Chuanhoa BDDC

Phn i.
Chun ho bn a chnh
I.
Nhu cu v ni dung ca chun ho bn a chnh
I.1.
nhu cu chun ho bn a chnh
Trong x hi hin i, cng ngh thng tin c mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thu thp v
qun l thng tin. qun l cc d liu c tnh khng gian (c v tr a l), ngi ta s dng H
thng Thng tin a l (Geographic Information System - GIS) qun l. Mt trong nhng vn
ln khi qun l, trao i thng tin l thng tin cn phi c chun ha. Chun ho l cng
vic l cn thit khi ngi dng GIS mun tch hp h thng ca mnh vi cc phn cng khc,
vi cc phn mm GIS khc nhau v cc ngun d liu khc nhau. Chun l cn thit khi trao i
d liu trn mng, to kh nng truy nhp d liu s c phn b cc v tr a l khc nhau,
chia s d liu gia cc c quan, cng ty, thm ch gia cc nc.
inh hng Tng cc a chnh xy dng mt H thng thng tin t ai thng nht ton
quc. c th c mt CSDL a chnh thng nht tch hp t cc CSDL a chnh con ti cc
S a chnh, Tng cc a chnh phi c cc chun chung.
Trong bt k mt CSDL c a vo s dng chung u phi tin hnh chun ho d liu.
C nh vy vic khai thc d liu mi c th chia s cho nhiu i tng s dng, vic hin chnh
d liu t nhiu ngun mi m bo tnh thng nht. CSDL ti nguyn t ai c thit lp trn
c s tp hp d liu thu thp t cc n v thuc Tng cc a chnh v cc s a chnh cp
tnh. Ngoi ra cn thm mt s d liu t cc ngun cc c quan iu tra c bn khc. Ngi s
dng rt a dng t ngnh a chnh c trung ng v cc cp a phng, t cc c quan qun l
Nh nc, t cc b ngnh khc, t cc t chc trong nc v ngoi nc, t cc i tng l c
dn c nhu cu. Trong khung cnh nh vy vic chun ho d liu, h thng thit b, t chc
qun l phi rt thng nht.
C s d liu bn a chnh l mt c s d liu quan trng trong CSDL ti nguyn t,
mt trong by CSDL quc gia trong chng trnh cng ngh thng tin ca Nh nc. c th
tch hp v trao i d liu gia cc CSDL quc gia vi nhau, cn thit phi xy dng chun ho
cho tng CSDL thnh phn.
Hin nay tp hp d liu ca ngnh a chnh kh ln. Mt phn dng truyn thng trn
giy, mnphn dng s nh trong nhiu nh dng (format) khc nhau, mt phn dng
thng nht theo nh hng ca Tng cc a chnh. Vn t ra l phi xem xt bin php
nh chun v chun ho d liu nh th no thu c mt CSDL thng nht. Cc vn cn
gii quyt nh sau:
Xc nh chun d liu thng nht cho bn a chnh.
Xy dng quy trnh thng nht chuyn cc d liu c v dng chun nh; xy dng
quy trnh thng nht v thu thp d liu c c cc d liu chun.
Bo co chun ho bn a chnh
I.2.
Ni dung chun ho bn a chnh
Ni dung chun ho bn a chnh bao gm nhiu thnh phn. Mi thnh phn chun
ho th hin cho mt lnh vc lin quan n bn a chnh. C th chun ho bn a chnh
bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Chun v d liu bn (Cartography Data Standard)
Chun v d liu bn qui nh cch thc ( m hnh d liu ) v ni dung ca bn a
chnh khi lu tr trong c s d liu. Chun v d liu bn bao gm hai qui nh chun ho :
chun v m hnh d liu v chun v ni dung d liu.
Chun v m hnh d liu dng m t cch thc m t v lu tr cc i tng bn di

dng s (digital) trong c s d liu. Chun v m hnh d liu (Data model Standard) bao gm
: Xc nh m hnh d liu ph hp lu tr bn a chnh trong c s d liu v chun
ho v la chn v phn loi cc i tng cn lu tr trong c s d liu bn a chnh.
Chun v ni dung d liu l chun m t nhng i tng no cn thit lu tr trong c s d

liu, cch phn loi, nhn dng, ni dung ngha ca tng loi i tng ny ng thi cng
m t c th v quan h gia cc i tng v d liu thuc tnh cn phi c ca tng i
tng.
Chun v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard)

Chun v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard) nhm chun ho cch trnh
by, hin th bn a chnh dng s hoc dng analog.
Chun v th hin bn di dng analog ( in ra phim, giy, diamat hoc cc vt liu khc)
c qui nh da trn cc qui nh v k hiu v cch th hin bn trong qui phm.
Chun v th hin bn di dng s c qui nh rng hn, thch hp vi kh nng hin
th ca cc phn mm c s dng v tnh logic ca s liu di dng s.
Chun v khun dng file (Data format and data exchange standard ).
Chun ho v khun dng file l chun xc nh cc khun dng (format) file vt l lu tr
bn a chnh s. Chun ny rt quan trng i vi nhng c s d liu c tnh cht dng
chung, a ngi s dng nh c s d liu bn a chnh.
Chun v khun dng d liu bao gm:
Chun v khun dng file lu tr vt l trong c s d liu.
Chun v khun dng file vt l s dng cho trao i, phn phi thng tin.
Chun ho v d liu m t CSDL (metadata) cho bn a chnh (Metadata

Standard):
Metadata l cc thng tin m t v bn thn d liu trong c s d liu (d liu ca d liu).
Metadata m t v c s ton hc ca bn a chnh, cht lng d liu v cc thng tin khc
c tnh m t cho d liu a chnh lu tr trong c s d liu. Chun ho v meta data l xc nh
cc bng chun cha cc thng tin lin quan n d liu trong c s d liu m nhng thng tin
ny cn phi c in vo mt cch y khi thu thp, cp nht d liu.
II.
chun ho v d liu bn
Chun v d liu bn qui nh phng php lu tr v m t d liu bn a chnh
trong CSDL (m hnh d liu ) v ni dung ca CSDL bn a chnh. Chun ho d liu bn

bao gm hai dng chun :
Chun v m hnh d liu.
Chun v ni dung d liu.

Chun v m hnh d liu dng m t cch thc m t v lu tr cc i tng bn
di dng s (digital) trong c s d liu. Chun v m hnh d liu (Data model Standard) bao
gm : Xc nh m hnh d liu ph hp lu tr bn a chnh trong c s d liu v chun
ho v la chn v phn loi cc i tng cn lu tr trong c s d liu bn a chnh.
Chun v ni dung d liu l chun xc nh nhng i tng no cn lu tr trong c s d
liu, s phn loi, cch nhn dng, ni dung ngha ca tng loi i tng ny ng thi cng
m t c th v quan h gia cc i tng v d liu thuc tnh ca chng
II.1.
Chun v m hnh d liu
1. Khi nim m hnh d liu

Cc i tng ca bn a chnh c m t bng cc m hnh d liu khng gian. M
hnh d liu khng gian (spatial data model) l mt m hnh ton hc m t cch biu din cc i
tng bn di dng s.
m t cc i tng bn , hin nay tn ti nhiu m hnh d liu khng gian khc nhau.
Chun v m hnh d liu khng gian cho bn a chnh c xc nh da trn vic xem xt
cc kha cnh sau :
Tnh cht ch v mt ton hc.
Tnh ph bin, c s dng rng ri trong cc c s d liu bn Vit nan v th gii.
Th hin c cc tnh cht mang tnh c th ca bn a chnh Vit nam.

Hin ti, c mt s m hnh d liu khng gian khc nhau c p dng :
M hnh d liu VECTOR
M hnh d liu RASTER
M hnh d liu QUATREE
M hnh d liu M hnh s cao (Digital Elevation Model DEM)
2. La chn m hnh d liu cho c s d liu bn a chnh

c im ca bn a chnh l cu trc ca cc i tng n gin. i tng quan trng
nht cho lu tr cng nh tra cu, x l sau ny l tha t. Nguyn tc la chn m hnh d liu
cho c s d liu bn a chnh l m hnh ny phi phn nh c i tng tha t vi y
c im v tnh cht ca n.
Cc yu cu v qun l vi cc i tng ca bn a chnh :
ng ranh gii tha cn c qun l nh mt i tng thc s v c d liu thuc
tnh.
Tha t l mt i tng kiu vng c nh ngha bi cc ng ranh gii tha khp kn.
Thuc tnh quan trng nht ca tha t l din tch tha. Din tch tha s b sai lch khi
ng ranh gii tha th hin bng i tng ng khng c din tch mt d trong thc t,
ng b ny c chiu rng v c din tch. Nh vy ng ranh gii tha tha khi cn thit
cn c gn thuc tnh l rng b tha m bo khi tnh din tch tha c chnh xc.
ng ranh gii tha c th l tham gia vo ng bao ca tha t vi cc i tng khc

nh ng giao thng, thu vn.
M hnh d liu phi m t c quan h khng gian gia cc i tng tha t.
Quan h khng gian gia cc tha t rt quan trng c bit l quan h k nhau, tip gip
nhau. Quan h k nhau th hin khng ch trong CSDL Bn a chnh m cn th hin
trong CSDL H s a chnh di dng cc ch s dng k cn. Quan h k nhau cn l cn
c php l xc nh quyn s dng t ca ch s dng.
Tha t l i tng bn chnh tham gia vo qu trnh bin ng t ai. Tha t c th

