USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN

USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR

RCC DAM, JORDAN
Tony Qiu1 and Brian A. Forbes2

ABSTRACT
The RCC design review and construction phase services of the 60m high Tannur Dam in Jordan was carried
out by GHD, Australia.
The 220,000m3 of RCC was placed during February-December 2000; the change to the sloped layer method
was made once the dam reached 15m height. It produced a 50% increase in placing rate and a considerable
saving in costs.
The use of the method is the first known use outside of China, where it was developed during the
construction of the 130m high Jiangya Dam in 1997-8. The sloping of the 300mm thick layers of RCC across
the dam from bank to bank at grades between 5-8% ensures subsequent layers of RCC can be placed within
the initial set time of the lower layer and hence the RCC is monolithic across the lift joint.
This paper briefly describes the project in Jordan and then gives specific details of the use of the sloped
layer method. Typical results from the quality control testing during placement and subsequent coring and
testing of the lift joints are also provided. The benefits of its use in adverse climatic conditions, such as
extreme heat or rainfall and the ways it can be integrated with forming the upstream-downstream slope are
also discussed.
The sloped layer method is a significant advancement, particularly for large structures, where lift joint
cohesion, tensile resistance and RCC placing rates are vitally important.

1 Introduction The main construction contractor was the joint

Tannur Dam is a 60m high, 250m long Roller
Compacted Concrete (RCC) gravity dam with a
reservoir capacity of 17 million cubic metres. It is
located in Jordan on the Wadi Al Hasa about
30km east of the Dead Sea and 50km south of the
town of Karak. The dam provides irrigation water
to the Southern Ghors Irrigation Scheme and
industrial water for the local area.
The owner of the dam is the Jordan Valley
Authority of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation,
Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan. The construction
contract was awarded in February 1999. RCC
placing began in January 2000 and was completed
in December 2000. Construction of the dam was
completed in 2001. It is the first RCC dam in
Middle East.
Design review and modifications, construction
phase services and contract administration for
the Tannur Dam were carried out by a joint venture
of Mott MacDonald, UK and GHD, Australia
in association with the Consulting
Engineering Centre (CEC) of Jordan. GHD were
responsible for RCC aspects of the project.
venture of BEC Freres and Camperon Bermard of
France, with Al-Jafar, the locally based sub-
contractor.
2 Project Description
The location, typical section and layout of the
dam are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
The dam is located in a highly seismic area near
the Dead Sea Fault and founded on interbedded
marls and limestone of only moderate strength.
Total RCC volume 220,000m3 was placed during
January and December 2000. RCC mixes began
with a 125kg/m3 OPC and 75kg/m3 pozzolan
blend; adjustments were made as construction
proceeded and representative results became
available. The last 50 percent of the RCC to be
1
Senior Dams Engineer, GHD
2
Manager, Dams Engineering, GHD

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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN

Figure 1 – Locality plan Figure 2 – Typical Dam cross-section

Figure 3 – Tannur Dam layout

placed used a 120/50kg/m3 blend. Daratard P2 retarder extended the workable life and reduced
retarder was used in the RCC mix, and a dose rate the free water content of the mix for the same
of 1 l/m3 was used throughout the construction workability, with the lower water/cement (W/C)
based on earlier laboratory RCC trial studies. The ratio giving a higher cementitious efficiency.

