Group Project

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System
PLC BASED AUTOMATIC AIR CONDITIONING

CONTROL SYSTEM
WOLLO UNIVERSITY
KIOT
ELECTRICAL AND
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
(INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
STREAM)
SUBMITED BY:
1. ABRHA WELDEAREGAY..KIOT/0063/04
2. AREGAY ABRHAKIOT/1243/04
3.
4.
5.
6.
ABEBA NIGUS.KIOT/0032/04
AMSAL ANTEHUNEGN.KIOT/0149/04
ABRHET HAGOS.KIOT/0060/04
ANDINET YESUFKIOT/0152/04
ADVISOR: Mr.MANOHAR
MAY 2015
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ABSTRACT
This project aim is to design an automatic air conditioning system control technique for a
conventional unitary home, hospital, school etc..air conditioner using Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) approach to achieve both the steadiness in this area in temperature and saving
the consumption energy.
Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank our GOD, and to our respected advisor Mr. manohar for their
professional guidance, advice, motivation, endurance and encouragements during their
supervision period. And also all our families for their motivational and financial help, and then
thanks to the other members and staff of the Focus area of Industrial control Engineering.
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. We are grateful for their
constant support and help.
Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgment........................................................................................................ 2
LIST OF TABLE............................................................................................................ 3
LIST OF FIGUER........................................................................................................... 3
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CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................. 5
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Background............................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Principles of automatic air conditioning............................................................................ 5
1.3 Objectives of the project............................................................................................... 5
1.4 Significance of the project............................................................................................. 6
1.5 Problems statement...................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Scope of the project..................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Organization of the project............................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................. 8
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Control system........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller PLC.........................................................9
2.3 The Role of the Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)........................................................9
2.4 Basic parts of PLC:-..................................................................................................... 9
2.4.1 Processors module:-............................................................................................. 10
2.4.2 Memory............................................................................................................ 10
2.4.3 Input modules..................................................................................................... 10
2.4.4 Output modules:-................................................................................................. 11
2.4.5 A programming unit............................................................................................. 11
2.4.6 The power supply................................................................................................ 11
2.6 Characteristic Functions of a PLC..................................................................................12
2.7 Processing Methods................................................................................................... 12
2.7.1Cyclic operation................................................................................................... 12
2.8 LOGO.................................................................................................................... 12
2.8.1 Programming languages........................................................................................ 12
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................ 14
METHDOLOGY........................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Input Functions......................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Output functions....................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Control functions...................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Hard-ware design of measuring systems..........................................................................17
3.6 Air conditioning system.............................................................................................. 17
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3.6.1 Components of an air conditioner with their application.................................................18
3.6.2 Air conditioner controls and features.........................................................................20
3.6.3 Operation principle.............................................................................................. 20
3.6.4 Communication................................................................................................... 22
3.7 Software development................................................................................................ 23
3.7.1 Programming structure.......................................................................................... 24
3.8 Proper selection of sensors and signal conditioning element..................................................24
3.8.1 Sensor Selection.................................................................................................. 24
3.8.2 Temperature sensor LM35...................................................................................... 25
3.8.4 Humidity sensor.................................................................................................. 25
RESULTS & DISCUSSION............................................................................................. 26
4.1 HVAC control system................................................................................................. 26
4.2 Requirements for Air conditioning.................................................................................26
4.3 Connection of PLC.................................................................................................... 27
4.4 Air Conditioning....................................................................................................... 31
4.5 Humidity control system............................................................................................. 32
4.6 Lighting control system.............................................................................................. 35
CHUPTER FIVE........................................................................................................... 40
CONSLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................40
5.1 Project Conclusion.................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Recommendation...................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES............................................................................................................. 42
APPENDICES.............................................................................................................. 43
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1.1 material required ....8
Table 4.1 air conditioning input/output .58
Table 4.2 humidity input/output .63
Table 4.3 light control input/output .66
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LIST OF FIGUER
Figure 1 Flow chart project developments...................................................................................................7
Figure 2 conrol of temperature....................................................................................................................9
Figure 3 control of temperature.................................................................................................................10
Figure 6 Basic structure of plc...................................................................................................................13
Figure 7 Memory and processors in the CPU module...............................................................................14
Figure 8 input modules..............................................................................................................................15
Figure 9 output module..............................................................................................................................16
Figure 10 Power Supplies in a PLC System..............................................................................................17
Figure 11 Standard PLC Scan Cycle..........................................................................................................19
Figure 12 cyclic operation processing method...........................................................................................20
Figure 13 the difference of LAD and FBD................................................................................................21
Figure 14 The Siemens LOGO! PLC.........................................................................................................22
Figure 15 PLC based control system.........................................................................................................23
Figure 16 Block diagram...........................................................................................................................24
Figure 17 Circuit diagram of automatic air condition................................................................................28
Figure 18 physical part of air conditioning system....................................................................................30
Figure 19 schematic diagram of air conditioning system...........................................................................31
Figure 20 Free body diagram of air conditioning......................................................................................34
Figure 21 Operational chart.......................................................................................................................36
Figure 22 Interfacing of hardware and software components of logo plc control......................................37
Figure 23 Software flow chart...................................................................................................................40
Figure 24 HVAC control system flow chart...............................................................................................43
Figure 25 humidity control flow chart.......................................................................................................44
Figure 26 LM35 sensor..............................................................................................................................46
Figure 27 LM35 sensor in board................................................................................................................47
Figure 28 Photo sensor..............................................................................................................................48
Figure 29 HC 20 Humidity sensor.............................................................................................................49
Figure 30 Air Flow Sensor (90 529 673/90 543 282).................................................................................50
Figure 31 Air Flow Sensor (90 529 673/90 543 282).................................................................................50
Figure 32 Motion sensor............................................................................................................................51
Figure 33 Comparing signal conditioning.................................................................................................52
Figure 34 analog to digital converter......................................................................................................53
Figure 35 flow chart of ADC.....................................................................................................................54
Figure 36 Block diagram of DAC..............................................................................................................55
Figure 37 Figure 38 LOGO! Wiring..........................................................................................................57
Figure 39 previous solution.......................................................................................................................57
Figure 40 Ladder diagram of air conditioning...........................................................................................59
Figure 41 Air conditioning in FBD............................................................................................................60
Figure 42 Ladder diagram of air conditioning...........................................................................................61
Figure 43 Air conditioning in FBD................................................................................................62