bin ng v mt hnh hc : bin dng, chia tha, tch tha hay bin ng v mt thuc tnh
nh thay i v loi t, mc ch s dng, ch s dng.v.v. Khi bin ng, nhng thay i
trn mt tha s nh hng n cc tha ln cn.
CSDL bn a chnh c c im l khi lng d liu rt ln, m hnh d liu c kh nng

ti u ho v lu tr.
Xut pht t nhng yu cu trn ca bn a chnh, m hnh d liu Vector Topology
(Vector Topology Data Model) l m hnh ph hp nht m t cc i tng bn a chnh

trong c s d liu.
i vi cc i tng a hnh : im cao, ng bnh , khng cn thit phi dng m
hnh s cao DEM m t m ch coi chng nh nhng i tng im v ng c gn gi
tr cao.
Tuy nhin chng ta xem xt n 2 c im na ca CSDL bn a chnh :
CSDL bn a chnh l CSDL c cc dng ngi s dng rng ri v a dng: t nhng c

quan trong Tng cc a chnh n cc B ngnh khc thm ch n c nhng ngi dn bnh
thng. Phn ln cc ngi dng u ch cn hoc ch c quyn tra cu nhng thng tin c
sn trong CSDL ch khng lin quan n x l thng tin.
CSDL bn a chnh c tnh phn tn. Cc CSDL a chnh cho tng tnh c hnh thnh
v tp trung ti cc tnh. Trn trung ng ch qun l cc thng tin c tnh v m. Cch t
chc thng tin nh vy dn n phng thc truy nhp thng tin s qua mng cc b ti a
phng, trn mng din rng ca ngnh ( INTRANET) hoc trn mng din rng cng cng
(INTERNET). Giao din truy cp thng tin ch yu s l WEB.
Vi 2 c im trn, m hnh d liu Topology khng thc s thch hp v trong m hnh ny
cc i tng vng ( tha t , ng, sng .v.v.) khng c m t tng minh. i vi cng vic
tra cu, thng tin cng tng minh cng tt v i vi d liu khi trao i trn mng, i tng
cn trao i cng t thng tin ph cng tt. gii quyt vn ny, M hnh d liu vector
Spaghetti (Spaghetti Data Model) t ra thch hp hn c.
T nhng phn tch trn, chun v m hnh d liu bn a chnh c la chn nh sau:
p dng c 2 m hnh d liu TOPOLOGY v SPAGHETTI cho c s d liu bn a

chnh.
D liu trong c s d liu chnh c m t bng m hnh VectorTopology. D liu m t

bng m hnh Spaghetii l d liu dn xut, c to ra t d liu m t bng m hnh
Topology.
Cc i tng c m t bng m hnh Topology c s dng cho cc ng dng cc b

thuc v chuyn ngnh a chnh ca S a chnh nh cp nht bn , x l bin ng t
ai.
Cc i tng m t bng m hnh Spaghetti c s dng cho cc ng dng v tra cu
thng tin v cc ng dng phn phi thng tin trn INTRANET, INTERNET.
Ngnh a chnh
Ngi dng cui
Bo tr, cp nht d liu

X l d liu
CSDL BC
M hnh Topology
Tra cu d liu
Chuyn i
m hnh
Phn phi d liu
CSDL BC
M hnh Spaghetti
3. Ni dung ca chun m hnh d liu

Thng tin ca cc i tng bn bao gm:
Thng tin v v tr khng gian (Spatial data)
Thng tin v quan h khng gian (Relational Spatial data)
Thng tin thuc tnh, phi khng gian (Attribute data)
Trong cc m hnh d liu khng gian, cc i tng bn c qui v 4 kiu i tng hnh
hc c bn:
im (Point). V d : mc a gii, mc qui hoch
ng (Line). V d : ng ranh gii tha, knh 1 nt
Vng (Polygon, Area). V d : tha .ng
Ch thch, m t (Annotation, Text). V d : s hiu tha, tn ph
3.1. M hnh d liu vector Spaghetti

Thng tin v v tr khng gian
i tng kiu im
Cc i tng thuc kiu im c m t nh sau :
{ Id , (x , y ) }
Id: ch s ca i tng ( ch s lin kt )

File ta im
Ch
Ch s
lin
42
Y
Ch
42
lin
Bng d liu thuc tnh
Ch s
Tn
...
42
x
i tng kiu ng
Cc i tng thuc kiu ng c m t nh sau :
Id ,
[ (xi , yi )
; i = 1, n ; n 2
]}

File ta ng
Ch s
Ch
lin
58
Ch
58
21
im to
Dy to (x,y)
lin
Bng d liu thuc tnh

Ch Tn
s
rng
58
i tng kiu vng

Cc i tng thuc kiu ng c m t nh sau :
Id ,
[ (xi , yi )
; i = 1, n ; n 3 ; ( x1 , y1 ) ( xn , yn )
]}

File ta ng bao
Ch s
Ch
lin
72
Ch s lin
72
im
to
Dy to (x,y)
Bng d liu thuc tnh
Ch s
Tn
Din tch
72
X
Thng tin v quan h khng gian
Cu trc m t thng tin v quan h khng gian khng c m t mt cch tng minh
trong m hnh d liu vector Spaghetti. Cc mi quan h ny c suy ra t v tr to ca cc
i tng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta cn phi c cc thut ton v xy dng cc cng c
phn mm c c cc quan h khng gian gia cc i tng. y chnh l nhc im ln
nht ca m hnh vector spaghetti.
3.2. M hnh d liu vector Topology
M hnh d liu vecor topology l mt m hnh dng m t trn vn cc thng tin ca cc
i tng khng gian bao gm:
Thng tin v v tr khng gian (Spatial data): Thng tin c th hin theo m hnh vector,
bng cc ta m t v tr, hnh dng, ng bin ca cc i tng.
Thng tin v quan h khng gian (Relational Spatial data Topology). M hnh d liu
Topology th hin quan h khng gian di 3 kiu quan h l:
Lin thng vi nhau: th hin di dng file ng - im ni (ARC _ NODE)
K nhau: th hin di dng file m t ng bao (ARC_POLYGON)
Nm trong, ph nhau.
Thng tin v thuc tnh: Thng tin ny c m t di dng cc bng quan h theo m hnh
CSDL quan h.
S lin h gia thng tin khng gian v thng tin thuc tnh c thc hin qua ch s xc inh (
Identifier)
Ch s lin kt
To
Thuc tnh
Thng tin v v tr khng gian

i tng kiu im ( Point)
y-axis
File to im
10
Ch s lin kt
Ch s lin kt
X,Y
5
82
82
x-axis
5
10
Cc i tng a l ch c mt v tr n, c lp s c phn nh nh i tng kiu im

D liu khng gian: nh ngha bi mt cp to ( x,y).
D liu thuc tnh: c th hin bng mt bn ghi tng ng trong bng quan h thuc tnh ca
im.
i tng kiu ng ( Line)
y-axis
10
File ta ng
Ch s lin kt Cp to
im
Ch s lin kt
5
116
116
Nt
x-axis
5
10
Cc i tng a l c dng tuyn, hoc mng s c phn nh nh i tng kiu

ng.
D liu khng gian: c m t di dng 1 dy cc cp to . Mt ng bt u v kt thc
bi im giao (Node). di ng c nh ngha bng to .
Quan h khng gian ca cc i tng kiu ng c th hin qua quan h lin thng vi nhau.
Quan h lin thng c m t cu trc ARC_NODE.
i tng kiu vng ( Area, Polygon)
Cc i tng a l l mt vng lin tc c xc nh bi mt ng bao c phn nh

nh mt i tng kiu vng.
F ile to n g
C h s lin kt C p X Y
F ile to im
C h s lin kt
X ,Y
116
21
145
y -a x is
F ile v n g
C h s xc n h v ng
C h s n g D an h sch ng
im n h n
21
ng
21
1 1 6 ,1 4 5
x -a x is
5
10
D liu khng gian: d liu khng gian ca cc i tng vng c nh ngha l mt tp

cc i tng ng nh ngha ng bao v mt im nhn. Mt im nhn nm trong mt i
tng vng v c ngha xc nh cho vng ny.
D liu quan h khng gian: quan h khng gian ca cc i tng kiu ng c th hin qua
quan h k nhau. Quan h ny c m t theo m hnh ARC_POLYGON.
Thng tin v quan h khng gian
M hnh Topology dng cc quan h khng gian nh ngha cc c tnh khng gian
ca cc i tng.
Cc quan h khng gian
Mi mt ng (arc)
Cc c tnh khng gian
c im bt di ca ng.
u v kt thc ti im nt (node).
Hng ng (Directionality).
Cc ng (arc) ni vi nhau ti cc Tnh ni nhau (Connectivity)

im nt (node).
Cc ng (arc) ni vi nhau to Din tch vng, chu vi vng
thnh
ng
bao
ca
vng
(polygon).
Cc ng tham gia nh ngha vng Tnh k nhau hoc tnh lin tc.
c hai bn : phi v tri.
(Adjacency or contiguity)
M hnh ng-im nt (Arc-node topology)

