
A)
I F ( I P R I N T . L T . 0 ) GO TO 9 9
WRITE (OUTPUT, 2 0 9 )
I F ( L .GT. 0 ) W R I T E (OUTPUT, 2 1 0 ) ( U C J ) , J = 1, L )
I F ( N L .GT. 0) WRITE (OUTF'UT, 2 1 1 ) ( A L F ( K ) , K = 1, N L )
WRITE (OUTPUT, 2 1 4 ) RNLIEM, SAVE, ACUfl
I F (DABSCSAVE) .GT. E F S ) WRITE (OUTPUT, 2 1 5 )
N R I T E (OUTPUT, 2 0 9 )
9 9 RETURN
C
209
210
211
214
FORMAT ( l H O , 5 0 ( 1 H ' ) )
FORMAT ( 2 0 H O L I N E A R PARAMETERS / / ( 7 E 1 5 . 7 ) )
FORMAT (23HO NONLINEAR PARAPlETEfiS / / ( 7 E 1 5 . 7 ) )
FORMAT (21HO NORN O F R E S I D U A L =, E 1 5 . 7 , 331.1 EXPECTED ERROR OF OBS
E15.71 / 39H
E S T I N A T E D VARIANCE OF OBSERVATIONS =,
XERVATIONS
X E15.7 1
2 1 5 FORMAT ( 9 5 H WARNING
EXPECTED ERROR OF OBSERVATIONS IS NOT ZERO
X.
COVARIANCE M A T R I X MAY B E MEANINGLESS. / I
END
SUBROUTINE COV(NMAX, N, SIGMA2, A )
= f
--
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
2
SIGMA
-1
NL
-T
T
..................................................................
DOUBLE P R E C I S I O N A(NMAX,
N),
SUM,
SIGMA2
171
DO 1 0 J
tO
A(J,
=
J)
C
C
C
1,
l./A(J,
J)
I N V E R T T UPON I T S E L F
I F ( N .EQ. 1 ) GO TO 7 0
NM1 = N
1
DO 6 0 I = 1, NM1
IP1 = I + 1
DO 6 0 J = I P l t N
JN1 = J
1
SUM = 0 .
DO 5 0 M = 1 1 J M 1
50
SUM = SUM + A ( I r M I
A(M,
60
A C I , J ) = -SUM
ACJ, J)
C
C
C
J)
MI
A(J,
M)
C
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE VARERR ( I P E I N T ,
C
C
C
IEER,
K)
P R I N T ERROR MESSAGES
INTEGER ERRNO, OUTPUT
DATA OUTPUT / 6 /
C
I F ( I P R I N T . L T . 0 ) GO TO 9 9
ERREIO = I A B S ( I E R R 1
GO TO ( 1 , 2, 99, 4 , 5 , 6, 7, 8 ) s ERRNO
C
1 WRITE
GO TO
2 WRITE
GO TO
4 WRITE
GO TO
5 WRITE
GO TO
6 WRITE
GO TO
7 WRITE
GO TO
8 WRITE
(OUTPUT,
99
(OUTPUT,
99
(OUTPUT,
99
(OUTPUT,
99
(OUTPUT,
99
(OUTPUT,
99
(OUTPUT,
101)
102)
104)
105)
106) K
107)
108) K
C
99
101
102
104
105
RETURN
FORMAT (46HO
FORPlAT ( 4 9 H O
FORMAT (1 50H
FORMAT (68HO
XES W I T H LPP2.
--
/I
172
--
1 0 6 FORMAT (19HO
ERROR
WEIGHT(, 1 4 , 1 4 H ) I S N E G A T I V E . 1 )
1 0 7 FORMAT (28HO
ERROR
CONSTANT COLUMN , 1 3 , 3 7 H MUST BE COMPUTED
1)
XONLY WHEN I S E L = 1.
1 0 8 FORMAT (33HO CATASTROPHIC F A I L U R E
COLUMN p 14, 2 8 H I S ZERO, SE
XE DOCUMENTATION. 1 )
END
DOUBLE P R E C I S I O N FUNCTION XNORMCN, X )
--
--
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
RMAX,
SUM,
TERM,
DABS,
DSQRT
C
SUM = 0 .