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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN
RCC was transported from the mixing plant to the
dam wall via a system of Rotec conveyors and
discharged with a "swinger". The conveyors were
relocated progressively as the dam wall rose. The
RCC was transported from the swinger to the
dumping point by three-25 tonne Volvo A25C
6WD dump trucks. They were fitted with smooth
profile tyres which helped to minimise damage to
fresh RCC surfaces. Chutes were welded to the
sides of the tray to prevent spillage as the swinger
was moved from the full truck to the empty one
alongside.
Grout enriched RCC (GE-RCC) was used in all
the upstream face, downstream steps including the
180m wide stepped spillway section, gallery
walls, waterstop encasement and the interface
between the RCC and limestone rock abutments.
3 Development and
Introduction of The Sloped
Layer Method
The Sloped Layer Method (SLM) of placing RCC
was first developed and adopted in Jiangya Dam
in China (Forbes, 1999). A number of projects in
China, such as Mianhuatan and Dachaoshan dams,
adopted the sloped layer method after successful
application of SLM in Jiangya Dam.
A detailed development and the procedure of the
Sloped Layer Method has been described by
Forbes (2002).
The interest in RCC dams is driven by economic
considerations and also where speed of
construction is an important element. However
this often compromises quality and water
tightness, as shown by many RCC dams. A
significant difference between a conventionally
placed concrete dam and a roller compacted
concrete dam are the number of horizontal
construction joints. Horizontal joints are
inevitable in RCC dams because of the layered
method of construction. Each layer is the
thickness of material compacted. In order to
achieve required compacted densities by roller
compaction, RCC layer thickness is typically
maintained at 0.3m, whilst for internally vibrated
conventional concrete, layers are typically 1.5m,
i.e. 5 times more layer joints occur with RCC.
The performance of an RCC dam will almost
entirely be dictated by the performance of the
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horizontal joints between layers. The adhesion
between layers of RCC is produced by two
mechanisms, cementitious bond and penetration
of aggregate from the new layer into the surface
of the previously placed layer. Layer joints always
exhibit lower tensile strength, shear strength and
impermeability than the RCC. This is due to
ageing of lift surface concrete, tendency for
segregation of the overlying RCC at the joint and
the potential for lower rolled density at depth.
In order to achieve homogeneous, monolithic
RCC across a layer joint the overlying layer must
be placed within the initial set time of the lower
layer. It is impossible to achieve the time frame
required to place a horizontal layer from one
abutment across the other in major dams.
The Sloped Layer Method is used to construct lifts
of multiple layers. RCC is placed in layers
approximately 300mm thick for a total lift
thickness of 3 to 4m. At Tannur Dam 1.2m lifts
were used. With the Sloped Layer Method, each
layer is placed at an inclination of approximately
1:10 to 1:20 instead of the typical horizontal
orientation. The length of the slope depends on
the plant capacity and production rate with typical
slope lengths of 20 to 40m. A sloped layer is
placed over the full width of the placement and
the layers progress the full length of the
placement. The primary goal of this method is to
minimise the exposure of fresh RCC lift until it is
covered with the next sloped layer. Bedding
mortar is placed on the mature RCC lift surface
prior to placing the next lift. The Sloped Layer
Method is shown in Figure 4.
Placing a sloped layer generally involves
commencing at the downstream face and moving
across to the upstream face (or visa versa),
working on the full height of the layer and
compacting up-down slope. At lower elevations,
where the sloped layer is wide enough, the
placement area can be roughly divided into sub
areas, placing commencing on the downstream (or
upstream) third and progressing through the
central and upstream thirds with the placing –
spreading – compacting operations occurring
accordingly.
Using this method the final clean up and surface
preparation of the lower lift, including application
of bedding mortar, is restricted to a narrow strip
along the toe of the sloped layer. The width of the
strip varies with the slope.
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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN
Figure 4 – Sloped Layer Method
In addition to improving lift joint quality, the
sloped layer method significantly reduces the
associated works such as surface preparation,
curing and protection of RCC surface. Formwork
can be lifted earlier and utilised more effectively.
The sloped layer method has been shown to work
well with the use of GE-RCC for facing the
upstream and downstream faces of the dam and
connection of the RCC to the rock abutments. In
particular RCC progress is not delayed whilst
awaiting delivery and placing of conventional
concrete facing.
The upstream crossfall of 2-3% adopted in placing
the traditional ‘horizontal’ RCC layers for
drainage purposes, can be retained for the sloped
layer methods.
4 Application of Sloped Layer
Method in Tannur Dam
The construction of Tannur Dam commenced in
the traditional ‘horizontal’ RCC lift method
(which included a mild upstream crossfall) until a
height of 15m was reached. The original
placement system was a series of 15m wide strips,
placed from downstream to upstream in 6m
sections. The 15m was in excess of the specified
10m limit but was permitted so as to better match
the size of the bulldozer, haulage plant and other
equipment. The entire strip was compacted before
commencing the next adjoining strip, including
the advancing edge which joins to the next strip if
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this edge could not be covered within one hour.
This ensured that all RCC was compacted while
still fresh. The advancing edge of the strip was
treated as a fresh joint with removal of any
segregated RCC and treatment with bedding
mortar before covering with RCC. The position of
these fresh construction joints normal to the dam
axis varied from layer to layer to avoid any
possibility of a weakness in the dam.
One problem, which arose from the use of trucks
as opposed to a full conveyor system, was the
close out of each layer at the loading point. This
area became contaminated from spillage of RCC
during loading operations and from the tyres of
the equipment. The adopted system was to clean
this area every second lift and to fill it with two
RCC layers placed in quick succession directly
from the swinger.
This horizontal layer approach involved very
extensive lift joint cleanup operations and
attendant high costs in bedding mortar.
To overcome these problems and at the suggestion
of GHD, the Contractor introduced the Slope
Layer Method of placing from Layer 51 and
continued through to the final layers at the non
overflow crest and spillway weir where the width
had reduced down to 9m. No particular difficulties
were encountered constructing down to this width.