M t quan h khng gian v tnh lin thng (Connectivity)
File ng - Nt
FNODE# TNODE#
ARC#
2
1
1
3
3
3
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
ARC#
1
4
3
5
4
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
X,Y PAIRS
x,y x,y x,y
File to ng
M hnh ng-im nt (Arc-node topology) nh ngha mi quan h gia cc i tng ng

v im nt. Cu trc ca mi quan h ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh c c tnh quan
trng l hng v tnh ni nhau. Phn ln cc php phn tch a l u cn nhng c tnh ny.
Hng : Hng c nh ngha t im nt u (from-node) v im nt ti (to-node).
Tnh ni nhau (Connectivity) Cc ng c ni nu s hiu ca im nt u hoc cui trng
vi s hiu u hoc cui ca ng khc.
Vng phi v tri (Left and right polygons) Vng phi v tri ca ng c xc nh theo di
chuyn t im nt u n im nt ti. Vng phi ca ng s l ch s ca vng bn ph phi
dhi chuyn, vng tri l ch s vng pha bn tri.
10
M hnh Vng-ng (Polygon-arc topology)

M t quan h khng gian v tnh k nhau hoc lin tc (Adjacency or contiguity)
Danh sch Vng-ng
POLY#
1
2
5
4
3
6
ARC#
1,9,10
1,0,2,3,4,5
5,6,8,9
2
3,7,8,10
4,6,7
1
1
ARC#
3
3
10
7
4
6
5
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LPOLY# RPOLY#
1
2
2
2
2
6
3
3
5
1
2
4
3
6
5
5
6
5
1
3
Danh sch Tri/phi
ARC#
X,Y PAIRS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Danh sch ng
M hnh Vng-ng (Polygon-arc topology) nh ngha mi quan h gia cc i tng ng

vi i tng vng m cc ng ny to nn ng bao ca vng. Cu trc ca mi quan h ny
cho php ngi s dng xc nh c c tnh quan trng ca vic nh ngha vng v tnh k
nhau (adjacency). Hu ht cc php phn tch a l u i hi nhng c tnh ny.
Tnh k nhau (Adjacency) Cc ng to nn ng bao vng c s dng chung bi 2 vng k
nhau ( vng phi v vng tri ng).
nh ngha vng (Area definition) Mt tp cc ng ni nhau theo vng s nh ngha ng
bao ca mt vng. Trong ng bao ca mt vng, cho php tn ti cc vng nm trn trong gi
l o (island).
11
4. p dng chun m hnh d liu

D liu lu trong c s d liu phi m bo tnh Topology ca chng. Yu cu ny c xem
xt n khi s ho hay khi chnh sa bn a chnh s.
S liu bn s phi c kim tra v sa li theo yu cu ca m hnh
topology
ng ranh gii tha to thnh ng bao tha lun m bo tnh khp kn tuyt i v to
.
Sai
ng
Sai
Cc ng ranh gii tha khng c php giao nhau, phi lun ct nhau ti u hoc cui
ng ( ti im nt NODE)
ng
Sai
ng ranh gii tha cn phi c qun l nh mt i tng c lp v c th gn rng

tha. Khi mt ng ranh gii c nhiu on c rng khc nhau cn thit phi tch ra
thnh cc ng i tng khc nhau.
0.3
0.
Sai
0.3
0.
ng
Cc i tng vng khp kn ( tha t) phi c m t theo m hnh d liu Topology,

khng m t cc cc i tng hnh hc dng vng. Tha t c xc nh bng danh sch
cc ng ranh gii tha to nn ng bao khp kn v mt im nhn tha c trng cho
tha t.
C s d liu chnh ca bn a chnh phc v phn tch v x l s liu ( thc hin qu
trnh bin ng ) phi c lu tr v qun l bng cc phn mm m t d liu bng m hnh

Topology nh v d nh FAMIS, ARCINFO, MGE.
12
Sau khi file bn a chnh sa li xong, phi chy BUILD to Topology cho cc tha t
v gn d liu thuc tnh cho ng ranh gii tha t, tha t.
m t d liu bn , ngoi file ho th hin ng nt bn cn phi c file m t

topology ca cc i tng bn . V d nh file DGN v file POL trong phn mm FAMIS.
Qu trnh chnh l bin ng cho bn a chnh c thc hin trn c s d liu ca m

hnh Topology.
13
II.2.
chun v ni dung c s d liu bn a chnh
Khi nim chung

Chun v ni dung CSDL bn a chnh xc nh ni dung ca CSDL. Chun ny xc nh
v m t nhng i tng bn lu tr trong c s d liu, s phn loi, cch nhn dng, ni
dung ngha ca tng loi i tng ny ng thi cng m t c th v quan h khng gian vi
cc i tng khc v d liu thuc tnh ca chng
Chun v ni dung CSDL bn a chnh bao gm :
Bng m t phn lp i tng hay phn lp thng tin (layer, class). Phn lp thng tin l s
phn loi logic cc i tng ca bn s da trn cc tnh cht, thuc tnh ca cc i
tng bn . Cc i tng bn c phn loi trong cng mt lp l cc i tng c
chung mt s tnh cht no . Cc tnh cht ny l cc tnh cht c tnh c trng cho cc
i tng. Cc i tng a l trong bn a chnh cng c phn thnh cc lp thng
tin. Vic phn lp thng tin nh hng trc tip n nhn bit cc loi i tng trong bn
s.
M t k thut ca cc i tng. Trong m t k thut, tng i tng trong CSDL c m

t rt chi tit, c th nh m, lp (level), chnh xc, cc quan h khng gian v cc d liu
thuc tnh. M t k thut cc i tng c s dng nh mt tp tra cu hng dn y
nht cho cc dng ngi s dng t ngi vo s liu cho n ngi tra cu, s dng d liu.
Chun v Phn lp thng tin

2.1. Nguyn tc nh chun ni dung c s d liu
Trc khi i vo m t mt bng phn lp thng tin ca bn a chnh c th, cn a ra
mt s nguyn tc nht nh trong qu trnh xy dng chun ho cc lp thng tin. Sau y l
mt s nguyn tc chung khi nh chun v phn lp thng tin ca bn a chnh:
Phn lp thng tin c k tha theo bng phn loi cc i tng bn trn bn a
chnh trong qui phm ca Tng cc a chnh ban hnh.
Cc i tng trong mt lp thng tin thuc vo mt loi i tng hnh hc duy nht: im
(point), ng (polyline), hoc vng (polygon).
Nguyn tc phn lp thng tin: Mi lp thng tin ch th hin mt loi i tng (Object). Cc
i tng c cng chung mt s c im tnh cht nht nh c gp thnh lp i tng
(Object Class). Cc lp i tng c gp li thnh cc nhm i tng (Category). Mi mt
i tng c gn mt m s thng nht. M ca kiu i tng gm <M nhm><M
lp><M kiu>.
Qui tc t m lp thng tin:
Mi mt lp thng tin c mt m duy nht.
Trong mt nhm lp thng tin, m ca cc lp c nh s lin tc.
Qui tc t tn ca lp thng tin: Tn ca lp thng tin c t theo kiu vit tt sao cho d
dng nhn bit c l lp thng tin no.
14
2.2. Ni dung Bng phn loi cc i tng trong CSDL bn a chnh

Sau y l bng phn loi cc i tng bn a chnh trong c s d liu. Cu trc bng
gm cc ct:
Phn nhm chnh
Lp i tng
i tng
M s : m i tng di dng s.
Ch s lp trong Microstation : ch s level trong phn mm Microstation c gn cho mi

loi i tng.
D liu thuc tnh : m t cc d liu thuc tnh ca i tng lu trong c s d liu.
Quan h gia cc i tng : m t quan h v khng gian, thuc tnh vi cc i tng

khc.
STT trong QP : s th t ca i tng trong Quyn K hiu bn a chnh t l 1/500,

1/1.000, 1/2000, 1/5000 do Tng cc a chnh ban hnh nm 1999.
15
Bng phn loi cc i tng bn a chnh

M*
Level
(Micro
Station)
KN1
KN2
KN3
KT1
KT2
KT3
KT4
TD1
6
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
Tn, cao
S hiu im, cao
cao
cao
S hiu im, cao
1
2
4
5
3
6
rng b tha
im nhn tha ( tm tha)
TD2
11
S tha, Loi t, Din tch,

to nhn tha
K hiu v tr ni c rng hoc rng

thay i, ghi ch rng
TD3
12
Nh, khi nh
Ghi ch v tha
Tng nh
TD4
NH1
13
14
im nhn nh
NH2
15
K hiu tng chung, ring, nh tng

Ghi ch v nh
i tng im c tnh kinht (*2)
i tng im c tnh vn ho (*2)
i tng im c tnh x hi (*2)
ng ray
Ch gii ng
Phn tri mt, lng ng, ch thay i
cht liu ri mt
Ch gii ng
Ch gii ng nm trong tha
ng theo na t l (1 nt)
thay i, ghi ch rng
415
NH3
NH4
QA1
QA2
QA3
GS1
GS2
GB1
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
423
429
GB2
GB3
GB4
GB5
23
24
25
26
Phn nhm chnh
im cao, ta
khng ch
K
Lp i tng
i tng
Tha t
im thin vn
im ta Nh nc
im cao Nh nc
im khng ch trc a im cao k thut
KT
im ta a chnhI, II
im khng ch o v, im trm o
Ghi ch s hiu im cao
Ranh gii tha t
ng ranh gii tha t
TD
Cc i tng
im quan trng
Q
Giao thng
G
im Nh nc
KN
ng st
GS
ng t, ph
GB
M*
a
hnh
112
113
114
114-5
115
114-6
516
514
513
401
D liu thuc tnh
Quan h gia cc i tng
STT
Qui
Phm
Nm trong ng bao tha.