Figure 44 Ladder diagram of humidity......................................................................................................63
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Figure 45 Humidity in FBD.......................................................................................................................64
Figure 46 Ladder diagram of the overall air conditioning system..............................................................66
Figure 47 Ladder diagram of light controling............................................................................................69
Figure 48 FBD of light control..................................................................................................................69
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The basic concept behind air conditioning is to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds
were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. Modern air conditioning
emerged from advances in chemistry during the 19th century, and the first large-scale electrical
air conditioning was invented and used in 1902 by Willis Havilland Carrier. The first modern
electrical air conditioning unit was invented by Willis Carrier in Buffalo, New York. After
graduating from Cornell University, Carrier, a native of Angola, New York, found a job at the
Buffalo Forge Company.
Over time, air conditioning came to be used to improve comfort in homes and automobiles as
well. Residential sales expanded dramatically in the 1950s.
1.2 Principles of automatic air conditioning

Air conditioning is the process whereby not only cooling but also the condition of air, as defined
by its temperature and moisture content, is changed.
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and
humidity) to more favorable conditions. More generally, air conditioning can refer to any form of
technological cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.
1.3 Objectives of the project

The main objective of an air conditioning system is to fulfill the requirements in terms of air
quality (temperature, humidity and air purity degree) to create the comfort and suitable
conditions for living and working in an air conditioned environment. This is achieved by a
combination of basic air processing, different options for managing air and using the related
elements of automation and control laws.
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This project aim is:

To design an automatic air conditioning system control technique for a conventional
unitary home, hospital, school air conditioner using Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC).
To achieve both the steadiness in temperature and saving the consumption of energy.
To make the room temperature at a comfortable level, regardless of the weather
conditions outside.
To minimize time wastage in every activities
To build a working prototype of an automatic air-conditioning control system using PLC
software called logo.
1.4 Significance of the project

This kind of systems control lighting, air conditioning and other systems, in order to
improve comfort, energy efficiency and security.
This kind of systems is particularly useful for the disabled or elderly, improving the life
quality and avoiding special aid expenses.
A healthy home creation (without contaminant materials)
Home life span increases
To control every condition of the building automatically
1.5 Problems statement