The method changed placing from the traditional
0.3m thick horizontal lifts to 1.2m lifts
constructed with 4 layers each 0.3m thick placed
on a slope such that successive sloped layers
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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN
could be placed within the initial set time of the
RCC.
The slope layer approach as developed in China
uses a 3m high sloped layer as standard. At
Tannur Dam, a 1.2m high slope layer was chosen
to fit in with height of the downstream steps.
Photo 1 - RCC placement showing sloped layer
construction view to upstream
Placing commenced from the left abutment
working across to the right abutment where the
Rotec “swinger” delivery system discharged the
RCC into the dumpers. Layer slopes commenced
with a slope of 1 on 12.5 and, as the dam rose and
the width between upstream and downstream
faces reduced with height of dam, the slope was
flattened to 1 on 20. Actual time between
successive lifts was controlled to about 45
minutes.
Photo 2 – Mortar spreading and feather edge
treatment view to upstream
A 6mm thick mortar bedding mix was spread over
the full width of each 1.2m cold lift surface in
order to ensure adequate bond was achieved
between the old lift and new layer surfaces. The
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quantity of bedding mix required was greatly
reduced between the slope layers leading to
considerable cost savings to the owner.
Cold joints were cleaned using high pressure
air/water jetting once the RCC had gained
sufficient strength. Air/water jetting was assisted
by rotary brooming. Old joints were first treated
by scraping with a blade attached to an excavator
bucket. The layers and 1.2m lift surfaces were
inclined at 1.5% from downstream to upstream to
assist in removal of debris and surplus water.
The Sloped Layer Method minimises the area of
fresh RCC exposed to ambient conditions, i.e.
heat gain is reduced when the RCC temperature at
time of placing is lower than ambient and, in the
case of rainfall occurring, a smaller area of fresh
RCC is exposed to damage or required to be
‘roller sealed’ to limit damage; the method
therefore permits tighter control to be exercised
during adverse ambient conditions. An added
benefit was the fast rate at which RCC layers were
being covered by the next layer, mostly this was
30-45 minutes. Heat gain from the atmosphere,
which was about 32-36°C during RCC placement,
was limited. This would not have been the case
with horizontal layers which would remained
exposed for 24 hours or more. The thermocouple
measurements for the dam at the end of
construction are presented in Figure 5, which
correlate well with the results from the thermal-
structural study (Malkawi 2003) even though the
RCC construction continued into the hot summer.
Figure 5 – Temperature contours at the end of
RCC construction
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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN
To overcome aggregate being crushed under the
heavy steel roller in the thinning toe of each
sloping layer, a solution developed at Tannur Dam
was to thicken this ‘feather’ edge to form a
150mm horizontal ‘foot’ which was then
compacted with the smaller Dynapac roller in an
upstream downstream direction, prior to
compaction of the balance of the layer by the 16
tonne Bomag rollers operating parallel to the dam
axis.
The introduction of the Sloped Layer Method led
to an immediate increase in production rates of
around 50% percent, mainly because of the
reduced clean-up requirements and lift joint
treatment, and the ability to lift the forms earlier.
Rapid construction, which is the key to the
economics of RCC, results in the quality control
of the concrete constituents and the production
facilities to be a most important factor in ensuring
concrete quality. Once the RCC has been
produced and compacted into the dam, it is
expensive, and also often unrealistic, to remove
the deficient material. Quality control after
production should provide final verification of the
concrete properties. Quality control of the fresh
concrete must emphasise test methods that can
give a quick indication of concrete quality and
identify any minor adjustments required to
maintain the concrete within the specification.
Quality control of the RCC at Tannur Dam
included the following field and laboratory
testing:
• Loaded VeBe time and maximum (2 minute)
VeBe density
• Single probe nuclear densimeter density and
moisture content testing of the 300mm layers
measured at 150 and 250mm depths.
• Verification of nuclear densities and moisture
contents by sand replacement density methods
(one per 300mm layer)
• RCC washed gradings, monitoring in
particular the minus 0.075mm fraction, which
contained the aggregate fines plus the added
cementitious material, and minus 4.75mm
sand fraction, which largely determines the
sensitivity of the RCC to segregation.
• RCC test specimen manufacture and testing
for compressive, indirect and direct tensile
strengths at all the usual standard-cured ages
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up to 180 days as well as the 24 hour hot-
cured (60°C water bath) compressive strength
which provided early confirmation that the
required long term RCC strengths would, or
would not, be achieved.
• GE-RCC and bedding mortar test specimen
manufacture and testing for compressive
strength.
• RCC temperature as placed and long term (by
installed thermocouple system) temperature
history.
• Slump testing of bedding mortar.
A computer program which GHD developed,
manipulated all the recorded data, prepared
averages, maintained graphical presentations and
updated statistical results for continuous
monitoring and regular reporting purposes.
Table 1 gives the statistical summary of the RCC
density (also as a proportion of the Theoretical Air
Free density) and moisture content and the
coefficients of variation as measured by nuclear
and VeBe methods.
Table 2 below gives the RCC and GE-RCC
statistical summaries of the specimen compressive
strengths whilst Table 3 gives those for the tensile
strengths and elastic modulus.
The average cube compressive strength of the
RCC for the entire dam (all mixes) was 25.7MPa
at 90 days with a coefficient of variation of 10.6%
and a standard deviation of 2.7MPa. The average
cube compressive strength of the RCC for the last
50% was 24.8MPa at 90 days with a coefficient of
variation of 9.8% and a standard deviation of
2.4MPa. All results exceeded the specified
characteristic strength of 20MPa.
The indirect tensile strength of 150x300mm
cylinder test samples averaged 2.24MPa while the
direct tensile strength averaged 1.42MPa at 90
days. The tensile strength therefore is some 7.5%
of the equivalent cylinder compressive strength.
The static elastic modulus averaged 23.1GPa with
a standard deviation of 3.8GPa compared with the
design assumption of 18GPa.
Some limited 150mm diameter coring of RCC and
GE-RCC has been undertaken. Strength testing
has been carried out, which confirms the mortared
lift joints (1.2m intervals) are giving direct tensile
strengths which exceed 1MPa, and are similar to
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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN

