Hydroelectric Power Development

Member of Group :

1. Rizky Nur Fitri

(105060401111014)

2. Linda Irnawati Gunawan

(105060407111002)

3. Qonit Ayu Pranita

(105060401111001)

4. Oksa Ega Hermawan

(105060404111001)

5. Lutfianto Cahya Rachmadan

(105060400111006)

6. Agung Rizqi Ramadhani

(105060407111001)

Lecturer : Dr. Indah Winarni M.A

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

MALANG
INTRODUCTION

Hydroelectric Power...what is it?

Its a form of energy a renewable resource. Other renewable resources include
geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric
powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air,
land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important
part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large
hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the
electric power industry.
Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water winter and spring runoff
from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity,
can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity.
Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern
technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding.
Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its
ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base
load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot
accommodate.
Hydroelectric plants do not create air pollution, the fuel--falling water--is not
consumed, projects have long lives relative to other forms of energy generation, and
hydroelectric generators respond quickly to changing system conditions. These
favorable characteristics continue to make hydroelectric projects attractive sources of
electric power.
Therere a lot of water source of energy that still untapped in our country and
havent be developed. Therefore, we make this paper to study more about
"Hydroelectric Power."

Components of the hydroelectric power

1) Dam
The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power
plant.
In fact the name dam is considered to be synonymous to the hydroelectric power
plant. The dam is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water throughout
the year. The dam is built at location where the height of the river is sufficiently high so
as to get maximum possible potential energy from water.
2) Water reservoir
Water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in the
reservoir is located at the height above the rest of the dam structure. The height of water
in the reservoir decides how much potential energy water possesses. Higher the height
of water more is its potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir also
enables it to move downwards effortlessly due to gravity.The height of water in the
reservoir is higher than the natural height of water flowing in the river, hence water in
reservoir is considered to be altered equilibrium. This also helps to increase the overall
potential energy of water, which helps ultimately produce more electricity in the power
generation unit.
3) Intake or control gates
These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released
and controlled through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water enters the
power generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened the water
flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water flowing
through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic energy.

4) The penstock
The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the
reservoir towards the power generation unit that comprises of the turbines and
generator. The water in penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and
potential energy due to its height. The total amount of power generated in the
hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the water reservoir and the amount
of water flowing through the penstock. The amount of water flowing through the
penstock is controlled by the control gates.
5) Water turbines
The water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit that
comprises of the turbines and generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine
the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the
blades of the turbine. Due to rotation of blades the shaft of the turbine also rotates. The
turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator. In most of the hydroelectric power plants
there are more than one power generation units comprising of the turbine and generator.
There is large difference in height between the level of turbine and level of water in the
water reservoir. This difference in height, also called as head of water, decides the total
amount of power that can be generated in the hydroelectric power plant.
There are various types of water turbines such as Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, Pelton
wheels etc. The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the
height of the reservoir, quantity of water and the total power generation capacity.
6) Generators
It is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The shaft of the water turbine
rotates in the generator, which produces alternating current in the coils of the generator.
It is the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field which is
converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. Hence the rotation of the
shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of electricity and this is achieved by the

kinetic and potential energy of water. Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential
energy of water is converted into electricity.

HOW HYDROELECTRIC POWER WORKS ?

So just how do we get electricity from water? Actually, hydroelectric and coal-fired
power plants produce electricity in a similar way. In both cases a power source is used
to turn a propeller-like piece called a turbine, which then turns a metal shaft in an
electric generator, which is the motor that produces electricity. A coal-fired power plant
uses steam to turn the turbine blades; whereas a hydroelectric plant uses falling water to
turn the turbine. The results are the same.
The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation. The dam
stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is
the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the
end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water.
The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power
lines are connected to the generator that carry electricity to your home and mine. The
water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the dam.
As to how this generator works, the Corps of Engineers explains it this way:
"A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A
hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation
of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday. He found that when a
magnet is moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator,
electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound
around stacks of magnetic steel laminations. These are called field poles, and are
mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and
rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles (the
electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. This, in turn, causes
electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output terminals."

The advantages of hydroelectric power:

1. Using this type of energy to generate electricity is not dependent upon the price of
uranium, oil, or other types of fuel. This makes electricity costs lower and more stable,
one of its most significant advantages.
2. The pollution created by hydroelectric energy generation is quite minimal. There is
some pollution involved in initially constructing the power stations, but this is true of all
power plants. It also does not produce radioactive waste or involve the environmental
impact of fuel being transported to it.
3. It doesn't require many employees to run a hydroelectric station. According to
wikipedia.org, most plants of this type are largely automated. This is another one of the
advantages which help keep the cost of hydroelectricity low.
4. Hydroelectric power stations can be set up in almost any size, depending upon the
river or stream used to operate them; big enough to power a single home, factory, small
town, or large city.
5. Another of its advantages is that hydroelectric is a renewable form of energy, like
wind and solar; it does not rely upon finite resources like natural gas or coal to generate
power.
6. Hydroelectric stations can operate for many years after they are built. Wikipedia.org
states that a number of operational hydro stations were constructed fifty to one-hundred
years ago; in contrast to this, IAEA.org indicates that the "design life" of nuclear power
plants is generally thirty to forty years.