I F (RMAX .EQ. 0 . 1 GO TO 3 0
DO 2 0 I = 1, N
TERM = 0 .
I F (RMAX t D A B S ( X ( 1 ) ) .NE.
20
sum = SUM t T E R W T E R M
RMAX) TERM
C
3 0 XNORM = RMAXsDSQRT(SUP1)
9 9 RETURN
END
$DATA
.8541676,1.D-6,34,7
.55,27225.,6600.,1.093753
.7177783,1.,1.
2000~~4000.~15
2200.
2390.
2610.
2930.
3050.
3270.
3640.
2040., 1.5
2 0 7 0 . ,- 8
2200. ,4.5
2280.r4.75
2340. ,8.
2400.,10.
2 5 0 0 ,20.
2540.,21.5
2600.931.
2660.s27.6
2700.p29.2
2800.,25.
2870. ,28.
3 0 0 0 . p28.
3 0 4 0 . ,3 0 .
3070.,2a.25
3120. ,28.
3160.,26.
173
X(I)/RMAX
3200. 132.
3260.132.
3360.126.
3400.125.9
3460. 1 2 5 .
3520.125.
3580. 1 28.
3620. 1 28.
3700. 124.
3720.n25.6
3800.r20.
3860. p21.5
3900.121 - 7 5
3925.119.25
3960.119.5
4000. 1 12.
/*
174
0 N O R M O F RESIDUAL = 0.1442714D-04
NU = 0.1000000D 01
ITERATION
1
N O N L I N E A R PARAMETERS
0.1042649D 01 0.9485506D 00 0.8722263D 00
1 N O R M OF RESIDUAL = 0.1334315D-04
NU = 0.5000000D 00
NORMCDELTA- ALF) / N O R M C A L F ) =
0.500D-02
ITERATION
2
N O N L I N E A R PARAMETERS
0.1046405D 01 0.94177720 00 0.8712702D 00
1 N O R M OF RESIDUAL = 0.12526860-04
N U = 0.2500000D 00
NORMCDELTA-ALF) 1 N O R M C A L F ) =
0.528D-02
ITERATION
3
N O N L I N E A R PARAMETERS
0.1046952D 01 0.9342167D 00 0.8697866D 00
1 N O R M O F RESIDUAL = 0.1207254D-04
N U = 0.1250000D 00
NORMCDELTA-ALF) / N O R M C A L F ) =
0.394D-02
ITERATION
4
NONLINEAR PARAMETERS
0.1046302D 01 0.9272034D 00 0.86719413) 0 0
1 N O R M OF RESIDUAL = 0.1174424D-04
N U = 0.6250000D-01
NORM(DE1TA-ALF) / NORM(ALF1 =
0.344D-02
ITERATION
5
N O N L I N E A R PARAMETERS
0.1045457D 01 0.9239122D 00 0,86486391) 00
1 N O R M OF RESIDUAL = 0.1162343D-04
N U = 0.3125000D-01
NORMCDELTA-ALF) 1 NORMCALF) =
0.200D-02
ITERATION
6
N O N L I N E A R PARAMETERS
0.1044500D 01 0.9230081D 00 0.8640470D 00
1 N O R M O F RESIDUAL = 0.1160925D-04
N U = 0.1562500D-01
NORMCDELTA- ALF) / NORMCALF) =
0.821D-03
0.78373878 00
0.74415011) 00
0.695689
0.7916243D 00
0.7472037D 00
0,694535
0.7954584D 00
0.7468173D 00
0.6944111
0.7954597D 00
0.7468120D 00
0.6944090
0.7940712D 00
0.74646163) 00
0.6943551
0.7932118D 00
0.7462077D 00
0.6943202
..................................................
LINEAR PARAMETERS
0.1705885D-01
0.40428030-01
N O N L I N E A R PARAMETERS
0.6303247D-01
0.3332297D-01
0.324272lD-01
0.420784QI
..................................................
- 175 -
LAYER NO.
