Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction inspection
Base elevation
Nature and type of soil at the base of the excavation
Base cleaning before concrete placement
Dimensions and cross sections of the footings
Concrete placement
Time for concrete placement
Footing integrity after concrete placement
Causes of settlement
Settlement of footings
The total settlement of a footing in clay may be considered to consist
of three components (Skempton and Bjerrum, 1957)
S = Sc + S i + Ss
where,
S = total settlement
Si = immediate elastic settlement
Sc = consolidation settlement
Ss = settlement due to secondary consolidation of clay
Where,
q = uniform pressure on the foundation
B = least lateral dimension of footing
= modulus of elasticity of soil beneath the foundation
= Poissons ration of the soil
= influence factor = 0.88 for rigid circular footing
= 0.82 for rigid square footing
Flexible footing
Rigid footing
Col. (5) = 0.8 x Col. (2)
Centre
Corner
Average
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1.00
0.64
0.85
0.80
1.0
1.12
0.56
0.95
0.90
1.5
1.36
0.68
1.20
1.09
2.0
1.52
0.77
1.31
1.22
5.0
2.10
1.05
1.83
1.68
10.0
2.52
1.26
2.25
2.02
100.0
3.38
1.69
2.96
2.70
(1)
1. Circular
2. Rectangular (L/B)
Where, =
1 2
=
Test 1
Test 3
Test 2
1 3
/
Consolidation Settlement,
0 +
=
. log10
1 + 0
0
Where, 0 = effective initial overburden pressure due to soil
overburden, measured at the centre of the layer
= vertical stress increment due to footing load, at the centre
of layer
Cc = compression index = 0.009(wL 10)
e0 = initial voids ratio
H = thickness of compressible layer
C = a coefficient or correction factor depending upon the
geometry of the footing and the history of loading on the clay
(i.e. on the pore pressure coefficient A)
In the absence of any other data C may be taken as unity for the
clay
Permissible Settlements
Terzaghi and Peck (1948) specify a permissible differential settlement
of 20 mm between adjacent columns and recommend that
foundations on sand be designed for a total settlement of 25 mm.
Skempton and MacDonald (1956) specify that the angular rotation or
distortion between adjacent columns in clay should not exceed
1/300, although the total settlement may go up to 100 mm.
Bozozuk (1962) summarised his investigations in Ottawa as follows: