Reservoir Characterization 1

Reservoir
Characterization (Part I)
Reservoir stratification (reservoir lithology)
Reservoir geometry
Porosity, permeability, and water saturation
Adjoining
j
g aquifer
q
Reservoir fluid properties

Reseroir Characterization 2

Reservoir stratification
Most reservoirs are layered because of variations that existed
in the depositional environment.

Reseroir Characterization 3

Reservoir Geometry (Areally)

Reseroir Characterization 4

Reservoir Geometry (Vertically)

Reseroir Characterization 5

Porosity
Vb Vma
Porosity = =
=
Vb
Vb
Vp

Reseroir Characterization 6

Rock Matrix and Pore Space

Rock matrix

Pore space

Reseroir Characterization 7

Pore-Space
Classification
P
S
Cl
ifi ti
z Total porosity, t =

Total Pore Space

Bulk Volume
z Effective p
porosity,
y, e =

Interconnected Pore Space

Bulk Volume

Reseroir Characterization 8

Permeability
z Permeability is a property of the porous

medium and is a measure of the capacity

of the medium to transmit fluids

Reseroir Characterization 9

Absolute Permeability
z When the medium is completely

saturated with one fluid,

fluid then the
permeability measurement is often
referred to as specific or absolute

permeability

Reseroir Characterization 10

Effective Permeability
z When the rock pore spaces contain

more than one fluid, then the

permeability to a particular fluid is
called the effective permeability

z Effective permeability is a measure of

the fluid conductance capacity of a

porous medium to a particular fluid
when the medium is saturated with
more than one fluid

Reseroir Characterization 11

Relative Permeability
z Relative p
permeability
y is defined as the

ratio of the effective permeability to a

fluid at a g
given saturation to the
effective permeability to that fluid at
100% saturation

Reseroir Characterization 12

Calculating Relative Permeabilities

z Oil

z Water

z Gas

k ro

k eo
=
k

k rw

k ew
=
k

k rg =

k eg
k

Reseroir Characterization 13

In-Situ Saturation

Rock matrix

Water

Oil and/or gas

Reseroir Characterization 14

Fluid Saturation
z The saturation of the fluid is the fraction of

the pore volume occupied by that fluid

Volume of fluid
S=
Pore volume

Reseroir Characterization 15

Fluid Saturations
z Basic concepts of hydrocarbon

accumulation

Initially, pore space filled 100% with water

Hydrocarbons
y
migrate
g
up
p dip
p into traps
p
Hydrocarbons distributed by capillary forces
and gravity
Connate water saturation remains in
hydrocarbon zone

Reseroir Characterization 16

Determining Fluid Saturations

z Core analysis
z Capillary
p
y pressure
p
measurements
z Electric openhole logs

Reseroir Characterization 17

Adjoining Aquifer
The aquifer is the total volume of porous water-bearing
g rock in
pressure communication with a hydrocarbon reservoir.
Areal View

Vertical view

Gas reservoir
Gas
reservoir

Aquifer water
encroaches
h ffrom the
h
side

B tt
Bottom
water
t

Reseroir Characterization 18

Reservoir Fluid Properties

The fluid properties of interest to the Reservoir Engineer are
th
those
th
thatt affect
ff t th
the mobility
bilit off fl
fluids
id within
ithi the
th reservoirs
i
these are used in material balance calculations
Properties at surface conditions for transportation and sales
(API, viscosity, oil quality)

Reseroir Characterization 19

Reservoir Fluid Properties

Oil Properties
Bubble Point Pressure
Bo
Rs
Bt
Co and o
Gas properties
z
Bg and g
Compositions oil & gas
Properties of the composition/mixture

Reseroir Characterization 20

Real Gas in Reservoir

Equation of State:

pV = nZRT

Quantity Description

Unit/Value

Pressure

psia

Volume

ft^3
ft
3

Mole number

lb-moles

Gas compressibility
G
ibilit
factor

di
dimensionless
i l

Temperature

Rankine

Universal Gas
constant

10.73

Reseroir Characterization 21

Calculating Z (1)
1,1

1,1

NHIET O GIA GIAM

3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,9
1,8

1,0

0,9

1,0
1,5

1,6
0,8

1,3
11
1,1

1,4

1,7

1,05

1,5

1,1

0,9

1,7

1,45
1,4

07
0,7

1,2

1,35

HE
SO
LE
CH
KH
, Z

0,6

1,4

1,25

1,5

1,5
1,6
1,7
,
1,8
14
1,4
1,9
2,0
2,2

1,2
05
0,5
1,15
0,4

16
1,6

1,3

1,3

2,4
2,6
3,0

1,1

0,3

1,3

1,2
1,05
3,0

1,1

2,8

1,0 1,8
17
1,7
1,6
0,9

1,1

2,6 2,4
2,2
2,0 1,9

1,2
1,1
,

1,0

1,05

1,4
1,3
8

10

11

AP SUAT GIA GIAM

12

13

14

Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical pressure and

temperature (Sutton)