Since our environmental temperature increase due to so many factors we try to solve this
increment of temperature by design an automatic air conditioner system to settle the increment of
temperature to its standard value in order to bring human life in a comfortable way of life by
using software called LOGO (semen) PLC.
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1.6 Scope of the project
The PLC is used as the control technique to control the air condition of the room as a result the
speed of the fan accordingly, Experiment will be conducted to test the PLC program.
The test apparatus will be equipped with a LOGO PLC linked to a personal computer via an
USB-RS232 serial communication port to provide the supervisory control mode. Our focus of
this project is controlling of air (temperature), light, and humidity in the industry automatically
using software called logo plc.
1.7 Organization of the project

This project is composed of five chapters covering introduction, literature review, methodology,
analysis and result and the last chapter is a discussion and conclusion.
Materials
Quantity
Pump motor
Fan motor
Temperature sensor LM35
02
03
03
Humidity sensor
01
Pressure sensor
01
Light sensor (LDR )
01
Lamp
05
Simple switches
04
Emergency switch
02
PLC module
01
Timer
Visual display
PLC software
02
01
01
Table 1.1 material required
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Control system
A Control System is a device, or a collection of devices that manage the behavior of other
devices. Some devices are not controllable. It is an interconnection of components connected or
related in such a manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another system. And is an
interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system
response.
Every control system may be divided into three general sections: input devices (sensors),
controllers, and output devices (actuators).
The input devices sense what is going on in the process, the controller decides what to do about
it, and the output devices manipulate the process to achieve the desired result.
The input will usually be an ideal form of the output. In other words the input is really what we
want the output to be. It's the desired output.
In our block diagram representation, we show the output signal being fed to the sensor which
produces another signal that is dependent upon the output. Usually, the output, as measured by
the sensor is subtracted from the input (which is the desired output) as shown below. That forms
an error signal that the controller can use to control.
The device which performs the subtraction to compute the error, E, is a comparator.
Finally, the last part of this system is the controller.
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Figure 2.1 control of temperature

Thus, the controller has two things that it has to achieve:
To compute what the control error should be.
To apply the computed control effort.
2.2 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller PLC

Before PLCs came into existence; sequencing, safety interlock logic for manufacturing, and
Other controls were accomplished using physical relays, timers, and dedicated closed-loop
Controllers.
2.3 The Role of the Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used for the control and
operation of manufacturing process and machinery. It uses a programmable memory to store
instructions and execute functions including on/off control, timing, counting, sequencing,
arithmetic, and data handling.
A PLC is a very useful decision-making device in industrial applications. Serial communication
is used between a PC and the PLC to download and upload programs to and from each other.
2.4 Basic parts of PLC:Basic parts of the PLC are as follows:
Processor
Memory
Input/output devices
Programming panel or unit

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Power supply
Figure 2.2 Basic structure of PLC
2.4.1 Processors module:Processor module is the brain of the PLC.

Central processing unit (CPU) performs the following tasks:-
Scanning
Execution of program
Peripheral and external device communication
Self- diagnostic
2.4.2 Memory
The memory of a PLC basically consists of Read Only Memory (ROM) ; Permanent storage for
the operating system and the fixed data used by the CPU and Random Access Memory (RAM);
stores data/information on the status of input and output devices and the values of timers and
counters and other internal devices.
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2.4.3 Input modules
There are many types of input modules to choose from. The type of input module selection
depends upon the process, some example of input modules are limit-switches, proximity
switches and push buttons etc. nature of input classification can be done in three ways,
Namely:
Low/high frequency
Analog/digital (two-bit, multi-bit)
Maintained or momentary
5V/24V/110V/220V switched
2.4.4 Output modules:Output modules can be used for devices such as solenoids, relays, contractors, pilot lamps and
led readouts. Output cards usually have 6 to 32 output points on a single module. Output cards,
like input cards, have electrically isolation between the load being connected and the PLC.
2.4.5 A programming unit

Is necessary to create the user-program and send it to a PLC CPU module's memory. It is an
external, electronic handheld device which can be connected to the processors of the PLC when
programming changes are required.
2.4.6 The power supply

A power supply module converts available power to dc power at the level(s) required by the CPU
and I/O module internal circuitry. Usually, the available power is typically 60 Hz/120 V ac or 50
Hz/220 V ac, although power supply modules are available for other input power characteristics.
Output power must drive the computer circuitry at 5 V dc. Power supply modules may be
connected to the bus or may have to be wired to the CPU module in modular PLC systems.
Figure 2.3 power supplies in a PLC system
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2.5
Communications in PLC
There are several methods how a PLC can communicate with the programmer, or even with
another PLC. PLCs usually built in communication ports for at least RS232, and optionally for
RS 485, and Ethernet.
2.6 Characteristic Functions of a PLC
It is field programmable by the user

