Reduction of Coincidence Summing in -ray

Spectra Using a Clover Detector

Peter Bertone
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of North Carolina

Nuclear Seminar
14 November 2005

What is Coincidence Summing?

Detector "Can"

Beam

Target

1111111
0000000
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000 HPGe
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111
0000000
1111111

Figure : LENA Target/Detector Geometry

What is Coincidence Summing?

Ep(keV )

Ex(keV )

7556

1/2+

7278

7/2+

6793

3/2+

6176

3/2

5183

1/2+

1/2

278
14

N +p

-504

Figure : Partial Level Diagram for

15

1e+00

1e+01

LUNA1
LUNA2
LENA
Munster

1e-02

1e-01

S F actor(keV barns)

1e+02

What is Coincidence Summing?

100

200

300

Ecm(keV )

Figure :

14

N(p, )15 O Ground State Transition

Imbriani, et al., arXiv:nucl-ex/0509005 v1, 1 Sep 2005

Runkle, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 082503 (2005)
Formicola, et al., Phys. Lett. B 591 (2004)
Schr
oder, et al., Nuc. Phys. A467 (1987)

400

Clover Detectors
Close Packed Crystal Geometry

Each crystal is nominally 50 mm diameter by 80 mm long.

Clover Detectors

Clover Detectors

Some Terminology
I

HPGe or Germanium: The large volume single crystal detector

at LENA.

Some Terminology
I

HPGe or Germanium: The large volume single crystal detector

at LENA.

Hit Multiplicity-1 : Category of incoming -ray events that

deposit all of their energy in one crystal.

Some Terminology
I

HPGe or Germanium: The large volume single crystal detector

at LENA.

Hit Multiplicity-1 : Category of incoming -ray events that

deposit all of their energy in one crystal.

Hit Multiplicity-2 : Category of incoming -ray events that

deposit their energy in any two crystals, e.g.:
1) One -ray enters the detector and its deposited energy is
shared among two crystals.
2) Two -rays simultaneously enter via two different crystals
and each crystal absorbs the full energy of each -ray.
3) And so on . . .

Some Terminology
I

HPGe or Germanium: The large volume single crystal detector

at LENA.

Hit Multiplicity-1 : Category of incoming -ray events that

deposit all of their energy in one crystal.

Hit Multiplicity-2 : Category of incoming -ray events that

deposit their energy in any two crystals, e.g.:
1) One -ray enters the detector and its deposited energy is
shared among two crystals.
2) Two -rays simultaneously enter via two different crystals
and each crystal absorbs the full energy of each -ray.
3) And so on . . .

Likewise for Hit Multiplicity-3 and Hit Multiplicity-4.

More Terminology
Clover Operating Modes

Direct Mode: The four clover crystals are operated

independently. The total spectrum is the channel sum of the
individual crystal spectra. The total efficiency is the sum of
the four crystal efficiencies.

More Terminology
Clover Operating Modes

Direct Mode: The four clover crystals are operated

independently. The total spectrum is the channel sum of the
individual crystal spectra. The total efficiency is the sum of
the four crystal efficiencies.

Add-Back Mode: Incoming -ray events are sorted by hit

multiplicity. Events with hit multiplicity > 1 are summed in
energy across the crystals involved. The total spectrum is the
channel sum of the four hit multiplicity spectra. The total
efficiency is the direct mode efficiency plus an add-back factor.

Clover Detectors
Interactions Cartoon

Figure : Clover Crystals Front View

Clover Detectors and Coincidence Summing

I

Direct mode should greatly reduce summing by dividing

detector material into multiple units each with smaller solid
angle, but . . .

Clover Detectors and Coincidence Summing

I

Direct mode should greatly reduce summing by dividing

detector material into multiple units each with smaller solid
angle, but . . .

Since each unit (crystal) acts independently, events which

deposit energy into more than one crystal will not produce a
full energy peak thereby degrading overall efficiency compared
to that of a single crystal of comparable volume.

Clover Detectors and Coincidence Summing

I

Direct mode should greatly reduce summing by dividing

detector material into multiple units each with smaller solid
angle, but . . .

Since each unit (crystal) acts independently, events which

deposit energy into more than one crystal will not produce a
full energy peak thereby degrading overall efficiency compared
to that of a single crystal of comparable volume.

We can gain back this efficiency with the add-back mode

whereby we sum in energy coincident events occurring in two
or more crystals, wait a minute . . .

Clover Detectors and Coincidence Summing

I

Direct mode should greatly reduce summing by dividing

detector material into multiple units each with smaller solid
angle, but . . .

Since each unit (crystal) acts independently, events which

deposit energy into more than one crystal will not produce a
full energy peak thereby degrading overall efficiency compared
to that of a single crystal of comparable volume.

We can gain back this efficiency with the add-back mode

whereby we sum in energy coincident events occurring in two
or more crystals, wait a minute . . .

This just reintroduces coincidence summing of transitions.

Clover Detectors and Coincidence Summing

I

Direct mode should greatly reduce summing by dividing

detector material into multiple units each with smaller solid
angle, but . . .