Bt im u hoc cui ca cnh tha, 30
song song vi cnh tha.
Vt liu, s tng, to
nhn, kiu nh (*1)
Cng vi ranh gii tha to thnh nh

khp kn.
Nm trong ng bao nh
53
9
53
10
rng ng
L ranh gii tha
L ranh gii tha

Khng l ranh gii tha
Ni vi l ng
16-25
16-25
16-25
26a
26b
27a
27b
27b
29b
Bt im u hoc cui ca l ng, 26d,

song song vi l ng.
29c
16
Thu h
T
ng nc
TV
TD
a gii
D
Ghi ch thu h TG
a gii quc gia
DQ
a gii tnh
DT
a gii huyn
DH
a gii x
DX
Ghi ch a danh DG
Qui hoch
Q
S phn vng
V
C s h tng
(Tu chn)
C
Cu
Tn ng, tn ph, tnh cht ng
ng mp nc
ng b
Knh, mng, rnh thot nc
ng gii hn cc i tng thu vn
nm trong tha
Sui, knh, mng na t l (1 nt)
thay i, ghi ch rng, hng dng
chy
Cng, p
ng mt
ng gii hn chn
na t l (1 nt)
Tn sng, h, ao,sui, knh, mng
Bin gii QG xc nh
Bin gii QG cha xc nh
Mc bin gii QG, s hiu mc
a gii tnh xc nh
a gii tnh cha xc nh
Mc a gii tnh, s hiu
a gii huyn xc nh
a gii huyn cha xc nh
Mc a gii huyn, s hiu
a gii x xc nh
a gii x cha xc nh
Mc a gii x, s hiu
Tn a danh, cm dn c
Ch gii ng qui hoch
Mc gii qui hoch
Phn vng a danh
Phn vng cht lng
Phn mnh bn
Mng li in
Mng thoi nc ti
Mng vin thng, lin lc
Mng cung cp nc
435
456
211
203
239
GB6
GB7
TV1
TV2
TV3
TV4
27
28
30
31
32
33
201
218
TV5
TV6
34
35
243
244
TV7
TD1
TD2
TD3
TG1
DQ1
DQ2
DQ3
DT1
DT2
DT3
DH1
DH2
DH3
DX1
36
37
38
37
39
40
40
41
42
42
43
44
44
45
46
DX2
DX3
DG1
QH1
QH2
VQ1
46
47
48
50
51
52
VQ2
VQ3
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
53
54
55
56
57
58
245
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
549
Ni vi l ng
C nh hoc khng c nh
L ranh gii tha
L ranh gii tha
Khng tham gia vo to tha
rng
Ni vi ng b, knh mng
34c
33d,e
Nm ngang qua knh, mng
35
36b
36a
36c
L ranh gii tha

C th l ranh gii tha
Tn mc
Lin quan vi ng bin gii

C th ly t a gii QG
- nt Lin quan vi ng a gii tnh
C th ly t a gii QG, tnh
- nt Lin quan vi ng a gii huyn
C th ly t ng a gii QG, tnh,
huyn
- nt Lin quan vi ng a gii x
Tn mc
Tn mc
Tn mc
H to ,t l,s hiu mnh
17
31
51.52
33a
33b,c
34
33b
Ghi ch, gii thch :

(*1)
Bng cc kiu, loi nh ( s c s dng trong trng Kiu nh trong
bng thuc tch ca i tng kiu Nh)

i tng
Nh,
Phn loi
Tn kiu nh
khi Nh t NH1
M kiu nh
Nh t
NH11
Nh c tnh kinh t
Ch
NH21
NH2
Ngn hng
NH22
Nh cng cng
Trng hc
NH31
NH3
Bnh vin
NH32
Nh x hi
Nh UBND
NH41
NH4
Doanh tri b i
NH42
nh
N
(*2)
Bng phn loi kiu i tng im. Mi mt i tng im tng ng
vi mt k hiu (cell) trong MicroStation

i tng
Tn
Tn k hiu
im kinh t
ng khi nh my
QA1NM
QA1
Trm bin th
QA1BT
Ct in
QA1CD
Vi phun nc
QA1PN
Cc i tng khc
QA1KH
im vn ho
n, miu
QA2DM
QA2
Thp c
QA2TC
Chi thp cao
QA2CTC
Tng i
QA2TD
Bia m, m c
QA2MC
Cc i tng khc
QA2KH
im x hi
Ngha a
QA3ND
QA3
Trm x, bnh vin
QA3TX
Cc i tng khc
QA3KH
19
3. p
dng chun Bng phn lp thng tin
Xc nh ng cc i tng trn bn a chnh giy tng ng bn a
chnh s. Trong bng phn loi cc i tng trn, ct s th t trong qui phm l tham chiu
gia cc i tng ca bn a chnh giy v bn a chnh s.
Cc i tng ng ch tham gia vo mt lp thng tin. Nh vy i vi cc ng nt tham
gia vo nhiu hn mt loi i tng, i hi phi c tch ra thnh cc lp khc nhau tng
ng vi lp thng tin m n m t. iu ny thng xy ra i vi cc i tng nh :
ng a gii hnh chnh chy theo a vt.
Cc ng gii hn h thng giao thng ng thi l ranh gii tha.
Cc ng gii hn h thng thu vn, iu ng thi l ranh gii tha.
Cc ng nt khi tham gia vo 2 i tng phi c sao chp thnh 2 ng trng kht nhau v
mt to , mi mt ng tham gia vo 1 loi i tng khc nhau, lu cc level khc nhau,
mu sc, k hiu c th khc nhau. (Xem hnh di )
Cc i tng trong bn a chnh s c lu theo ng qui nh trong bng
phn lp. Cc i tng bn trong c s d liu phi tun th :
Nm ng level hoc layer theo qui nh.
Tun theo cc k hiu v kiu ng v mu sc c qui nh
Gn d liu thuc tnh cho cc i tng c thuc tnh.
Cn xy dng b cng c trn cc phn mm s ho hin ti nh MicroStation cho ngi s

dng, trnh cc sai st, lm ln.
20
Bn a chnh trn giy

Rnh
Rnh
Ng
Tha
Knh
Ph
ng i
Tha
Rnh
Rnh
Ng
Tha
Knh
Ph
ng i
Tha
Tha
Giao
Thu vn
Bn a chnh s lu trong c s
d liu
21
Ni dung ca bn a chnh c qui nh trong qui phm thnh lp bn a chnh v

K hiu bn a chnh.
Chun v ni dung CSDL bn a chnh xc nh ni dung ca CSDL. Chun ny m t
nhng i tng no c lu tr trong c s d liu, s phn loi, cch nhn dng, ni dung
ngha ca tng loi i tng ny ng thi cng m t c th v quan h gia cc i tng v
d liu thuc tnh ca chng.
Chun v chi tit k thut
3.1. Ni dung chun chi tit k thut
Phn chi tit k thut ca c s d liu m t rt chi tit tng i tng trong c s d liu
bn a chnh. Mi mt i tng c m t trn mt trang. Phn ny l ti liu chnh
ngi dng c s d liu bn a chnh c mt cch hiu su sc, r rng v ton din v cc
i tng trong c s d liu.
Cu trc ca trang m t i tng bao gm :
Danh mc cc i tng
Ngy thnh lp ti liu
Nhm i tng
M nhm
Tn phn nhm chnh
Lp i tng
M lp
Tn lp i tng
nh ngha
nh ngha tn ca i tng c m t
M i tng
Phin bn
C gi tr t ngy
M i tng
s hiu phin bn
Ngy bt u chun c
gi tr
M t
M t c im, tnh cht v cc c tnh v k thut ca i tng.
Phn nh trong c s d liu
Phn nh tnh y ca i tng trong ton b c s d liu. i
tng c th c phn nh y hoc ch c phn nh ti mt
vng hay trong nhng mt iu kin c bit no .
Phn nh hnh
cao
chnh xc
Level
hc
Kiu i tng
C/khng c gi chnh xc
Level lu tr
tr cao
ca s liu cm,
i tng
hnh hc dng
phn nh i
dm, m
trong file DGN
tng (im,
ng, vng,
m t)
23
chnh xc hnh hc
Ch ra chnh xc ca i tng v mt hnh hc, chnh xc ph
thuc vo d liu ban u v cc phng php dng s ho i
tng
M t cu trc
M t m hnh d liu p dng m t v lu tr i tng trong
c s d liu. Trong trng hp mt i tng c m t bng
nhiu m hnh d liu khc nhau, phn ny cng nu r trng hp
no th s dng m hnh d liu no v l do. Phn ny cng M t
cc mi quan h khng gian ca i tng vi cc i tng khc.
Phng php thu thp
M t cc phng php c th c s dng thu thp d liu ca
i tng vo c s d liu.
3.2. Ni dung chun chi tit k thut
Hon chnh Ti liu chi tit k thut ca cc i tng trong CSDL bn a chnh gm
khong 60 trang.
Th nghim ti liu chi tit k thut, ly kin ng gp t cc n v, S a chnh trong

