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Chapter 4

The Simple Circuit and Ohms Law

Conductors Switches Switch Characteristics Loads
Overcurrent Overcurrent Protection Devices Voltage
and Current Measurements DC Voltage Measurements
DC Current Measurements Ohms Law Determining
Current Determining Voltage Determining Resistance
Determining Power

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

An electrical circuit
consists of a voltage
source, insulated
conductors, a load, a
switch, and a fuse.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

In a schematic or
wiring diagram,
conductors are shown
as lines. Conductors
that are connected
often use a dot to
indicate the
connection.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Switches are control

devices and are used to
close and open circuits
safely.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

The position of the contacts, number of poles,

number of throws, and type of break are used to
describe switch contacts.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Switches are available in

many shapes and are
often designated
according to their use.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Common lighting circuit

switches include twoway, three-way, and fourway switches.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Rotary switches are used to connect multiple

positions to a single pole.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Loads convert
electrical energy to
another form of
energy such as
motion, light, heat, or
sound.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

A short circuit has a

resistance that is lower
than the normal circuit
resistance.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses are

used to protect a circuit from a short circuit or
overcurrent that can cause circuit damage.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Cartridge and plug fuses

may be surrounded with
glass or encased in a
composite material to
suppress an arc or flame.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

A circuit breaker is an overcurrent protective device

that does not need to be replaced each time the
circuit current rating is exceeded. Circuit breakers
may be thermally or magnetically operated.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Thermal circuit breakers use a bimetallic strip

attached to a latch mechanism to open the circuit
when a short circuit or overload occurs.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Magnetic circuit breakers use an electromagnet coil

and armature to open the circuit when a short circuit
or overload occurs.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Thermal overload relay contacts open when the

current level is exceeded for a given period of time.
The temperature rise in the metal frame of the motor
is used to heat the bimetallic strip.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

In a standard motor control circuit, a relay coil

controls a set of normally open contacts and a set of
normally closed overload relay contacts.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

DC voltage measurements using a digital multimeter

are taken by connecting the black test lead to the
negative polarity test point and the red test lead to the
positive polarity test point.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

DC voltage is measured with an analog meter using

standard procedures.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

To measure current flow through a component, a

meter must be connected so that the total electron
flow is through the meter circuit.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

DC current is measured with an analog multimeter

using standard procedures.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Clamp-on ammeters measure current by measuring

the strength of the magnetic field around a single
conductor.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Ohms law is the relationship between voltage,

current, and resistance in an electrical circuit.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Current in a circuit
increases with an
increase in voltage and
decreases with an
increase in resistance.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Voltage in a circuit
increases with an
increase in current and
increases with an
increase in resistance.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Resistance in a circuit
increases with an
increase in voltage and
decreases with an
increase in current.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

The power formula is the relationship between power,

voltage, and current in an electrical circuit.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Power in an electrical circuit is calculated by

multiplying current by voltage.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Power in an electrical circuit calculated by multiplying

current squared by resistance.

Chapter4TheSimpleCircuitandOhmsLaw

Power in an electrical circuit can be calculated by

dividing voltage squared by resistance.