Since each unit (crystal) acts independently, events which

deposit energy into more than one crystal will not produce a
full energy peak thereby degrading overall efficiency compared
to that of a single crystal of comparable volume.

We can gain back this efficiency with the add-back mode

whereby we sum in energy coincident events occurring in two
or more crystals, wait a minute . . .

This just reintroduces coincidence summing of transitions.

Is there some way to use the add-back mode to enhance

efficiency while also using the granularity of the clover
detector to reduce coincidence summing?

Gated Add-Back Operating Mode

Yes there is.

Well use the add-back mode and construct rejection gates around
the transitions that sum-in to the transition we want the measure.

Source Test Procedure

Collect data with same 60 Co source on both the HPGe and

the Clover detector for the same amount of time and in the
same geometry.

Compare efficiencies and coincidence summing for each Clover

operating mode to the HPGe.

60

Co

15000
5000
0

Counts

25000

35000

HPGe Spectrum for

500

1000

1500
Channel

2000

2500

3000

60

Co

10000
5000
0

Counts

15000

20000

Clover Crystal #1 Spectrum for

200

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400

Channel

Direct Mode
Blue: HPGe
Red: Clover Direct
Mode
Run 0
1, 10, 1, 1

Sep 25, 2005 10:03:19 PM

File:sum
narrow-gate-sort-rebinned+Ge
- File:
20050918-60Co-Ge-CFD11-4hr
HPGe
60Co
peak and 208Tl peak. BLUE
= Ge;
RED = Clover 4-way direct- mode.

10000

8000

Counts

6000

4000

2000

0
1220

1240

1260

1280
Channels

1300

1320

1340

Clover Hit Multiplicity-1 Spectrum for

60

Co

60

Co

600
400
200
0

Counts

800

1000

Clover Hit Multiplicity-2 Spectrum for

500

1000

1500

2000

Energy (keV)

2500

3000

60

Co

Counts

10

15

Clover Hit Multiplicity-3 Spectrum for

500

1000

1500

2000

Energy (keV)

2500

3000

Clover Total Add-Back Spectrum for

60

Co

600
400
200
0

Counts

800

1000

Clover Gated Hit Multiplicity-2 Spectrum for

500

1000

1500

2000

Energy (keV)

2500

3000

60

Co

Clover Total Gated Add-Back Spectrum for

60

Co

Gated Add-Back Mode

Blue: HPGe
Light Blue: Clover Add-Back
sum peak
peak; BLUE = Ge; LIGHT BLUE = Clover add-back mode; RED Sep
= Clover
gated
add-back
Runand
0 208Tl
25, 2005
10:14:31
PM mode
Red: 60Co
Clover
Gated
Add-Back
1, 19, 1, 1, 15 File: narrow-gate-sort-rebinned+Ge - File: 20050918-60Co-Ge-CFD11-4hr - HPGe
10000

8000

Counts

6000

4000

2000

0
1220

1240

1260

1280
Channels

1300

1320

1340

Preliminary Results

Operating
Mode
HPGe
Direct
Add-Back
Gated Add-Back
4way Anti-Coinc
8way Anti-Coinc

Efficiency
Relative to HPGe

90.4%
86.4%
85.4%
70.6%
49.7%

Summing
Ratio
4.90%
0.71%
3.00%
0.71%
0.68%
0.40%

Reduction
Factor

6.90
1.63
6.90
7.20
12.25

Conclusions

Detector granularity does significantly reduce coincidence

summing (no surprise).

Conclusions

Detector granularity does significantly reduce coincidence

summing (no surprise).

We have successfully implemented the add-back mode with

the clover detector.

Conclusions

Detector granularity does significantly reduce coincidence

summing (no surprise).

We have successfully implemented the add-back mode with

the clover detector.

We have also successfully developed an operating mode using

rejection gating that preserves the efficiency gains of the
add-back mode while also preserving the level of coincidence
summing suppression seen in direct mode.

Conclusions

Detector granularity does significantly reduce coincidence

summing (no surprise).

We have successfully implemented the add-back mode with

the clover detector.

We have also successfully developed an operating mode using

rejection gating that preserves the efficiency gains of the
add-back mode while also preserving the level of coincidence
summing suppression seen in direct mode.

Using this technique we therefore should be able to

significantly improve upon the current data for the
14 N(p, )15 O ground state transition and consequently the
stellar reaction rate.

Next Steps

Repeat tests with actual reaction to verify results at higher

-ray energies.

Next Steps

Repeat tests with actual reaction to verify results at higher

-ray energies.

Remeasure the ground state transition for

14 N(p, )15 O.

Next Steps

Repeat tests with actual reaction to verify results at higher

-ray energies.

Remeasure the ground state transition for

Write tome. Graduate.

14 N(p, )15 O.

Thanks for your attention.

Acknowledgments:
I

Art Champagne

Christian Iliadis

Werner Tornow

Chris Fox

Richard Longland

Joe Newton

Eliza Osenbaugh-Stewart

Anton Tonchev

Claudio Ugalde