It contains programmed functions
It scans memory and inputs and outputs (I/O) in deterministic manner
It provides error checking and diagnostics
It is packaged appropriately
It has general purpose suitability
2.7 Processing Methods

2.7.1Cyclic operation
A PLC program is sequentially executed from the first step to the last step, which is called scan.
This sequential processing is called cyclic operation. Cyclic operation of the PLC continues as
long as conditions do not change for interrupt processing during program execution.
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2.8 LOGO
Logo is the name for a philosophy of education and a continually evolving family of
programming languages that aid in its realization. , Harold Abelson, Apple Logo, 1982.
2.8.1 Programming languages

A program consists of one or more instructions that accomplish a task.
Programming a PLC is simply constructing a set of instructions.
LOGO Soft Comfort provides two options of creating circuit programs:
Ladder diagram (LAD)
Function block diagram (FBD)
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Figure 2.5 the Siemens LOGO! PLC

1, Connection terminal for inputs
5, Keypad with 6 keys (arrows: up, down, right, left
and ESC and OK keys)
6, Connection terminal for outputs
2, Connection terminal for inputs
7, Visualization LED RUN/STOP
3, Memory cartridge
8, Expansion terminal power supply
4, LCD screen (multi characters)
9, PLC connection lever

10, Connection terminal for outputs
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CHAPTER THREE
METHDOLOGY
There are few stages that will be involved in order to work out the aimed objectives in this
project. The project was beginning by discussion the project with our advisor. After finding write
objectives, problem and other related issues, the finding is done doing some literature review.
After that the project development is begin. The project is divided in to two parts which are
hardware and software development. The software we used is programmable logic controller
using ladder logic programming.
The overall block diagram below shows the connection of PLC with its input sensors and outputs
Figure 3.1 PLC based control system

Automatic air conditioning systems commonly consists of several components, which are all part
of the complete system. Each of these components can perform their function.
Most components functions can be categorized into 4 categories:
Input
Output
Control
Communication system
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Figure 3.2 Block diagram
3.1 Input Functions

Input functions are mostly performed by components called sensors.
Sensors are devices that convert a physical condition into an electrical signal for use by a
controller, such as a PLC. Sensors are connected to the input of a PLC.
Some example of sensors:
humidity / pressure sensor
Light sensor (photodiode, photo resistor )
Temperature sensor (pt. 100, thermocouple, resistance thermometer, thermostat )
Heat sensor
Flow sensor
o Fluids (flow meter, mass flow meter )
o Electricity meter
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3.2 Output functions
Output functions are mostly performed by components called actuators.
Some examples of actuators:
Electro-mechanical switches ( relays )
Electronic controllers:
o
Power switches
o Motor controllers
Mechanical actuators:
o
Motor
Pneumatic actuator
Linear actuator
An actuator is something that converts energy into motion. It also can be used to apply a force.
To get an actuator to do something useful in an automatic air conditioning system, most of the
time it has to be equipped with extra mechanical/electric systems. An electric motor is an
electromechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. This mechanical
energy is used for, rotating a pump impeller, fan or blower, driving a compressor, lifting
materials etc. Electric motors are used at home (mixer, drill, and fan) and in industry. Electrical
motors are used for powering of different pups and fans.
3.3 Control functions

Control functions are somewhat different than input/output functions in that their functionality
itself is not so easy to describe. Control functions can be a lot of things, including but not limited
to:
Setting an output after a timer has reached a certain state
Setting an output after a logical combination of inputs has occurred
Setting a diversity of outputs after an input occurs

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Contacting an external service when an input occurs
3.4 Design of system

Here we have two system designing method. Those are:
Hard-ware design &
soft-ware design
3.5 Hard-ware design of measuring systems

The hardware development of our project is expressed using the following flow chart.
Hardware development
Figure 3.3 physical part of air conditioning system
3.6 Air conditioning system

An air conditioner is a home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify
and extract heat from an area, or provide heat to an area. The cooling is done using a
simple refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and
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air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC." Its purpose, in a building or an automobile, is
to provide comfort way of life during either hot or cold weather.
In our project design the following main things will be included.
Selecting of proper application area of air conditioning control to our specific design.
Selecting of proper measurement elements like sensors, signal conditioning, A/D, D/A as
well as display element.
Schematic flow diagram for our system.
Modeling of our system.
Proper selecting of layout of Boolean circuit and preparing PLC programming for our system
3.6.1 Components of an air conditioner with their application
Figure 3.4 schematic diagram of air conditioning system