POROSITY.THICKNESS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
V O L U M E PRODUCED, B B L S
2000.00
2133.33
2266.67
2400.00
2533.33
2666.67
2800.00
2933.33
3066.67
3200.03
3333.33
3466.67
3600.00
3733.33
3866.67
4000.00
KH/SUM(KH)
0.016332
0.043800
0.072950
0.0420 10
0.043456
0.060604
0.054508
0.015636
0.047454
0.084429
0.052962
0.058236
0.087285
0.087129
CONCENTRATIONt P P M
0.037696
4.600 928
4.167477
11.495150
21.593647
29.679569
25.71 I356
27.380659
28.569303
30.307478
29.44766 1
23.823376
28.6 22558
24.487 164
18.975435
15.983867
2200.0
2390.0
2610.0
2930.0
3050.0
3270.0
3640.0
2181.1
2468.2
2636.7
2872.1
3053.0
3281.2
3641.6
S T A T E M E N T S E X E C U T E D = 2576626
42368 B Y T E S P A R R A Y A R E A =
19416 BYTESnTOTAL AREA AVAIL
CORE USAGE
OBJECT C O D E =
DIAGNOSTICS
NUMBER OF E R R O R S =
0 , NUPlBER OF W A R N I N G S =
0, NUPlBER OF E
COMPILE TIME=
0.37 S E C p E X E C U T I O N T I M E =
27.20 SEC,
16.00.30
MONDAY
CSSTOP
176
Appendix D.2:
This program calculates the curve of displacing fluid cut versus displaceable
pore volume Injected for a developed inverted seven-spot at unit mobility
ratio. As was mentioned In the text, for every selected y coordinate of a
point on a general streamline, a corresponding value for the x coordinate of
the point must be evaluated. Subroutine "ROOT" performs this evaluation. The
However, a more efficient root-finding
routine uses the "bisection method."
method can reduce the computation time
177
/ / JOB
(JE.PlAD, 104,2),'MAGSUD'
EXEC WATFIV
//GO.SYSIN DD
C
C
* ~ X t f t t n * t f * t f * W Y W X X * f * * * ~ * ~ ~ * ~ * t ~ . ~ ~ ~ * ~ t * * t ~ K ~ ~ . ~ ~ K f ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~
C
C
w
C
T H I S FROGRAM COPIPUTES PATTERN BRRAKTIiRDUGH CURVE ( D I S P L A C I N G
C
F L U I D CUT VS D I S P L A C E A U L E FORE VOLUPlES I N J E C T E D ) F O R A DEVELC
LOPED I N V E R T E D S E V E N - S r O T A T f I O U I L I T Y KIZTIO O F ONE.
C
)i
C
"*~fXKtWK*tXfKtf#**#***~*f~tY~*~~*t~~~X~K~.~~**K)i~W,~~K*****~K~~*fK
//
*
*
*
*
*
*
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
OUTFUTS
=
FW
PV(1) =
DPV
=
I P l F L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-Iit O-2)
DIPlEtiSION F( 20 0 19 PV ( 3 0 1
EEALHS P i , M l , K
c o r i r m A A ,R I! ,pi, ri 1 ,P
F I = ' 1 . fDATA:i( 1 . DO 1
AA=DSQAT(3.EO)
B U = 1 ./An
K=(Z.-AA)/4.DO
rii = 1 . - P I
ti=50
"=N+ 1
F l , I = . 5D- 1
00 3 5 L = 1 , 9
SIGtl=PI+:( 1 .-fl*J/3)
P=DTAIl( SIGH)
CALL K f ! ( A A tZ,K)
)'Z=2.2:KuBB
Il=Y2/N
F(l)=O.OOO
DO 1 0 I = 2 , N N
Y=(I-l)fH
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A - 1 0 9 I S EVALUATED
10
C
C
C
rv( L )=c*suri
DPV=(PV(L)-.743682)/(1.-.743682)
L!R IT E ( 6 e2 0 0 1
F W P V ( L 1 ,DP V
p
178
f t
200
35
FO!?Mb\T( l X , 3 ( F 1 5 . 5 ) 1
FlJ=FW+. 1 0
STOP
END
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE VALUE(X,Y,
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
JP)
C
C
C
SUEROUTINE R O O T ( Y t 2 )
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
T H I S S U t R O U T I N E CALCULATES T I i E R O O T O F F ( X , Y ) = 0 F O R A G I V E N Y .
