Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Greta Garbo
: 67.8 years
: 73.6 years
NORMAL AGING
Normal Aging
Generally normal
aging in
associated with a
reduction in
functional reserve
capacity in tissues
and organs.
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Normal Aging
At advanced age more
common to see
evidence of impaired
homeostasis and
response to external
insults e.g. illness.
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Risk Factors
for Hypothermia in Elderly
Decreased ability to
sweat
Decreased ability to
redirect heat :
Reduced capacity for
vasodilation peripherally
Modest ability to
increase cardiac output
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Characteristic of Aging
Mortality increases exponentially
Biochemical composition of tissue changes
Physiologic capacity decreased
Ability to maintain homeostasis diminishes
Susceptibility and vulnerability to disease
increases
Characteristic of Aging
Loss of physiologic reserve and decreased
contemporary diet
Higher AA in cell membranes
AA reacts avidly than EPA with cyclo-
oxygenase enzyme
AA-eicosanoids > EPA-eicosanoids systemic
inflammation
Silent inflammation = inflammation without
the 5 cardinal signs
Pain, red, swell, heat and loss of function
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Glycation Theory
Occurs in everyone, but a faster rate in
diabetics
Reaction with glucose with macromolecules
Devastating effects on macromolecules
Condition related to AGE
Senile dementia
Vascular Stiffening
Cataract
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Hypertension
Cancer
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Arthritis
Diabetes
Alzheimers disease
Stroke
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Physiology of Aging
Why do we need to know the
physiology of aging?
to tell the difference between
physiological and pathological
phenomena in the geriatric population
To appreciate the impact of normal
age-related degeneration on diseases
and their management.
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Goals of
Successful Aging
Compression of
debilitating disease into
Health Model
Anti aging internal health
Aesthetic external health
Regenerative - rejuvenation
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Why do we age?
2 categories of theories :
Aging events occur randomly and accumulate
in time : Stochastic Theory
Accumulated errors in making bodily and cell
proteins Error Catastrophe Theory
Cross-linking of big molecules such as
proteins accumulates over time Crosslinking theory
Repeated damage to DNA and incomplete
repair wear and Tear Theory
Aging is inevitable : Nonstochastic Theory
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Why do we age?
2 categories of theories :
Aging is inevitable : Nonstochastic Theory
Certain organ-systems such as hypothalamus,
immune and neuroendocrine systems have
in-built pacemakers that involute with age
pacemaker theory
There is familiar predisposition for longevity
and thus there may be a genetic basis for
aging genetic theory
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Sarcopenia
Between ages 30 and 75:
Lean body mass decreases
due to loss of skeletal muscle
mass
Number and size of muscle
fibers progressively decrease.
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Age-related
diseases :
- cardiovascular
- cancer
- obesity
- diabetes
- osteoporosis
- dementia
Age-related
physiology :
- Intestinal transit
- cardiac output
- kidney function
- liver function
Age-related symptoms :
- fatique
- cognition
- depression
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Balanced Diet
Energy intake
50/25/25
50% Carbohydrate
fruits & vegetables
25% Protein 2/3
plant, 1/3 meat
preferably fish
25% Fat (mono &
poly) unsaturated
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Okinawan Diet
7 servings of vegetables
7 servings of grains
4 servings of fruits
Abundance of soy
3 times per week fish
Alcohol in moderation
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Phytonutrients
Spices Hormone modulator,
Cancer Preventive
Mushrooms/Ginsengs Adaptogen
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sugar
Avoid trans fatty acid
cooked fat
Avoid acralamide
heated carbohydrate
Avoid preservatives &
additives
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Colour Agents
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meat eater
Hydration
Drink liquids (ml) = 33 x body weight
(kg)/day
Hydrate before during & after exercise
Test hydration status
Specific gravity - 1020
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Balance
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Musculoskeletal Composition
Deterioration in Aging
&
30 year old
75 year old
30% - muscle
15% - muscle
10% - bone
8% - bone
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Types of Exercise
Five main types of exercise
Strength build muscle, HGH
stimulation
Aerobics cardiopulmonary
conditioning
Intervals accommodate heart
size to demand
Stretching flexibility
Eastern balance &
coordination
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calcium
Loss of endocrine
protection
Reduced endogenous
production of vitamin D
Disuse
Disease Chronic Renal
Disease, Rheumatoid
Arthritis, Thyroid Disease
Medications Steroids,
Thyroxin.
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Osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis
till
risk
Fragility fracture
Should understand
physiology
pathophysiology
Immuno senescence & inflammatory of aging
Immuno senescence lifelong antigenic load
chronic immune system activation
hyper
proinflammatory
production
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vs
vs
reabsorption
osteoclasts
tuning by cytokins
growth factors
accumulation
Natural Bone
Building Plan
1. Hormones
2. Minerals
3. Vitamins
4. Diet
5. Digestion
6. Exercise
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Hormones
Vit D is a steroid hormones
Determinant for bone
health & all ages
determinant
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2. Vitamin K2
3. Vitamin C
4. Vitamin B
5. Vitamin E
2000-5000 u/d
50-150 mcg/d
1000mg 4000mg/d
100mg/d, if
homocysteine not
improving use
Methyl B12/ folic
acid
200-800 U
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Magnesium
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acidosis
Bones ability to neutralize acid load -- depend on KT
stores
K+ intertitial fluid
K+ Ca++ from bone to buffer in a place of KT
chronic high steroids
diuretics
KT
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Acidifying Foods
Sugar
Yeast, wheat breads
Soft drinks, alcohol, tea,
coffee
Cranberries
Sweet potato
Salt
HOPS
Corn oil
White balsamic vinegar
Saccharine, aspartame
benzoate
Alkalinizing Foods
Honey, maple syrup, stevia
Goats milk
Soy milk
Umeboshi plums
Sea salt
Most herbal teas
Lemon, limes, grapefruit,
onion
Olive oil
Miso
Most fruits & vegetables
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Unhealthy Ageing
Healthy Ageing
is
SIRT1
a
Implicated in
Audrey Hepburn
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SIRT 1
A key mediator of beneficial effects of :
Caloric restriction
Regulates lipid
Regulates glucose
Regulates metabolism
By deacetylating metabolic regulators
SIRT1 levels are regulated by microRNAs
(miRs)
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ends of chromosoms
Telomeres : maintain integrity of chromosoms
Telomeres shortened cellular damage
Cellular death
aging
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Telomeres shortened
limit proliferation of human
cells, by inducing :
Replicative senescence
Differentiation
Apoptosis
Increasing cancer risk
Telomere Shortening & Aging (2007).
H.Jiang, Z.Ju, K.L Rudolph: Z Gerontol. Geriat 40:314-324
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Osteoblasts, MSCs
Retinal pigmented tissue of
eye
Chondrocytes
Skeletal muscle
Kidney cortex
Neurons
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Nutritional Modification
Nutrient Supplementation
Herbs
Pharmaceuticals
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Mental Training
Mind / Body Exercise
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