An air conditioning system consists of different interconnected components that each has an
impact on the behavior of the system and ability of the system to affect the behavior.
The basic components of a room air conditioner unit are the compressor, air cooled condenser,
expansion valve, evaporator, two motor and air filter as shown in Figure the above. The
refrigerant absorbs heat from the evaporator and rejects it to the condenser. The fan draws in air
from outside and circulates it over the condenser to cool it. The fan also draws in outside air
through the compressor compartment for ventilation of the conditioned space.
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The amount of ventilating air is controlled by a damper position in its path. The room air enters
the evaporator chamber, goes over the cooling coils and comes back into the room through the
air filter. All the components are listed below with their operation.
Heat pump compressor:
Which compresses low pressure refrigerant gas into a high pressure, high temperature gas.
Usually the compressor is in the outdoor portion of an air conditioning or heat pump system.
Actuator:
Actuators drive valves and dampers to open or closed positions. They respond to a signal from a
controller. There are three main types commonly used in HVAC control:
Modulate the flow through dampers and dampers.
To drive the pumps which supply cold and warm water to the duct.
Mostly, electric motors are used (stepper motors).
Heat exchanger-are most important;
In understanding the steady state behavior of the system.
Since affect the gain of the process
Dampers and valves: for controls the flow.
Pumps-are used;
To pump the water with in the chiller and boiler.
Fans: can be thought of as low pressure air pumps that utilize power from a motor to output a
volumetric flow of air at a given pressure. A propeller converts torque from the motor to increase
static pressure across the fan rotor and to increase the kinetic energy of the air particles.
Sensors;
Affects control performance.
Gives response time.
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Supply of conditioned air to the room
A condenser: or condensing unit: typically a condensing coil inside which high temperature high
pressure refrigerant gas flows, and over which a fan blows air to cool the refrigerant gas back to
a liquid state (thus transferring heat from the refrigerant gas to the air being blown by the fan).
An evaporator coil or cooling coil: Typically the cooling coil is a section of finned tubing (it
looks like a car radiator) into which liquid refrigerant is metered and permitted to evaporate
from liquid to gas state inside the coil. This state change of the refrigerant, from liquid to gas,
absorbs heat, cooling the evaporator coil surface and thus cooling indoor air blown across the
cooling coil.
An air handler and blower unit: This provides a fan to blow building air across or through the
evaporator coil. The air handler blower fan unit moves building air across the evaporator coil
surface in order to condition building air by cooling it (and thus also by removing moisture from
the cooled air
A duct system: Which distributes conditioned air from the air handler in to the occupied space
(supply ducts), and which takes air from the occupied space and returns it to the cooling system
air handler.
3.6.2 Air conditioner controls and features,

Which include a room thermostat, electrical switches, fuses or circuit breakers, condensate
handling system, and air filters. Electronic sensing is done by using low mass primary elements
that respond quickly to changes in the controlled condition.
3.6.3 Operation principle

Air conditioners take in warm room air, then blow it over cooling coils and back in to the room.
The heat removed is discharged outdoors. The key elements of the air conditioner are a
refrigerant that flows constantly through its mechanisms. In the indoor the refrigerant becomes
liquid and gives off heat when it is compressed.it becomes a gas and absorbs heat when the
pressure is removed. Warm room air is drawn through the filter, which removes dust and lint
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particles. The fan blows the air over the cooling coils containing the refrigerant fluid. The warm
airs gives up its heat to the refrigerant, and in the process, causes the refrigerant fluid to vaporize.
The vaporized refrigerant moves to the compressor, which pumps it under pressure to the
condenser coils. Here its heat is transferred by the fan to the outside. The refrigerant is returned
to the cooling coil as a liquid.
The basic purpose of the design is to control temperature flow through the room automatically.
Steps of operation that system operates as follows;
The outdoor air come from the atmosphere pass through the damper and the
return air mixed with outdoor air in the damper according to the signal from the
temperature sensor.
The mixed air is supplied to the room through the heater or cooler duct to
perform the required set temperature by the help of supplied fan.
The temperature set up happened according to the controlled program with
combination with the sensor response action as well as the signal conditioning
element which all be listed below latter briefly.
Therefore the automatic control activity of controlling the temperature will
continue through these combinations of all elements.
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Figure 3.5 Interfacing of hardware and software components of logo PLC control
3.6.4 Communication
Evidently, there is a need for a communication system between all these components. Since the
birth of home and building automation systems, a multitude of standards has popped up.
For example:
Simple copper wiring (elder days)
Telephone line
Parallel communication
Serial communication
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Coax
Infrared
Twisted pair cable
Fiber optics
Wireless
From the communication equipment above, our project uses to transmit data from PC to PLC the
serial communication.
RS-232 is a standard interface approved by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) for
connecting serial devices.
RS-422 is a Standard interfaces approved by the EIA, and designed for greater distances and
higher Baud rates than RS-232. RS-485 is an EIA standard for multipoint communications. It
supports several types of connectors, including DB-9 and DB-37. RS-485 is similar to RS-422
but can support more nodes per line RS-485 meets the requirements for a truly multi-point
communications network, and the standard specifies up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers on a single
(2-wire) bus
Programming Device Cable: A special cable, referred to as a PC/PPI cable, is needed when a
personal computer is used as a programming device. This cable allows the serial interface of the
PLC to communicate with the RS-232 serial interface of a personal computer.
Common Standards
RS -232
Used in short-distance computer communications, with the majority of computer