THE FUNCTION F ( X , Y ) IS S l l F r L I E D E Y EQ. A - 1 0 3 I N A F P E N D I X A- 4.
THE SUBCOUTINE USES T I I E " B I S E C T I O N " PIETHOD.
INFUT:
Y = Y-COORDIfiATE OF A P O I N T O N STKCAMLINE, S I G H
OUTFUT: 2 = X- COORDINATE CORRESPONDING T O Y
I M r L I C I T REAL38 (A-H,fl-Z)
EEAL-:~P,r:,ni
COlillOt4 A A ,BB ,Mpt.11 t P
T O L = 5 . D-4
D = F / 4 . DO
179
Xl=l .D-5
X 2 = . 5D-3
10
20
30
C A L L V A L UE ( X 1 t Y p U p UP, R s RP W t LJP 1
F l=R*U/Lcl-D
CALL VALUE ( X 2 t Y t Ut UP t R t RP 8 14 ,IdP 1
F 2= R S U/l*!- D
IF(FlXFZ.LT.O.)GO
TO 2 0
x 2 = 1.5#);?
GO T O I O
1=1
Z=(Xl+X2)/2.DO
C A L L VALUECZ ,Y t U ,UP t R RP p Wtk'P 1
FZ=R*U/W-D
IF(Fl+FZ.LT.O.) GO TO 4 0
p
x1=z
IF(DABS(XZ-Z).LT.TOL)RETURN
1=1+1
GO TO 30
40
XZ=Z
IF(DABS(Xl-Z).LT.TOL)RETURN
1=1+1
GO T O 3 0
END
C
C
C
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c
10
C
C
SUBROUTINE KFl(KPOK,Q,K)
C
C
- 180 -
(1972)
30
C
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C
SUBROUTINE IHTGRL(N,N,F,\'OL)
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C
sum=o
50
t4 1 =N/2- 1
D O 5 0 1=1,t41
S UP1 1 = S UP1 1 + F ( 2 I1
suri?=siiri2 t F ( : * I t i )
surii=sur:itF(t:)
V 0 L =ti/ 3
F: E T IJff t4
EllD
* ( F ( 1 1 t F ( 11 t 1 1t 4 . *iSlIM 1+ 2 . * 5 UP12 1
SDATA
181
Appendix D.3:
This program computes both the displacing fluid cut and areal sweep efficiency
curves of a developed five-spot pattern for any mobility ratio. The assumption made in the derivation of the equations is that the streamlines are
independent of mobility ratio; hence, they can be calculated from single-phase
fluid flow (mobility ratio equal to one).
182
/ I JOB (JE.MAD, 1 0 4
/ / EXEC b!ATFIV
/fGO.SYSIN
DD
C
C
C
* * * t * * F W
'MAGHSOOD'
C
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C
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C
C
C
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C
C
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C
C
C
C
C
C
*
)r:
*
*
S E * * t W * I X * * X ~ ~ * * x ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * x ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ S . ~ ~ ~ W ~
*
*
*
*
*
~*~**~t*****S#***#***~**~*~*~**~***~~****~~*****~*****~****~***~~**
FEACTIOIJ
I I I F L I C I T REAL * 8 ( A - t l f O - Z )
REAL X Q FiOSLTY, L E F T , F F ( 9 1 1 , GG( 9 1 ) . FSIJEPC 9 1 )
Gl(Z)=DS3Rl(Z'Z+l)
G2 ( Z ,E T A =I)S C ET ( Z sZ+ ET A X ET A )
G ~ Z ~ E T A ~ ~ D L O C ~ ~ Z ~ E T A ' ( G I o , G : ~ Z ~ E T ~ , ~ ~ / ~ E T A ~ G l ~ ~ ~ ~ G ~
R E k D ,K O 3 L TY
F I r 4 . x D A T A I : ( 1.00
A K = 1 . S 5 4 @ 7 6 6 ? 7 3 @13721)O
R I 4 = A K 2: D 5 "? 2 T ( 2 .D 0 1f 1 @ @ 0 0 .