Tng cc a chnh
Hiu chnh, ban hnh bn chnh thc.
24
III. CHun v th
hin i tng bn (cartographic
reprentation standard)
Chun ho v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard) nhm chun ho
cch trnh by cc i tng bn s trn cc thit b dng s hoc cc vt liu lu tr dng
analog nh giy, phim. Trong c s d liu, bn s khng ch thun tu l mt s sao chp li
ca bn giy. Trn bn giy, cc i tng bn c th hin bng ngn ng c bit,
gi l ngn ng bn v c xem xt nh mt h thng k hiu c trng ring. Khi chuyn
sang di dng bn s, ngn ng bn vn ng mt vai tr quan trng cho vic th hin
cc i tng bn analog qua cc thit b ra nh my in, my v. Chun v th hin bn
cn phi c da trn cc qui nh v k hiu v cch th hin bn trong qui phm.
Chun v th hin bn di dng s.
Chun v th hin bn di dng analog.
III.1.
chun ho th hin cc i tng bn di dng s
Ni dung chun ho th hin bn di dng s bao gm :
Chun ho v th vin k hiu (Symbol Library): Mi mt i tng kiu im tng ng vi

mt kiu k hiu nht nh trong th vin. Hnh dng k hiu c thit k da theo qui phm
qui nh.
Chun ho v th vin kiu ng (Line Style Library): mi mt i tng kiu ng tng

ng vi mt kiu ng nht nh trong th vin. Hnh dng kiu ng c thit k da
theo qui phm qui nh.
Chun ho v th vin mu t (Pattern Library): mi mt i tng kiu vng tng ng vi

mt mu t nht nh trong th vin. Hnh dng mu t c thit k da theo qui phm qui
nh.
Chun ho v th vin kiu font ch (Font Library): mi mt i tng kiu ch tng ng vi

mt font ch v kch thc ch nht nh trong th vin. Cc font trong th vin dng b font
chun ABC ca Ban cng ngh thng tin quc gia. i vi mt s font ch cn phi to
thm, cc font ny vn tun theo m chun ca b ABC.
Chun ho v cc lp thng tin i vi tng ni dung bn chuyn khc nhau.
III.2.
chun ho th hin cc i tng bn di dng analog
Ni dung chun ho th hin bn di dng analog bao gm :
Chun v ni dung cc lp thng tin c hin th theo mi chuyn . V d bn a

hnh, bn a chnh, bn hin trng s dng t.
Chun v th t in ra cc lp thng tin (mc u tin khi in ra ). V d : th t in trong bn

a chnh l : thu vn, giao thng, ranh gii tha.
Chun v cch hin th cc lp thng tin. V d : Khi in bn a chnh, nu ranh gii tha
trng vi ng mp nc th khng in ra. Khi in bn a hnh, nu ng ranh gii hnh
chnh trng vi a vt, hin th ranh gii theo tng on v 2 pha ca a vt.
25
Chun v ni dung cc loi bn chuyn

V nguyn tc, ngi s dng c th ly bt c mt tp hp cc lp thng tin bt k t c s
d liu to thnh bn chuyn cho ring mnh. Tuy nhin lm c iu ny, ngi s
dng phi hiu rt r ni dung ca c s d liu v c ton quyn v truy nhp d liu. Khng
phi ngi s dng cng c c hiu bit nh vy v tnh bo mt d liu khng cao. V vy,
chun v cc loi bn chuyn nhm a ra mt s bn chuyn chung nht c ni
dung c xc nh. Chun ny s c hon thin dn qua qu trnh khai thc thng tin. Sau
y l mt s bn chuyn ly ra t c s d liu bn a chnh :
Bn a chnh.
Bn hin trng s dng t.
Bn qui hoch th.
Cc s , h s tha t.
Chun v th t in ra cc lp thng tin (mc u tin khi in ra )

Trong trng hp c nhiu i tng trng lp, chun s qui nh lpn thng tin no c in
trc, lp no c in sau hay khng in ra.
Chun v cch hin th cc lp thng tin.
Cc lp thng tin khi in ra cc vt liu lu tr lu di nh phim, giy, diamat hon ton tun
th theo cch th hin m qui phm qui nh, bao gm cc chun v k hiu, mu sc,
knh thc, dy ca ng nt, font ch.
X l cc i tng trc khi in ra (ch bn).
p dng chun v th hin bn
p dng chun trnh by bn bao gm :
Ban hnh chnh thc cc file th vin chun v k hiu, kiu ng ca bn a chnh.
Xy dng v ban hnh cc cng c tr gip chun ho v trnh by :
Cng c truy nhp thng tin cho cc bn chuyn t CSDL bn a chnh.
Cng c to cc hnh thc hin th c bit : vut ui chut, hin th khi trng nhau.
Xy dng cc file cu hnh in chun i vi tng loi phn mm khc nhau : Microstation,
AutoCad, IPLOT .v.v.
26
IV. Chun v khun dng d liu (format Data Standard)

V.1.
gii thiu cc chun chung
Forrmat d liu l yu t c bit quan trng trong vic trao i thng tin gia cc ngi dng
khc nhau trong cng h thng v gia cc h thng vi nhau.
Nguyn tc chn la khun dng d liu cho CSDL bn a chnh :
Chn nhng format c kh nng biu din y cc loi i tng.
Chn nhng format c cng b ( tnh m ).
Chn trong nhng format ang c s dng l cc chun trao i thng tin bn ph
dng..
Ph hp vi cc h thng phn mm GIS ang c s dng trong ngnh a chnh ni

ring v cc B ngnh khc ni chung.
Khng cng nhc, tu tng loi d liu c th v mc ch s dng c th dng cc format file
thch hp.
Chun v khun dng d liu bao gm hai thnhphn chun:
Chun khun dng d liu cho lu tr trong CSDL.
Chun khun dng d liu khi trao i, phn phi d liu.

Sau y, chng ta xem xt mt s chun v format d liu chnh c th c s dng trong
c s d liu bn a chnh
Chun format d liu ca Vin Nghin cu cc h thng v mi trng M (Environmental
Systems Research Institute ESRI USA). ESRI l hng xy dng phn mm ARC/INFO v l mt
trong nhng hng dn u v cng ngh GIS.
Chun format d liu ca hng Integraph. Integraph l mt trong nhng hng dn du th
gii v cc phn mm nh s v cng ngh GIS. Chun ca Integraph l Standard Interchange
Format SIF. Format c pht trin trao i d liu gia Intergaph v cc h thng khc. SIF
tr thnh mt trong nhng chun ph bin trao i d liu hin nay.
Chun format d liu ca hng AutoDesk M. AutoDesk l hng xy dng phn mm
AutoCAD rt ph dng hin nay. Format d liu DXF ca AutoDesk lun l format trao i ca
phn ln cc h thng GIS hin nay trn th gii.
Chun format d liu ca hng MAPINFO, USA. Format Mapinfo Interchange Format ca
MAPINFO l file ASCII, m t cc i tng di theo m hnh SPAGHETTI, cho php lu d
liu ho (trong file MIF) v d liu thuc tnh (MID).
Mt cng ngh mi, tin tin c a vo cc h thng GIS hin nay l cng ngh khng
gian (Spatial Technology). Cng ngh khng gian s dng cc h qun tr c s d liu ln nh
INFORMIX, ORACLE, MS SQL qun l d liu bn v thuc tnh. Cng ngh khng gian
xy dng mt tp cc php ton khng gian bng cc lnh SQL chun. Khun dng d liu ca
cng ngh ny cng c xem xt l mt chun v format d liu. Hin nay tn ti hai format d
liu chun l :
SDO - Spatial Data Option . Chun c pht trin bi ORACLE, M.
27
SDE - Spatial Data Engine . Chun c pht trin bi ESRI, M.