7. Small hydro electricity generation systems sometimes offer more economic

advantages for home owners than solar power, and tend to last longer than solar panels
do.
The above-mentioned factors make hydroelectric a form of energy generation which
offers advantages with regard to cost, pollution, flexibility of installation, and
conservation of resources.

The disadvantages of hydroelectric power:

1. The dams are very expensive to build. However, many dams are also used for flood
control or irrigation, so building costs can be shared.
2. Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for
animals that used to live there.
3. Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment
may be unacceptable.
4. Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact
on plant life.

Comparison with other methods of power generation

Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion,
including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and
mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of coal mining and the
indirect health effects of coal emissions. Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity
generates no nuclear waste, has none of the dangers associated with uranium mining,
nor nuclear leaks. Unlike uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source.
Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable load
factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can be dispatched to generate power when

needed. Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow variations in power

demand.
Unlike fossil-fuelled combustion turbines, construction of a hydroelectric plant requires
a long lead-time for site studies, hydrological studies, and environmental impact
assessment. Hydrological data up to 50 years or more is usually required to determine
the best sites and operating regimes for a large hydroelectric plant. Unlike plants
operated by fuel, such as fossil or nuclear energy, the number of sites that can be
economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; in many areas the most
cost effective sites have already been exploited. New hydro sites tend to be far from
population centers and require extensive transmission lines. Hydroelectric generation
depends on rainfall in the watershed, and may be significantly reduced in years of low
rainfall or snowmelt. Long-term energy yield may be affected by climate change.
Utilities that primarily use hydroelectric power may spend additional capital to build
extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low water years.

CONCLUSION
As robust global economic expansion continues, the question of where a growing
world population will continue to get the electricity to drive the economic engine
remains. While most of the new generation supply will come from thermal resources,
conventional thinking on the development of new resources and supplies should provide
greater emphasis on using sustainable, renewable resources.
Hydroelectric power has an important role to play in the future, and provides
considerable benefits to an integrated electric system. This paper has demonstrated an
awareness within the industry of the social and environmental impacts of hydropower
which need to be addressed for any project; the expertise which exists to avoid or
mitigate negative impacts.
The world's remaining hydroelectric potential needs to be considered in the new
energy mix, with planned projects taking into consideration social and environmental
impacts, so that necessary mitigation and compensation measures can be taken. Clearly,
the population affected by a project should enjoy a better quality of life as a result of the
project.
Hydro development should go hand in hand with further research and
development in the field of other renewable options such as solar and wind power.
Energy conservation measures should also be optimized and encouraged. Any
development involves change and some degree of compromise, and it is a question of
assessing benefits and impacts at an early enough stage, and in adequate detail, with the
full involvement of those people affected, so that the right balance can be achieved.
Two billion people in developing countries have no reliable electricity supply,
and especially in these countries for the foreseeable future, hydropower offers a

renewable energy source on a realistic scale. Impacts of hydro projects are well
understood today. Appropriate mitigation and compensation measures must be identified
and taken to ensure that any project represents a net gain for affected populations.
Systems exist to provide improved planning processes and better quality
decisions, and in turn these ensure that social and environmental concerns are integrated
with issues of economic and technical feasibility. The hydropower industry must
collaborate with interested stakeholders including regulatory bodies, global financial
leaders, and competent interest groups, to develop future standards to ensure balanced
and reasonable planning, construction and operation of hydroelectric powerplants.

REFERENCES

http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

GLOSSARY

Dam A massive wall or structure built across a valley or river for storing water.
Energy The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work
(potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy
has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another
form useful for work. Most of the world's convertible energy comes from fossil fuels
that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or
other means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured in
kilowatt hours and represents power (kilowatts) operating for some time period (hours),
while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal units.
Generation (Electricity) The process of producing electric energy by transforming
other forms of energy; also, the amount of electric energy produced, expressed in
watthours (Wh).
Generator A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Hydroelectric Power Electric current produced from water power.
Hydroelectric Powerplant A building in which turbines are operated, to drive
generators, by the energy of natural or artificial waterfalls.
Kinetic Energy Energy which a moving body has because of its motion, dependent on
its mass and the rate at which it is moving.
Load (Electric) The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specific
point or points on a system. The requirement originates at the energy-consuming
equipment of the consumers.

Reservoir An artificial lake into which water flows and is stored for future use.
Turbine A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream
of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas). Turbines convert the kinetic energy of fluids
to mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction, or a mixture of the
two.