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C. Melios1,2, V. Panchal1, C.E. Giusca1, A. Centeno3, A. Zurutuza3, S.R.P. Silva2 and O. Kazakova1
1National
Introduction
Methods
Ambient
Vacuum
N2
20% R.H.
40% R.H.
60% R.H.
eV
60% R.H.
eV
2LG
island
Mono-layer
Work function maps of the bi-layer graphene transferred to SiO2 in controlled environmental conditions.
Ambient
Vacuum
eV
N2
20% R.H.
40% R.H.
Substrate
Bi-layer
Mono-layer WF
2LG islands WF
Bi-layer WF
Mono-layer hole concentration
Bi-layer hole concentration
5.2
5.1
20
5.0
18
16
14
4.9
12
4.8
10
4.7
8
4.6
4.5
bi
en
t
Significant decrease of WF and hole concentration in vacuum desorption of water and other p-dopants present on
the graphene surface.
Gradual increase of WF and hole concentration water is a strong p dopant.
Saturation of WF and hole concentration water saturates the graphene surface and is not the only dopant in
ambient air.
Bi-layer graphene behaves as two decoupled layers, with only the top layer affected by humidity (response similar to
mono-layer).
Weak interaction between mono-layer and twisted 2LG results in different response compared to de-coupled bilayers.
Am
.
60
%
.H
.
.H
R
40
%
.H
R
20
%
itr
o
N
Va
Am
ge
n
4.3
cu
um
bi
en
t
4.4
5.3
Environmental condition
Conclusions
Ambient
Vacuum
Nitrogen
20 % R.H.
40 % R.H.
60 % R.H.
Raman characterisation
3000
G-Peak intensity
1450
2D-Peak intensity
1610 cm-1
Ambient
G D
G-Peak shift
2LG
islands
2D
Mono-layer
2LG island 1
2LG island 2
2LG island 3
= 532
Mono-layer
680
680
1570 cm-1
Graphene surface saturates with water at humidity levels higher than ~40% R. H. This can be seen from the
saturation in hole concentration and WF.
Upon exposure to ambient air, the carrier concentration is not fully restored long restoring time is needed.
Raman spectroscopy/mapping indicated that the mono-layer sample is covered with 1LG film, decorated with
twisted 2LG nucleation islands. The bi-layer samples are covered with decoupled (not AB stacked) 2LG films.
1400
1600
2600
2700
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the support of EC grants Graphene Flagship
and the IRD Graphene Project. The work was carried out as
part of an Engineering Doctorate Program in Micro- and
NanoMaterials and Technologies, financially supported by the
EPSRC, the University of Surrey and the National Physical
Laboratory.
2800