C
C
C
C
w-ia
H = P I f 4 ./NP
DO 1 J = l , N P
C
C
C
C
C
IS CONSIDERED TO
IS COllrUTED FOR T H I S
TETBT=H$(NP+l-J)
El=DTAN(TETGT)**Z
X I ~ I I D T = R l J ~ D S I( N
TETBT 1
XI,!PBT=AK-RW*DCOS( TETRT 1
CALL FU::CT( 1 ,FZPBT,XCFDT)
CALL F U N C T ( l , F 2 I B T p X W I @ T )
C n L L GhUSS( 1 ,F Z I B T FZFBT p E l , VAL 1
PlEl=~lODLTY~G(F2PBT~El)-G(F2IBT,El)
E P = 1 - E 1 *.E 1
PP=PI/2.
CALL E L L E P ( P P , E P , A K E l )
R I G HT = ( 1 + E 1 ) X-( F 1 E 1 AK E 1 + ( 1 -MI U L T Y
c
C
*V A L 1
183
IS CALCULATED GY EQ. B - 5 1 .
Z
Z
N=90
NH=N- 1
STEP=TETBT/N
DO 10 I = l . N N
TET=ST E P S I
XW I=F: 14 S DS 114 ( T ET 1
Xl*!r=RltlfDCOS ( T E T 1
E=DTAN(TET)**Z
Z Z = 1. -EsE
X 1 ZAK-XWP
CALL FUNCT( 1 t F 2 P , X 1 )
CALL FUNCTC l , F 2 I , X l J I )
PlE=MOBLTY*G(F2P,E)-G(F2I~E)
A=F2I
B=5. S F 2 1
AINTZO. 0
C A I L GAUSS( 2, A t B t E t VALUE)
A I NT=A I H T + V A L U E
FMl=DATAN(D/E)
CALL E L I E P ( P H I , Z Z , T l )
LEFT=(l.+E)*(PlE~'Tl+(l.-RODLTY)rAINT)
I F ( L E F T . G T . R1SHT)GO 10 1 5
rl=B
B=5. S A
StIVEl=LEFT
G O T O 20
15
P @ L !IA=
I !:T - \!A L U E
SAVE?=LEFT
CALL KOOTCA, 5, SAVE1 t SAVE2 P O L D , R I G H T vP1OPLTY s EPZZ,P 1 E , T , X I
t
10
QA
QB
FA
=
=
=
CALL 114TGRL(N,STEP,GG,QD)
QA=GG(N+l)*(FI/4-TETDT)
FA=QA/(QA+QB
CALCULATION OF AREAL SWEEP E F F I C I E N C Y AND I N J E C T E D D I S P L A C E A D L E
PORE VOLUPIES START.
F I K S T , THE PORE VOLUFIES O F WhTER PRODUCED
ARE COMPUTED.
T H I S I S STORED I N "VP".
- 184 -
11
C
Nl=N+l
DO 1 1 L = l , N l
T E T = T E T B T + HBT * ( L - 1 1
E T = D T A t i ( TET If*?
PP=PI/2.
Z=l-ET+'ET
C A L L E L L EP ( P P , Z , E K )
F S W E P ( L ) = ( 1 + ET 1 9 E K
XI*!I = R1.J ::DS IN ( T ET 1
XWP=AK-RLdSDCOS ( T E T )
C A L L FUNCT( 1 ,ZP,>II*!P)
C A L L FU:;CT( 1 , Z I , S I J I )
PE=MODLTY*G(ZP, E T ) - G ( Z I ,ET 1
CALL GAUSS(l,ZI,ZP,ET,VAL)
H T E T A = ( 1+ E T ) / 4 * ( F E * E K t ( l - M O B L T Y ) * V A L 1
GG(L)=(HTETBT-HTETA)/(G(tP,ET)-G(ZI.ET))
CON1 INUE
C A L L I t l T G R L ( N , ItDT, GG, V P )
111 T H E F O L L O l d I f j G C A L C U L A T I O N S OF AREAL SWEEP E F F I C I E N C Y A K D
PORE VOLUPIES I N J E C T E D , THE TldO SYPlDOLS S l AND S2 ARE USED T O
DESIC-:.ItIl E:
S 1 = AREA ENCO"1PASED RElC!EEN THE BROKEN-TIIROUGII S l C C A M L I N E ( T E T D T 1
At:D THE S T E E A r l L I N E P I 1 4
S2 = SKEPT AKEA EIICCIII'ASED CETldEEN S T R E A N L I N E . TETDT, AND
S T E E f . l l L I N E ZERO.
