Lec-2: Electrical Machines, B.Sc.

Electrical Engineering

Lecture Objectives
Ideal & Practical Transformers
Losses, Efficiency & Voltage Regulation
Shifting of Parameters
Equivalent Circuits

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Hysteresis Loss (P h )
Associated with magnetization & demagnetization of the
core during each half cycle of the flux.

IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Ideal transformer is practically nothing but its study
provides useful tool in the analysis of a practical
transformer.
Characteristics
1. Winding resistances (R 1 & R 2 ) = Zero
2. Winding reactance (X 1 & X 2 )
= Zero
3. Copper and core losses
= Zero
4. Leakage flux
= Zero
5. Zero voltage regulation
= Zero
6. Input
= output
7. Efficiency
= 100 %
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
1. Winding resistances (R 1 & R 2 ) Zero
2. Winding reactance (X 1 & X 2 )
Zero
3. Copper and core losses
Zero
4. Leakage flux
Zero
5. Zero voltage regulation
Zero
6. Input
output
7. Efficiency
100 %
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
Losses of transformer appear in the form of heat in core and
windings.

Eddy current Loss (Pe)

Induced emf in core sets up eddy current in core and hence
eddy current losses occur.

Laminations of core increase the resistance by decreasing

the thickness of core which in turn decreases the eddy
current (i.e., Ie = E / R) and eddy current loss.
Iron loses known as constant losses because applied voltage,
frequency, core volume, core thickness and flux density
remains constant at all loads.
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Lec-2: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Leakage Flux Loss

Why transformer power in KVA instead of KW?

Flux leaking from core to air produces self-inductance in

coils which is loss.

Copper losses depend on current and iron losses depend

on voltage and no other losses occur in transformer.
Therefore total losses depend on Volt Ampere (VA).
Losses do not depend on angle between volt and current.
It means it is independent of power factor.
Electrical power on either side of transformer is constant
(V 1 I 1 = V 2 I 2 ), so there is no need of power factor which
is only required to compensate losses.
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

Copper Losses
Resistive heating losses in the primary and secondary
windings of the transformer.
Proportional to square of the current
flowing
in
the windings.
About 90 % of the total losses.
Known as variable losses because they are
different
at different loads.

ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY

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Lec-2: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Due to the resistance and reactance of the windings,
voltage drop takes place in the
transformer.
Accordingly the output voltage
under load conditions
is different from the output voltage under no-load
condition.
The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the
difference between the secondary voltages at no-load and
the secondary voltages at load expressed as % age of the
no-load voltage.
% age VR = [V 2 , NL - V 2 , FL ] x 100 / V 2, NL

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

When the parameters are transferred from secondary to

primary side, then the parameters are called referred to
primary side parameters (Ro 1 , Xo 1 , Zo 1 ) and the circuit
is called referred to primary circuit.
When the parameters are transferred from primary to
secondary side, then the parameters are called referred to
secondary side parameters (Ro 2 , Xo 2 , Zo 2 ) and the
circuit is called referred to secondary circuit.

Voltage Regulation Up
If the voltage drop is divided by V 2 ,L, then the voltage
regulation is known as voltage regulation up.
% age VR Up = [V 2 , NL _ V 2 , FL ] x 100 / V 2, L
Voltage Regulation Down
If the voltage drop is divided by V 2, NL , then the voltage
regulation is known as voltage regulation up.
% age VR Down = [V 2 , NL -V 2 , FL ] x 100 / V 2 , NL
SHIFTING OF PARAMETERS (RESISTANCE,
REACTANCE, IMPEDANCE, VOLTAGE &
CURRENT)
It is possible to transfer resistance, reactance and
impedance in a transformer from one winding to other to
simplify the calculations.

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Lec-2: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

POINTS TO REMEMBER
When secondary parameters like R2, X2 and Z2 are
transferred to primary side, multiply them by a2
or 1 / k2.
When primary parameters like R1, X1 and Z1 are
transferred to secondary side, multiply them by
1 / a2 or k2.
Secondary voltage V2 becomes a V2 in the primary
side and primary voltage V1 becomes V1 / a in the
secondary side.
Secondary current I2 becomes I2 / a in the primary
side and primary current I1 becomes I1 a in the
secondary side.
12

EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCIT

Circuital representation of of transformer parts and
parameters that makes analysis easy.

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Lec-2: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Copper losses are modelled by placing resistors in

primary and secondary windings.
Leakage elements are modelled by inductance or
inductance.
Excitation branch of core may consist of R C and X C .
Working current (heat generating current) is associated
with R C and magnetization current (field generating
current) is associated with X C of core.
Exact equivalent circuits referred to primary (a) and
secondary sides (b) are modelled as:

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

No-load current Io is only 1 3 % of the rated primary

current and may be neglected without any serious error.
Equivalent circuit with out excitation branch is called
app. equivalent circuit.
Approximate equivalent circuits without excitation
branch, referring to primary and secondary sides are
shown as:

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