hardware and peripherals.
Has a maximum effective distance of approx. 30 m at 9600 baud.
3.7 Software development

The concept of controlling a control system is very simple and easy task it involves systematic approach
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By the following operation procedure
1. Determine the system sequence of operation:
2. Assignment of Inputs and outputs:
3. Writing of the program:
4. Programming into Memory:
5. Running the system:
3.7.1 Programming structure
Requirement for air conditioning system

An air conditioning supplies fresh air into a room industry& exhausts contaminated air.
A room containing an extractor fan & fresh air fan

Each fan is monitored by means of flow sensor
Humidity
Light of the home
3.8 Proper selection of sensors and signal conditioning element

3.8.1 Sensor Selection
Sensor is used to produce a varying signal according to the quantity being measured.
We limited our selection to the thermal sensor.
1. Temperature sensor.
2. Heat detector
3. Photo sensor
4. humidity
5. pressure sensor
6. motion detector
In this project the type of sensors that we have selected is temperature sensor which is a
thermistor type of LM-35 which is a variable temperature sensor.
3.8.2 Temperature sensor LM35

Description
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For our design purpose we select the temperature sensor LM35 as a sensor which has the
following criteria.
Are inexpensive.
Easily obtainable.
Easy to use and adaptable.
Can have reasonable output voltages.
Are temperature sensitive resistors.
Figure 3.6 LM35 sensors.

The temperature sensor that is used is LM 35 sensor which is type of thermistor. The LM 35
series are; Integrated circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to
the Celsius temperature. This is also suitable for remote applications.
3.8.4 Humidity sensor

A system that is sensed by humidity sensor, whose electrical characteristics changes according to
the amount of humidity. Humidity refers to the amount of wetness or water vapor in the soil. The
most common type of humidity sensor uses what is called capacitive measurement.
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
4.1 HVAC control system
To monitor the temperature, humidity, light of the room we need different sensors typically
thermostat LM_35A fault sensor, photo, motion, humidity sensors and their respective out puts.
4.2 Requirements for Air conditioning

A ventilation system is intended to supply fresh air to a room, and extract the used air. Each of
the two fans is monitored by an air fault monitor. At no time should the room become
pressurized. The fresh air fan may only be switched on when safe operation of the exhaust air fan
is signaled by the air flow monitor. An indicator light is intended to indicate failure of a fan.
Previous solution
The fans are monitored with air flow monitors. When no air flow is measured after a short delay
has elapsed, the system is switched off and a fault is reported; this can be acknowledged by
pressing the off button.
LOGO! Solution
Fan monitoring requires an evaluation circuit and several switching devices, in addition to the air
flow monitors. The evaluation circuit can be replaced by one single LOGO.
The thermostat senses the signal of the temperature from the environment and converts this
temperature signal to voltage signal and compared with the setting value.
Based on this result we have the following result.
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If the setting value is equal to the record value then room is in normal condition.(Q1 will
be on for a second)
If the setting value is less than the record value then the room is in a hot condition so that
the fault sensor sends he signal to the fault indicator at the same time cool air fan starts to
cool the room.(Q2&Q3 will be on at the same time for few seconds )
If the setting value is greater than the record value then the room is in a cool condition so
that the fault sensor sends the signal to the fault indicator at the same time hot air fan
starts to hot the room to become normal.( Q2&Q4 will be on at the same time for a few
seconds)
4.3 Connection of PLC