0,9
15

ppc = 756.8 131.0 g 3.6 g2

Tpc = 169.2 349.5 g 74.0 g2
Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced pressure
and temperature:

pr

p
p

pc

;T

pr

T
=
T pc

Step 3: Use Standings-Katz plot to determine

Z

Reseroir Characterization 22

Exercise 1
Calculate z-factor according to the given data as follows

Quantity

Value

Unit

Specific
gravity
g
y

0.665

Dimensionless

Reservoir
temperature

213

Reservoir
pressure

3250

psia

Reseroir Characterization 23

Solution to Exercise 1
1,1

1,1

NHIET O GIA GIAM

3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,9
1,8

1,0

0,9

1,0
1,5

1,6
0,8

1,3
11
1,1

1,4

1,7

1,05

1,5

1,1

0,9

p pc = 756.8 131.0(.665) 3.6(.665) 2 = 668

1,7

1,45
1,4

07
0,7

1,2

1,35

0,6

1,4

1,25

1,5

1,5
1,6
1,7
,
1,8
14
1,4
1,9
2,0
2,2

1,2
05
0,5
1,15
0,4

16
1,6

Tpc = 169.2 349.5(.665) 74.0(.665)2 = 369

1,3

1,3
HE
SO
LE
CH
KH
, Z

Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical pressure and

temperature (Sutton)

2,4
2,6
3,0

1,1

0,3

Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced pressure

and temperature:

1,3

pr

= 4 . 87 ; T

pr

= 1 . 82

1,2
1,05
3,0

1,1

2,8

1,0 1,8
17
1,7
1,6
0,9

1,1

2,6 2,4
2,2
2,0 1,9

1,2
1,1
,

Step 3: Use Standings-Katz plot to determine

Z

1,0

1,05

1,4
1,3
8

10

11

AP SUAT GIA GIAM

12

13

14

0,9
15

Z=0.918

Reseroir Characterization 24

Calculate Z using Dranchuk and

Abou-Kassem Correlation
F Z = R1 r

R2

+ R 3 r2 R 4 r5 + R 5 (1 + A 11 r2 ) exp( A 11 r2 ) + 1 = 0

r = 0 . 27 p pr /( ZT

pr

R 1 = A 1 + A 2 / T pr + A 3 / T pr3 + A 4 / T pr4 + A 5 / T pr5

R 2 = 0 . 27 p

pr

/ T pr

R 3 = A 6 + A 7 / T pr + A 8 / T pr2
R 4 = A 9 ( A 7 / T pr + A 8 / T pr2 )
R 5 = A 10 / T pr3

A1 = 0 . 3265 ; A2 = 1 . 0700 ; A3 = 0 . 5339

A4 = 0 . 01569 ; A5 = 0 . 05165 ; A6 = 0 . 5475
A7 = 0 . 7361 ; A8 = 0 . 1844 ; A9 = 0 . 1056
A10 = 0 . 6134 ; A11 = 0 . 7210

Reseroir Characterization 25

Exercise 2: PVT Analysis

Using the data in the table below and assuming real gas behavior, calculate the density of the gas
phase under initial reservoir conditions. Compare the results with that of ideal gas behavior.

Component

C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
H2S
CO2
N2
H
He
Air
O2

Mole Percent

Molecular Weight

(1)

(2)
0.85
0 04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0 00
0.00
0.00
0.00

16.043
30 070
30.070
44.097
58.123
58.123
72.150
72.150
86.177
100.204
114.231
128 258
128.258
142.285
34.080
44.010
28.013
4 003
4.003
28.960
31.999

Critical
Press.
(psia)
(3)

Critical
Temp.
(R)
(4)
666.4
706 5
706.5
616.0
527.9
550.6
490.4
488.6
436.9
396.8
360.7
331 8
331.8
305.2
1300.0
1071.0
493.1
33 0
33.0
546.9
731.4

343.00
549 59
549.59
665.73
734.13
765.29
828.77
845.47
913.27
972.37
1023.89
1070 35
1070.35
1111.67
672.12
547.58
227.16
9 36
9.36
238.36
278.24