that of the RCC core itself. Shear testing confirms RCC placing method. Additional anchors had
that the lift joint cohesion exceeds 1MPa, and the to be placed into the RCC to hold the forms in
angle of friction is 40 -45°. place when loaded with 1.2m of ‘live’ GE-
RCC and RCC during compaction by the 16
Comparing the test results tabulated above with
tonne vibrating roller. Individual sloped layers
the consistency standards in the draft ICOLD
were placed in 30-40 minutes, well within the
Bulletin “State-of-the-Art of RCC Dams”
retarded initial set time of the RCC, the 1.2m
(ICOLD, 2002), as shown in Table 4, confirms
lifts are thus essentially monolithic and
that the standards achieved at Tannur Dam can be
without evidence of joints between the
classified as being in the “Excellent” to “Good”
300mm layers.
ICOLD ranges.
• Joint treatment is limited to one cold joint
The use of the sloped layer method of
treatment every 1.2m. Such treatment is a
construction in Tannur Dam assisted in speeding
little more difficult than usual insofar as the
up construction and reducing costs. However, a
surface of the layers are more uneven.
certain number of constraints must be taken into
Retaining the traditional crossfall for drainage
account when using this method, these include the
of wash water is a definite advantage.
following:
• “Feather edge” treatment is required.
• Some problems were encountered with the
vertical 3.0m high upstream RMD (Rapid • Survey control using lasers was more difficult
Metal Developments Ltd) forms that had been and the layer profiles were painted on the
designed expecting the usual ‘horizontal’ forms to assist.