V.2.
xc nh chun cho CSDL bn a chnh
1. Chun format d liu lu tr trong c s d liu

Yu cu ca format d liu lu trong c s d liu l phi th hin cc i tng bn theo
m hnh topology. Da trn yu cu ny, chun khun dng d liu lu tr trong c s d liu l:
File ho DGN v file topology POL ca phn mm FAMIS.
File ho DGN v file topology SIF ca phn mm GIS Office ( Intergraph)
Coverage ca phn mm Arc/Info (ESRI)
2. Chun khun dng format d liu phc v cho trao i, phn phi d liu
Chun khun dng format d liu phc v cho trao i, phn phi d liu c th trc tip l
cc khun dng file c nu trong chun cho lu tr nhng c bn vn l cc chun trao i
c s dng rng ri nh DGN (Famis), DXF (AutoCad), SHAPE (ArcView), SIF (Integraph)
3. Chun khun dng format d liu phc v cho tra cu, hin th trn mng
Chun format d liu phc v tra cu, hin th d liu trn my n hoc trn cc mng cc
b LAN, mng din rng INTRANET hoc mng cng cng INTERNET l cc khun dng tng
thch vi cc h thng c ng dng qun l v phn phi d liu trn mng nh : Geomedia Web
Map (Intergraph), ArcIMS, SDE ( ESRI), SDO (Oracle)
File thuc tnh ca cc i tng bn a chnh c m t di dng m hnh d liu
quan h. Format file m t d liu thuc tnh ca cc i tng bn a chnh l MDB ca
ACCESS v Database ca ORACLE l file m t d liu thuc tnh ca cc i tng bn a
chnh.
p dng chun v khun dng d liu
p dng chun v khun dng d liu bao gm :
Xc nh chun lu tr c s d liu chnh thc ca bn a chnh DGN v POL ca

FAMIS, SDO ca ORACLE, SIF ca Intergraph
Xy dng v ban hnh cc cng c cho php chuyn i t format d liu lu trong CSDL
chnh thc sang cc dng format khc nh DXF, SHAPE .v.v.
28
V.
CHun ho MetaData
VI.1.
Khi nim Meta Data
Meta Data l D liu ca D liu, iu ny c th hiu Meta Data l mt d liu ch dn cho

bit phn d liu a l ang c trong c s d liu: do ai lm, lm bng cng ngh no, ai kim
tra cht lng, lm thi gian no, nm trang h to no, v.v. Trong cc c s d liu truyn
thng cc d liu kiu Meta Data khng cn thit bng nhu cu i vi cc CSDL a l. i vi
cc d liu a l, ngoi d liu c m t bng v tr a l ngi ta cn phi bit tng tn v
cc yu t sau:
chnh xc cc v tr a l trong CSDL c th hin qua cc thng tin: c quan thc hin,
cng ngh thc hin, chnh xc thit b (loi thit b thc hin), thi gian thc hin, tham s
h quy chiu.
C s php l ca d liu a l c th hin qua cc thng tin: c quan thc hin, bin gii a gii chnh thc hay tm thi, d liu c xc nhn cht lng cp no, mc c
th tip cn cc d liu chi tit hn.
Ngoi ra ngi s dng cn c th mun bit thm mt s thng tin chi tit khc c lin quan:
Tn khu vc a l ca d liu, gii hn to ;
M t chung v cc iu kin a l ca khu vc;
Ni lu tr s liu ngun v kh nng tip cn s liu ngun;
Cc d liu khc c lin quan.
Thi gian thit lp cc Meta Data v chnh xc v c s php l;
VI.2.
Ni dung Meta Data
Ni dung ch yu ca Meta Data bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
Tn tp hp d liu a l (cc tn khc, tn rt gn)
M t chung tp hp d liu ia l:
Tm tt ni dung;
Mc tiu ca vic u t lm d liu;
Cc c quan s dng d liu;
Ngn ng trong d liu;
H quy chiu ca d liu;
Cc d liu a l khc c lin quan;
C quan qun l d liu ngun.
chnh xc d liu:
Mc tiu phc v ca d liu ngun;
Cng ngh, thit b thnh lp d liu;
chnh xc c tnh cho cc yu t a hnh, a vt;
H quy chiu, h to ca d liu:

Ellipsoid quy chiu;
im gc to ;
29
Li chiu phng;
H thng to c s;
H thng cao c s;
Mi lin h to cao vi cc h thng gp;
Thi gian thc hin d liu;
C s php l ca d liu:
C quan thc hin d liu;
Qu trnh kim tra - nghim thu d liu;
C quan thc hin xc nhn cht lng sn phm;
Tnh php l ca a gii quc gia;
Mc c th tip cn cc d liu chi tit.
Cc s liu c lin quan:

Tn khu vc a l;
To gc ca khu vc (Xmin, Ymin, Xmax, Ymax);
cao khu vc (Hmin, Hmax);
Cc n v hnh chnh thuc khu vc a l;
M t iu kin a l chung ca khu vc;
Cc d liu khc c lin quan;
Ni dung bn :
M t cc thng tin thuc tnh c th tra cu c;
M t h phn lp thng tin bn ;
Cc k hiu bn .
VI.3.
chun ho meta data
Vi ni dung Meta Data nh nu trn vic chun ho Meta Data l cn thit ngi dng
c th tra cu c cc thng tin hu ch. Hin nay ngi ta vn dng 2 loi cng c thit lp
cc Meta Data: mt l t chc di dng mt CSDL n gin gm mt s bng khng c quan
h, v hai l t chc di dng mt trang Web tra cu. Vn chun ho t ra y khng
phi l cu trc d liu, khun dng d liu m l ni dung d liu phi c nhng g.
Chun ho Meta Data th hin di dng cc form chun m t cc thng tin lin quan
n d liu trong c s d liu m nhng thng tin ny cn phi c in vo mt cch y
khi vo hoc cp nht s liu.
Chun meta c thc hin bng cch :
Xc nh cc form chun cn phi in y khi giao np sn phm v ban hnh
Xy dng chng trinh qun l Metadata di dng CSDL ca ACCESS cho php : nhp
s liu, tra cu s liu v Metadata. Cc sn phm c giao np di dng s u phi c
file Metadata km theo.
30
Phn II. Chun ho bn a chnh

bng phn mm FAMIS
I.
phn mm FAMIS cng c chun ho
I.1.
Gii thiu phn mm FAMIS
Trong x hi hin i, cng ngh thng tin c mt vai tr quan trng trong vic thu thp v
qun l thng tin. qun l cc d liu c tnh khng gian (c v tr a l), ngi ta s dng H
thng Thng tin
Phn 2: Chun ho bn a chnh bng Phn mm FAMIS
h tr cng vic thu thp d liu ban u v chun ho bn a chnh, Tng cc a
chnh ban hnh b phn mm chun xy dng CSDL Bn v H s a chnh ban u gm
2 phn mm c bn l FAMIS v CADDB. Phn mm Tch hp o v v xy dng bn a
chnh ( Fieldwork And cadastral Mapping Integrated System - FAMIS ) l mt phn mm llm vic
vi CSDL bn a chnh. Ngoi cng tc h tr xy dng CSDL bn a chnh , phn mm
FAMIS cn l mt cng c thc hin chun ho bn a chnh. Ti liu ny khng phi l
Hng dn s dng phn mm FAMIS m l ti liu hng dn thc hin cng tc chun ho bn
a chnh bng phn mm FAMIS.
Tm tt v phn mm FAMIS.
Phn mm FAMIS chy trong mi trng ca phn mm MICROSTATION.
Phn mm Microstation l phn mm v ho v thit k rt mnh, chy trong mi
trng windows 95,98,NT. Phn mm Microstation cng l phn mm nn ho cho cc cng
ngh ca Integraph, hin ang c s dng rng ri trong ngnh nh : s ho v bin tp bn
Mapping offfice : IRASB, IGEOVEC,..; x l nh s, qui hoch, h thng thng tin a l (GIS
Office) .
Phn mm FAMIS cung cp mt qui trnh cng ngh khp kn t khu x l s liu sau khi
o c cho n khu cui cng hon chnh mt bn a chnh v cc ti liu k thut lin quan
: h s k thut, trch lc .v.v.
Phn mm FAMIS qun l d liu bn a chnh s theo dng chun ca Tng cc a
chnh qui nh, l c s thc hin qu trnh qun l bin ng sau ny.
I.2.
ni dung chnh ca chun ho bn a chnh
Cc thnh phn trong ni dung chun ho ca bn a chnh

Chun v d liu bn (Cartography Data Standard). Chun v d liu bn qui nh
cch thc v ni dung ca bn a chnh khi lu tr trong c s d liu
31
Chun v m hnh d liu. Chun v m hnh d liu (Data model standard) dng m t
cch thc th hin v lu tr cc i tng bn di dng s (digital) trong c s d liu: Xc
nh m hnh d liu ph hp v chun ho v la chn v phn loi cc i tng cn lu tr
Chun v ni dung d liu. Chun v ni dung d liu (Data content andard) l chun xc
nh cc i tng cn lu tr trong c s d liu, s phn loi, cch nhn dng, ni dung ngha
ca tng loi i tng, quan h khng gian v d liu thuc tnh.
Chun v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard). Chun v th hin bn
(Cartographic Represetation Standard) nhm chun ho cch th hin cc i tng bn ra cc
thit b ra khc nhau
Chun v th hin bn di dng s
Chun v th hin bn di dng analog
Chun v khun dng file (Data format and data exchange standard )
Chun v khun dng file lu tr
Chun v khun dng file trao i, phn phi thng tin
Chun ho v metadata cho bn a chnh (Metadata Standard). Meta Data l D liu
ca D liu , Meta Data l d liu m t cc thng tin lin quan n d liu ang lu tr trong
CSDL.
M t chung v d liu: C s ton hc, tn, gii hn a l
chnh xc, cht lng d liu
C s php l ca d liu
Ni dung ca CSDL bn
Sau y ti liu s trnh by chi tit p dng cc chun bng phn mm FAMIS.
32
II.
chun ho m hnh d liu trong phn mm FAMIS

FAMIS qun l d liu bn a chnh theo m hnh Toppology. M hnh topology ca
bn a chnh c th hin trong phn mm FAMIS nh sau.