Fewer components are required than for the conventional solution. This allows a saving to be
made in installation time and space in the control cabinet.
Figure 4.2 LOGO! Wiring

Figure 4.1 previous solution
No
Symbol
Comment
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
I1
I3
T002
T002
T005
T005
T007
T007
T008
T008
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Temperature sensor
Fault sensor
Auxiliary timer Q1
On and off timer Q1
Auxiliary timer Q2
On and off timer Q2
Auxiliary timer Q3
On and off timer Q3
Auxiliary timer Q4
On and off timer Q4
Normal air condition
Fault displayer
Cooler air fan
Heater air fan
TABLE 4.1 air conditioning input and output
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Figure 1 Ladder diagram of air conditioning
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Figure 2 Air conditioning in FBD
The I1 is the off and the I2 is on. When we give an input I1 and I2 the lamp one is on (Q1)which
means the exhaust air fan starts its function. Until the timer B007 is stop its counting after it the
Q3 is on. And when we on the I1, I2 and I3 lamp Q1 and Q2 is on until the timer setting is finish
its counting after it the lamp Q3 is on.
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4.4 Air Conditioning
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Figure 3 Ladder diagram of air conditioning
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Figure 4 Air conditioning in FBD
4.5 Humidity control system

Here we have only one input that is moisture sensor and one output (pump motor). The input &
output assignment can be as follows:
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No
1
2
3
4
Symbol
I2
Q5
T001
T001
Comment
humidity sensor
Pump air
Timer coil auxiliary
Contact point of timer
Table 4.2 humidity control system
Figure 5 Ladder diagram of humidity
Figure 6 Humidity in FBD
The I1 is lighting sensor which senses the light and darkens. If we give a power the timer is starts
counting and the output which is the Q1 and Q2 is on. Those are in their function.
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Figure 7 Ladder diagram of the overall air conditioning system
4.6 Lighting control system

We select two inputs for automatically on the light of the home. Those are lighting dependent
sensor and occupancy/ motion sensor.
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No Symbol
Comment
1
I1
Photo sensor
2
I2
motion sensor
3
I3
motion sensor
4
I4
motion sensor
5
I5
motion sensor
6
I6
Alarm contact
7
Q1
Exterior lighting 1
8
Q2
Exterior lighting 2
9
Q3
Exterior lighting 3
10 Q4
Interior lighting
Table 4.3 lighting control system
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Figure 8 Ladder diagram of light controling
Figure 9 FBD of light control
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Requirements
The exterior and interior lighting of a house is controlled using LOGO. In the absence of the
occupants and when it is dark, persons approaching are to be detected and the exterior and
interior lighting switched on via motion detectors and the alarm contact of an alarm system.
LOGO! Solution
The exterior lighting is divided into three areas (at Q1, Q2, and Q3). Each area has its own
motion detector (at I2, I3, and I4). If one of these motion detectors is activated during a certain
period the corresponding exterior lighting is switched on.
The time period is set via a time switch integrated in LOGO. (5:00 in the evening to 7:00 in the
morning).
The photo-sensitive switch at I1 guarantees that the lighting is only switched on when it is dark.
A fourth motion detector is connected at I5, which independent of time and darkness switches on
all exterior lighting for 90 seconds. The exterior lighting is also switched on via the alarm contact
of the alarm system at I6 for 90 seconds. In addition, after switching off the exterior lighting, the
interior lighting is switched on for 90 seconds. Via the motion detector at I5 and the alarm
contact the internal lighting is immediately switched on for 90 seconds.
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CHUPTER FIVE
CONSLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Project Conclusion