100
1
C
C
C
S U B R O U T I N E S tt ( X ,SNX )
T H I S S U D R O U T I N E C A L C U L A T E S T H E J A C O D I A N E L L I P T I C FU1:CTION
T H E R O U T I t l E USES F O U R I E R S E C I E S EXP:INSIO:4 O F S t l ( X , 0 . 5 ) .
IiiFUT:
X , ARGUMENT O F T l f E J l Z C O B I A N E L L I P T I C F U N C T I O N
OUTPUT: SNX, V A L U E OF T I I E J A C O D I A t l E L L I f T I C FUNCTIOt4
I N r L I C I T R E A L * 8 (A-Ht0-Z)
AK=l.S54074677301372DO
AN=. 5
FI=4.*DATAN(l.DO)
Q=DEXP(-PI)
SUM=O. DO
V=PI*X/?./AK
EO 1 0 I = 1 , 9
11=1-1
Cl=II+. 3
c2=2.*11+1
10
SUil=SUM+Q~*Cl~DSIN(C2~V)/(l.-QuxCZ)
185
SN(X,O.5)
SliX=2 .~PI*SUM/AK/DSQRT(AM)
RETURN
END
C
C
C
SU3ROUTlNE FUtiCT(1KDICp F2,X)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
IWDIC=l,
INDIC=2,
COMPUTE F2 F O R G I V E N X
CONFUTE X FOR G I V E N F2
10
20
C
C
C
S U B R D U T I t i E E L L E P CY ,2. A )
C
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C
15
X=.5*(XtDARSIN(KIDSIN(X)))
30
QE=DARSINCKl)
QE=QEflEO./PI
W=2 . X W ( 1 + K 1
IF((90.-QE).LE.TOL)GO
TO 3 0
K=K 1
GO TO 15
A=WxDLOG(DTAN(PI/4+X/2))
186
RETURN
END
C
C
C
SUBROUTINE GAUSS(L,ALOWES,UrrER,E,VALUE)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
10
15
17
12
- 187 -
Y *F? CY
100
GO T O 1 7
RETURII
END
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C
x1=x
Fl=FX
PlzAINT
IF(DA!IS(Xt-X).LT.DABS(TOLSX))GO
TO 2 0
GO TO 5
10
x2=x
20
GO T O 5
RETURN
END
IF(DADS(Xl-X).LT.DtIPS(TOL~X))GO
T O 20
C
C
SUBROL~TINE INTGRL(N,H,F,VOL)
TIiYS SUBROUTINE COPIPUTES VALUE O F AN INTEGRAL U S I N G SIMPSOI4'S
RULE OF I N T E G 2 A T I O N .
ItiPUT:
N = NUrlDER OF I N I E R V A L S , AN EVEN I N T E G E R NUPIRER
H = INTERVAL S I Z E
F
VnLUES O F FUNCTIOtiS CONPUTED AT I N T E R V A L S , AN ARRAY
- 188 -
C
C
OUTPUT:
VOL
VALUE OF T H E I N T E G R A L
I K P 1 I C I T R E A L 38
DIME t1510N F ( 9 1 )
SUP11 = o
( A-H
,0 - 2
S U X =0
N1=w2- 1
CO 50 I = l , N 1
surii=surii+F(~~I)
50
~UFl?=SUFl? tF(?*It 1 )
SUtll=SUTll+F(I4)
V O L H/ 3* ( F ( 1 1 + F ( K t 1 1 4 4 . *SUM 1 +2.*SUM2 )
RETURN
END
SDATA
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