Ii.1.
phn loi i tng hnh hc
Cc i tng ca bn a chnh c qui v 4 dng i tng hnh hc c bn :

Kiu im. Cc i tng bn di kiu im c th hin trong file ho DGN di
dng k hiu tng ng gi l CELL. B th vin k hiu CELL chun l KyHieuDC.CEL c
ban hnh km theo phn mm FAMIS.
Kiu ng. Cc i tng kiu ng trong bn a chnh c chia lm 2 loi :
Cc i tng kiu ng l ng bao ca cc i tng kiu vng: ng ranh gii tha,
l ng b, ng b, chn .v.v.
Cc i tng dng ng c tnh cht m t thun tu : gii hn lng ng, ng mp
nc .v.v.
Cc i tng kiu ng c th hin trong phn mm FAMIS di dng cc line,
linestring theo cc kiu ng nh ngha trong file th vin kiu ng chun DuongDC.RSC.
Kiu vng : tha t v cc i tng hnh tuyn c din tch : giao thng, thu vn. Cc i
tng kiu vng khng c th hin tng minh trong file ho DGN. Cc i tng kiu vng
c m t theo m hnh topology lu trong file topoloy POL.
Kiu m t. Cc ch m t ca bn a chnh th hin di text, textstring tun theo
chun ting Vit v kch thc, kiu ch qui nh trong qui phm.
Ii.2.
M hnh topology trong phn mm FAMIS
M hnh Topology trong phn mm FAMIS dng m t cc i tng vng. i tng

dng vng quan trng nht ca bn a chnh cng nh h s a chnh l tha t.
Cc i tng vng khp kn ( tha t) phi c m t theo m hnh d liu Topology,
khng m t cc cc i tng hnh hc dng vng. Tha t c xc nh bng danh sch cc
ng ranh gii tha to nn ng bao khp kn v mt im nhn tha c trng cho tha t.
Cc tha t c nh ngha t cc ng ranh gii tha (b tha).
Mi mt tha t c mt nhn tha di dng mt cell. Nhn tha ny dng lin kt tha
t vi d liu thuc tnh v cc php tra cu theo tha t u c chn theo nhn ny.
33
im n h n th a
( C ell l u tro n g file D G N )
C h s lin kt
n g ran h g i i th a
(L in e, L in e strin g l u tro n g file D G N )
C h s lin kt
X ,Y
C p X Y
116
21
145
T h a t
(M t tro n g file P O L )
y -a x is
C h s th a
C h s n g D an h sch ng
im n h n
21
ng
1 1 6 ,1 4 5
21
x -a x is
5
Ii.3.
10
Qui trnh to m hnh Topology cho tha t.
D liu lu trong c s d liu phi m bo tnh Topology ca chng. Yu cu ny c

xem xt n khi s ho hay khi chnh sa bn a chnh s.S liu bn s phi c kim
tra v sa li theo yu cu ca m hnh topology
ng ranh gii tha cn phi c qun l nh mt i tng c lp v c th gn
rng tha. Khi mt ng ranh gii c nhiu on c rng khc nhau cn thit phi tch ra
thnh cc ng i tng khc nhau. thc hin, cn kt hp 2 chc nng Chia cnh tha
v Gn rng ng trong hp hi thoi To Topology ca phn mm FAMIS.
0.3
0.
0.3
0.
Sai
ng
ng ranh gii tha to thnh ng bao tha lun m bo tnh ni v to thnh ng

bao khp kn cho tha t tuyt i v to .
Sai
Sai
ng
34
Cc ng ranh gii tha khng c php giao nhau, phi lun ct nhau ti u hoc cui
ng ( ti im nt NODE)
ng
Sai
Chng trnh FAMIS cung cp hai modul cho php chnh sa li ny l MRFCLEAN v
MRFFLAG.
Modul MRFCLEAN chc nng pht hin cc ch giao nhau ca cc ng v nhng nt
khng ni vo ng no c. Chc nng cho php t to cc im nt ( ct ) ti cc im giao
nhau v nh du li cc nt khng bt vo u.
Modul MRFLAG c chc nng ln lt hin th tng v tr li, cho php ngi dng chnh
sa cc li ny bng cc cng c ca Microstation.
Ngoi ra c nhng dng c th l li cn khc phc nhng cha c xc nh chnh xc
cn c s r sot li ca con ngi. V d nh :
Li tha nh. Trong qu trnh s ho, rt c th ngi s ho to ra nhng tnh hung c
th pht sinh nhng i tng vng rt b, tuy ng logic nhng phi thc t.
Li tha
kim tra li ny, cn chy chc nng Kim tra tha nh trong FAMIS pht hin cc
ng ranh gii tha c di rt nh ( to thnh cnh cc tha nh). FAMIS s nh du vo
u cc ng ranh gii tha ny, sau ngi dng dng modul MRFFLAG hin th v sa
cha li.
To Topology. To Topology l chc nng t ng xy dng cc i tng tha t t cc
ng ranh gii tha c. Khi mt tha t c nh ngha, FAMIS t to mt im nhn tha
trng tm tha t.
Trong qu trnh to topology, din tch tha t t ng c tnh. Cc d liu trc ca
tha t l s hiu bn , s hiu tha, loi t ( nu c ) s c gi nguyn.
Gn rng cho b tha

Chia cnh tha ( nu cn)
Gn rng
Chnh li giao nhau, khng ni nhau
35
Qui trnh to Topology cho bn a chnh
36
III.
chun ho v ni dung bn a chnh s trong
phn mm FAMIS
Phn lp cc i tng bn a chnh c qui inh trong Qui phm thnh lp bn
a chnh do Tng cc a chnh ban hnh nm 1999. Cc phn lp cc i tng da trn m
i tng v level lu tr ca i tng trong file DGN ca Microstation.
III.1.
xc nh ng i tng
Khi s ho hoc chnh sa bn a chnh s, vn u tin v xc nh ng cc ng

nt trn bn a chnh giy tng ng vi i tng no bng phn lp cc lp thng tin ca
bn a chnh s. Ct s th t trong qui phm ca bng phn lp ch ra s tng ng gia
cc i tng ca bn a chnh giy v bn a chnh s.
Khi s ho cc i tng bn a chnh, thng gp trng hp mt ng nt th hin
trn bn thuc nhiu i tng khc nhau. Trong Quyn K hiu bn a chnh cc i
tng ngoi tn ca n cn c ch thch (l ranh gii tha), v d nh ch gii ng, ng b,
chn .v.v. Trong CSDL bn a chnh, ng nt ca cc i tng khc nhau phi tch ri
nhau. C ngha l, trn bn giy, mt ng c th c hiu nh thuc v 2 i tng khc
nhau ( v d ch gii ng ng thi l ranh gii tha) nhng trong CSDL, cn phi c hai ng
khc nhau, mi mt ng thuc v mt i tng no , mc d v mt to cc ng ny
hon ton trng kht ln nhau. Cc ng ny s c phn bit qua level, mu sc, kch thc,
kiu ng qui nh trong bng phn lp thng tin.
Khi thu thp thng tin a chnh ban u, phn mm FAMIS cung cp mt cng c cho
php ngi s dng khi s ho bn a chnh , i vi cc ng nt tham gia vo 2 i tng
bn (tha t v cc i tng hnh tuyn c din tch khc), ch cn s ho mt ln.
Qui trnh thc hin nh sau :
S ho cc ng ranh gii tha v cc ng nt khc vo cng mt lp. Lp ny nn
vo cc level cha s dng (1-5, 59-63) trong bng phn lp thng tin v hin ti cha dng cho
bt k i tng no trn bn .
To Topology cho cc i tng vng t cc ng ranh gii tha.
ng k cc i tng vng khng phi l ranh gii tha theo cng mt s hiu c bit
9990 : t giao thng
99901 : t thu li
99902 : Sng sui
37
Dng chc nng Tch vng tch ring tng loi i tng c bit theo level qui nh
trong Bng phn lp thng tin
S ho tt c cc ng nt
bn vo 1 lp
To topology cho cc vng

trn ton bn
ng k cc i tng vng t bit :

giao thng, thu vn
Tch vng ra cc i tng ring bit :

Tha t
Giao thng
Thu vn
38
Bn a chnh trn giy

Rnh
Rnh
Ng
Tha
Knh
Ph
ng i
Tha
Rnh
Rnh
Ng
Tha
Knh
Ph
ng i
Tha
Tha
Giao
Thu vn
Bn a chnh s lu trong c s
d liu
39
III.1.
phn lp ng i tng
Cc i tng bn lu di dng s phi thun th theo bng phn lp thng tin

c ban hnh trong Qui phm thnh lp bn a chnh do Tng cc a chnh ban
hnh nm 1999. Ct level trong bng phn lp thng tin chnh l level lu tr cc i
tng bn trong file DGN c qun l bi phn mm FAMIS trong mi trng ho
Microstation.
Theo cu trc file DGN cc i tgn bn c phn lp theo cc yu t sau :
Level ca i tng. Phn ln cc i tng quan trng u c phn lp theo ch
s level ny. DGN cho php c ti a 63 level t 1 n 63.
i vi cc i tng c cng mt ch s level ( ch yu v cc i tng kiu im),
yu t phn bit cc i tng l tn ca k hiu ( Cell name). Tn k hiu thit k
trong FAMIS chnh l m ca i tng trong Bng phn loi. V d i tng ct in
biu din bng cell c tn l QA1CD.
t ng ho xc nh level, k hiu, mu sc cho tng i tng bn khi s ho,
chnh sa bn a chnh, FAMIS c cung cp cc chc nng sau y :
Chn cc i tng cn s ho theo bng qun l i tng do FAMIS a ra bng

chc nng <Qun l bn > <Chn lp thng tin> trong FAMIS. Cu trc bng
qun l i tng tng t nh bng phn lp thng tin. Khi ngi s dng chn mt
i tng no l i tng hin ti x l t bng Qun l i tng, cc yu t
ho hin ti ca Microstation (level, kiu, mu) lp tc thay i theo.
Cc i tng kiu k hiu t ng xc nh level, mu sc, kiu, kch thc ( theo
t l bn ) bng chc nng <Qun l bn > <V cc i tng im> trong