To conclude, in automatic air conditioning system temperature is an important parameter to
control system to keep the room industrial at the state of comfort for human being. This consists
of measurement system like thermistor which is used to record the variation of temperature of
the surrounding then this recorded temperature is compared with the set value or desire value of
the room so that error signal is send to the PLC but before reaching the PLC various devices are
used to amplify the signal of the thermistor, voltage comparator, PLC controller and all the
system works automatically. So, there is no need of switches.
And other parameters that we have made controlled are the humidity, the light system. In the
case of the humidity we have got only one humidity sensor, which is used to sense the humidity
of the environment and it, becomes humidify or dehumidify according the customer want.
The light system is controlled using the photo sensor which is used to sense the presence of light
or darkness so that if there is darkness the light will be on for the person who comes to the room
which is sensed by the motion sensor which is send a signal a movement of the person to the
photo sensor so that the photo sensor will be make the light on or off.
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5.2 Recommendation
Although the proposed controller is quite complex, there are additional improvements that can be
made to obtain a more robust system: for example Oder of the environment checking mechanism
is not taken in to consideration so that it is better for engineers to do this mechanism of checking
as a result of this the people may live in a comfortable way even if the air is disturbed with a bad
Oder of the environment and we have no included the alarm system which is useful for any
variation of signal to send a signal of the sound to the person.
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REFERENCES
1. C.B. Chiou, C.H.Chiou, C.M. Chu, S.L. Lin, The application of fuzzy control on energy
saving for multi-unit room air-conditioners. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2009; pp.310316
2. Henry Nasution, Hishamuddin Jamaluddin, Jamaluddin Mohd. Energy Analysis for Air
Conditioning System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller. 2011; TELKOMNIKA, Vol.9, No.1,
pp. 139-150
3. F. Calvino, M.L. Gennusa, G. Rizzo, G. Scaccianoce, The control of indoor thermal comfort
conditions: introducing a fuzzy adaptive controller", Energy and Buildings. 2004;Vol 36,
pp.97-102.
4. Zhijian Hou, Zhiwei Lian (2009) Application of Temperature Fuzzy PI Controller Based on
PLC. 2009; pp. 1 - 4
5. Yuji Yamakawa, Takanori Yamazaki, Kazuyuki Kamimura, Shigeru Kurosu, Compensation of
manual reset to offset thermal loads change for air-conditioning system. 2008; pp.1374 1379
6. P.O. Fanger. Thermal Comfort. Analysis and Applications in Environmental
7. Engineering. McGraw-Hill New York, 1970.
8. Sheridan, Thomas B, Telerobotics, Automation and Human Supervisory Control, 1992
9. Zeng Junjie, Jin Ling, Chen Cunen, Meng Qinglin, Thermal Comfort of Natural Ventilated
Houses in Countryside of Subtropical Region 2011; pp. 6371-6375
10. Shafizal Maarof, Philip Jones Prof, Thermal Comfort Factor in Hot & Humid Region:
Malaysia. 2009
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APPENDICES
ABBRIVETIONS
PLC programmable logic controller
RS-232 Recommended standard 232
RS-485 Recommended standard485
HVAC heating, ventilation, air-conditioning
PC personal computers
LDR Light dependent resistor
EIA Electronics Industry Association
PPI.point to point interface
DIP Data information process
LAN Local Area Network
CPU . Central Processing Unit
PID Proportional Integral Derivative
PG 702Programming 702
49 | P a g e

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PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

PLC BASED AUTOMATIC AIR CONDITIONING

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Figure 43 Air conditioning in FBD................................................................................................62

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

1.2 Principles of automatic air conditioning

1.3 Objectives of the project

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

This project aim is:

1.4 Significance of the project

1.5 Problems statement

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

1.7 Organization of the project

Light sensor (LDR )

Table 1.1 material required

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Figure 2.1 control of temperature

2.2 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller PLC

2.3 The Role of the Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

2.4 Basic parts of PLC:Basic parts of the PLC are as follows:

Programming panel or unit

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Figure 2.2 Basic structure of PLC

2.4.1 Processors module:Processor module is the brain of the PLC.

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

2.4.5 A programming unit

2.4.6 The power supply

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

2.6 Characteristic Functions of a PLC

It is field programmable by the user

2.7 Processing Methods

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

2.8.1 Programming languages

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Figure 2.5 the Siemens LOGO! PLC

5, Keypad with 6 keys (arrows: up, down, right, left

and ESC and OK keys)

6, Connection terminal for outputs

2, Connection terminal for inputs

7, Visualization LED RUN/STOP

8, Expansion terminal power supply

4, LCD screen (multi characters)

9, PLC connection lever

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Figure 3.1 PLC based control system

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Figure 3.2 Block diagram

3.1 Input Functions

humidity / pressure sensor

Light sensor (photodiode, photo resistor )

Temperature sensor (pt. 100, thermocouple, resistance thermometer, thermostat )

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Electro-mechanical switches ( relays )

3.3 Control functions

Setting an output after a timer has reached a certain state

Setting an output after a logical combination of inputs has occurred

Setting a diversity of outputs after an input occurs

PLC Based Automatic Air Conditioning Control System

Contacting an external service when an input occurs