Photo 3 - Tannur Dam 1.2m high downstream Photo 4 - Downstream view showing the sloped
form showing survey mark layer construction in progress on the final RCC
lifts in the spillway area

Photo 5 – Upstream view of GE-RCC face and

the 5m high, 180m long conventional concrete
ogee spillway crest nearing the end of
construction

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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN

Table 1 - Summary of RCC Density and Moisture

Entire Dam (all mixes)
Nuclear Test VeBe Test
Moisture Content Density % of TAF Moisture Density VeBe
(%) (kg/m3) (%) Content (kg/m3) Time
(%) (Seconds)
Average 7.9 2425 100.5 8.3 2402 20
Maximum 10.5 2540 104.9 9.2 2435 28
Minimum 6.1 2309 96.3 7.4 2380 12
Number of Tests 3546 3546 3546 480 521 1487
Standard Deviation 0.6 19.6 0.7 0.4 8.7 2.2
Coefficient of Variation 7.0 0.8 0.7 4.4 0.4 11.1
(%)
Last 50% of Dam (with mix of 120 kg/m3 cement and 50 kg/m3 pozzolan)
Nuclear Test VeBe Test
Moisture Content Density % of TAF Moisture Density VeBe
(%) (kg/m3) (%) Content (kg/m3) Time
(%) (Seconds)
Average 8.1 2422 101 8.6 2398 18
Maximum 10.5 2538 105 9.2 2416 22
Minimum 6.4 2309 98 7.8 2380 14
Number of Tests 2439 2439 2439 249 258 815
Standard Deviation 0.5 20.4 0.7 0.3 7.1 0.9
Coefficient of Variation 6.6 0.8 0.7 3.7 0.3 4.7
(%)

Table 2 - Summary of Compressive Strengths

Entire Dam (all mixes)
150mm Cube RCC Compressive Strength GE-RCC Compressive
Specimen Strength
Age Hot 24 hr 7 day 28 day 90 day 180 day Hot 24 hr 28 day 90 day
Average (MPa) 11.9 14.8 21.2 25.7 27.7 10.7 20.0 24.6
Number of Tests 335 331 344 340 120 325 335 336
Standard Deviation 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.7 3.0 1.8 2.8 3.1
Coefficient of 14.5 12.9 12.2 10.6 10.7 16.9 14.0 12.5
Variation (%)
Last 50% of the Dam ( with mix of 120 kg/m3 cement and 50 kg/m3 Pozzolan)

150mm Cube RCC Compressive Strength GE-RCC Compressive

Specimen Strength
Age Hot 24 hr 7 day 28 day 90 day 180 day Hot 24 hr 28 day 90 day
Average (MPa) 11.6 14.9 20.9 24.8 27.2 10.6 19.6 23.5
Number of Tests 142 142 146 142 36 135 143 138
Standard Deviation 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.9 1.7 2.4 2.3
Coefficient of 12.4 13.1 11.8 9.8 10.8 16.3 12.3 10.0
Variation (%)
Note to convert: 150mm diameter cylinder strength = 80% cube strength (approximately).

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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN

Table 3 - Summary of RCC Tensile Strengths and Elastic Modulus

Entire Dam Last 50% of Dam
150mm Cylinder Specimens. Indirect Direct Modulus Indirect Direct Modulus
All 90-100day Age (MPa) (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa)

Average 2.24 1.42 23.08 2.24 1.38 21.91

Number of Tests 118 112 68 64 54 24
Standard Deviation 0.31 0.23 3.76 0.33 0.15 3.93
Coefficient of Variation (%) 13.97 16.14 16.32 14.65 10.61 17.93

Table 4 - Consistency of RCC Quality (ICOLD)

Ranges of Coefficients of Variation (%)
Assessed Performance Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor

Strength of Manufactured Test Specimens

Compressive <10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 25 >25
Indirect Tensile <12.5 12.5 to 17.5 17.5 to 22.5 22.5 to 27.5 >27.5
Direct Tensile <15 15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 >30
Density
Loaded VeBe <0.75 0.75 to 1.25 1.25 to 1.75 1.75 to 2.25 >2.25
Nuclear Densimeter <0.75 0.75 to 1.25 1.25 to 1.75 1.75 to 2.25 >2.25

Extract from Table 6.2 ICOLD (2002) (Values for cores not shown above).

the underlying layer was over 2 hours old (1

5 Advantages and Constraints
of the Sloped Layer Method
The advantages resulting from the slope layer
approach in Tannur Dam are: -
• Provided for homogeneous, monolithic RCC
across the joints of the 0.3m layers and
reduced the number of horizontal lift joints.
• Cleanup operations were restricted to the
horizontal surface on the top of each 1.2m
high slope layer. As this was generally a cold
joint with hardened concrete, cleanup could
be facilitated by mechanical rotary brooming
and high-pressure air/water jetting without
causing excessive damage to the surface.
• Bedding mortar requirements were reduced by
around 60% with the associated cost saving.
Bedding mortar was only used on joints where
hour for a strip 4m from the upstream face).
• The sloping joints were generally very fresh
being less than 1 hour old. Because of the
retarder, the underlying RCC had not
achieved its initial set. Bonding quality
between successive sloped layers is extremely
good.
• Green cutting and layer surface preparation of
GE-RCC facing was not required. The
material was so fresh that the poker vibrators
penetrated into the previously placed layer of
facing.
• Formwork could be left on longer for curing
or thermal protection purposes. The required
quantity of formwork on site could be reduced
by up to 40-50%.
• Closeout of the layer under the Swinger was
easier.

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USE OF THE SLOPED LAYER METHOD FOR BONDED JOINTS ON TANNUR RCC DAM, JORDAN
• Plant could generally be confined to the area
in front of the advancing slope layer.
• Curing operations were facilitated by reducing
the total surface area of RCC required to be
cured. Reduced the area of exposed young
RCC that could be damaged by rainfall or
affected by hot conditions.
• Easy compliance with time/temperature
criteria. Reduced the potential for the cooler
RCC to gain heat from hot ambient
conditions.
• Overall production rates were increased by
around 30-50%.
The disadvantages of the system were: -
• Survey control of the advancing layers was
more difficult.
• The more rapid rate of rise of the fresh
concrete put greater loading on the formwork.
The formwork and their anchors therefore
need to be sized accordingly.
• “Feather edges” require special treatment.
6 Future Application of the
Sloped Layer Method
The development of placing multiple layers on a
slope to achieve a much thicker lift achieves an
increased lift joint bond quality and production
rate. As shown on the previous projects in China
(Forbes 2002), complete lengths of 8 to 10m of
unbroken RCC core were recovered from vertical
cores extracted from RCC dams where the Sloped
Layer Method was used, thus confirming a
monolithic mass of the RCC is achievable.
The method has already raised significant interest
from other projects in construction around the
world and is expected to be adopted for many
future RCC dams, especially the larger structures,
when cohesion and tensile resistance between
layers of RCC is an important issue.
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Photo 6 – Tannur Dam downstream view in
April 2002, reservoir partly filled
7 Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the
support given by GHD Pty Ltd in undertaking the
preparation of this paper.
8 References
Forbes, B.A. (2002). “The RCC Sloped Layer
Construction Method.” Middle East RCC
Conference, Jordan, 2002.
Forbes, B.A., Iskander, M.M. and Malkawi,
A.I.H. (2001). “High RCC Standards achieved at
Jordan’s Tannur dam.” International Journal on
Hydropower and Dams, June, Volume 8, Issue 3,
2001.
Forbes, B.A., Lichen, Y., Guojin, T. and
Kangning, Y. (1999). “Jiangya Dam, China: some
interesting techniques developed for high quality
RCC construction.” Proc. Of the International
Symposium on Roller Compacted Concrete Dams,
Chengdu, China, April 1999.
ICOLD, Committee on Concrete Dams. Bulletin
on “State-of-the-Art of Roller Compacted
Concrete Dams” (September 2002).
Malkawi, A.I.H. Mutasher, S.A. and Qiu T.
(scheduled for publication in November 2003),
“Thermal-Structural Modeling and Temperature
Control of an RCC Gravity Dam”. Journal of
Constructed Facilities, American Society of Civil
Engineering, November 2003.
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