FAMIS. FAMIS cung cp mt s kiu t k hiu c bit theo quanh h vi cc i
tng khc nh :
K hiu tng nh chung, ring lun t vung gc vi cnh tng
K hiu cu, cng t theo quan h vi cc i tng nh l ng.
40
Cc i tng kiu ch c t ng xc nh level, mu sc, font ch, kch thc (

theo t l bn ) bng chc nng <Tin ch> <Chn kiu ch> trong FAMIS
41
IV.
chun ho v trnh by bn a chnh trong
phn mm FAMIS
Chun v trnh by bn a chnh c xy dng tun theo cc qui nh trong
quyn K hiu bn a chnh t l 1:500; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1:5000 do Tng cc a
chnh ban hnh 1999.
IV.1.
Cc th vin chun trong FAMIS
chun ho trnh by ( hin th, in ra ) bn a chnh bng phn mm

Microstation, FAMIS cung cp cc b th vin chun km theo. Sau y l m t cc th
vin chun ca FAMIS
Th vin v k hiu (Symbol Library) . Th vin k hiu l b th vin cell ca

Microstation c xy dng ring bit cho cc i tng kiu im ca bn a
chnh. B th vin k hiu c tn l KyHieuDC gm hai file KyHieuDC.CEL v
KyHieu.CDX. File th vin ny c ban hnh km theo phn mm FAMIS v khi lm
vic
lu
trong
th
mc
lm
vic
ca
Microstation
\win23app\ustation\wsmod\default\cell.
Th vin v kiu ng (LineStyle Library) . Th vin kiu ng l b th vin

linestyle ca Microstation c xy dng ring bit cho cc i tng kiu ng ca
bn a chnh. B th vin kiu ng c tn l DuongDC.RSC. File th vin ny
c ban hnh km theo phn mm FAMIS v khi lm vic c lu trong th mc
lm vic ca Microstation l \win23app\ustation\wsmod\default\symb.
Th vin v kiu ch (Font Library) . Th vin kiu ch l b th vin font ca

Microstation c xy dng ring bit cho cc ch m t bng ting Vit trn bn
a chnh. B m font ch tun theo cc chun ABC v c ly vo t cc truetype
font ABC mi trng Window. Th vin font ch ny ch lu cc font c ch nh
quyn K hin bn a chnh. Nu ngi s dng mun s dng thm cc loi font
khc, cn phi a cc font cn thit vo th vin bng chc nng install font ca
Microstation. B th vin kiu ch c tn l VNFontDC.RSC. File th vin ny c
ban hnh km theo phn mm FAMIS v khi lm vic c lu trong th mc lm vic
ca Microstation l \win23app\ustation\wsmod\default\symb.
IV.2.
chun ho trnh by cc i tng bn
Kch thc cc i tng bn khi trnh by trong FAMIS u c qui v theo

kch thc tht ( theo mt). V vy kch thc hin th cc i tng bn ph thuc vo
t l bn v tham s v n v lm vic ( working unit) ca Microstation.
42
Bng tham s kch thc cho i tng kiu im

T l bn
Cell Scale
Worrking unit l cm
Unit : m Subunit 100/1
Worrking unit l mm
Unit : m Subunit 1000/1
0.5
1
2
5
10
25
5
10
20
50
100
250
1/500
1/1.000
1/2.000
1/5.000
1/10.000
1/25.000
FAMIS cung cp cc cng c chun ho kch thc cc i tng bn khi s ho

ln bn a chnh s. Cc chc nng ny m t trong phn trc Chun ha ni
dung bn bn a chnh bng FAMIS :
Cc i tng kiu ng, t ng xc nh level, kiu ng, kch thc, mu sc.

Dng chc nng <Qun l bn > <Chn lp thng tin> trong FAMIS.
Cc i tng kiu im, t ng xc nh level, k hiu, kch thc, mu sc. Dng

chc nng <Qun l bn > <V cc i tng im> trong FAMIS.
Cc i tng kiu ch, t ng xc nh level, font ch, kch thc, mu sc. Dng
chc nng <Tin ch> <TextStyle> trong FAMIS.
T ng to khung bn a chnh gc v bn a chnh theo ng qui phm.

Dng chc nng <bn a chnh > <To khung bn > trong FAMIS.
IV.3.
chun ho khi in bn ra cc thit b lu tr lu di
i vi bn a chnh, cch trnh by khi in ra cc thit b lu tru lu di nh

phim, giy, diamat tng i n gin. Tuy nhin do tnh cht CSDL ca bn s, khi in
ra bn s trn giy, cn quan tm n cc vn sau :
Chun v th t in ra cc lp thng tin (mc u tin khi in ra).
Chun v cch hin th cc lp thng tin c tnh cht trng lp.
Xy dng cc file cu hnh in chun.
Cc thao tc in n bn a chnh c thc hin bng modul in PLOT ca

Microstation hoc IPLOT ca hng INTERGRAPH.
Chun v th t in ra cc lp thng tin (mc u tin khi in ra) c th hin di dng

file PenTable TBL ca modul PLOT. Tu tng loi bn c th, ngi s dng c
th t thit k ly ni dung file Pen Table ca mnh. File Pen Table cho php ngi s
dng t mc d u tin khi in ra cho tng loi i tng theo level (proccessing order)
v kiu hin th khi in ra (output actions). Hin ti phn mm FAMIS c mt file Pen
43
Table c thit k in ra bn a chnh theo qui nh ca Qui phm v trnh by

bn . hiu r hn v Pen Table tham kho thm ti liu v Microstation.
Hin th cc lp thng tin c tnh cht trng lp. i vi cc thng tin c tnh cht
trng lp c th xy ra hai trng hp. Trng hp th nht : cng mt ng nt c
th in li nhiu ln. i vi my v bng bt v, cch in lp li nhiu ln c th to ra
cc ng nt m hn cc ng nt khc. Tuy nhin, hin ti cc my v u dng
cng ngh phun mu v vy hin tng trn s khng xy ra m ch ch n th t
cc i tng khi in. Trng hp th hai: ng nt khi trng lp c in theo kiu
khc trnh in ln nhau. V d khi ng ranh gii khi trng ln a vt c v
sang hai bn ca a vt ny. Cch gii quyt ny bt buc ngi s dng phi x l s
liu trc khi in ra. Cng on ny c gi l bin tp bn . Do Microstation l
mt phn mm rt mnh v cc thao tc ho v vy cng tc bin tp bn bng
Microstation s nhanh chng, tin li.
Cc file cu hnh in chun. FAMIS cung cp mt s file cu hnh in chun in ra cc

ti liu k thut lin quan n bn a chnh. Cc file cu hnh INI ( plot
configuration file ) lu tr cc thng tin v kch thc giy, gii hn vng in ra, t l in
ra v mt s thng tin khc. Ngi s dng c th t to cc file cu hnh in cho tng
loi ti liu c th. Mt s cu hnh in do FAMIS cung cp l : a4hp.ini in h s k
thut, a4hpp.ini in trch lc, a3hp.ini in Giy chng nhn .v.v. File cu hnh in c
s dng khi dng modul PLOT in ra.
44
V.
chun ho v khun dng d liu trong phn mm
FAMIS
Chun khun dng d liu bao gm hai thnh phn :
Chun khun dng d liu khi lu tr trong CSDL.
V.1.
Chun khun dng d liu khi lu tr trong CSDL
Phn mm FAMIS c s dng xy dng v qun l bn a chnh. Cu

trc file d liu ca FAMIS tun theo cc chun m Tng cc a chnh qui nh.
Khun dng d liu ca FAMIS lu tr, x l bn a chnh theo m hnh Topology.
C s d liu bn a chnh lu trong 2 dng file:
File ho DGN ca Microstation.
File POL m t cu trc topology cho cc i tng vng ca FAMIS.

u im file d liu ca FAMIS l c tnh m. Cu trc file DGN c hng Benley
v Intergraph cng b. Vi tnh m ny. bt k h thng no cng c th truy nhp trc

tip vo file d liu do FAMIS qun l.
Cu trc file topology POL nh sau :
Thng tin m t chung v ton b file
Polygon File Header
Thng tin chung ca polygon 1
Polygon Header 1
Danh sch cc ng ca polygon 1
Arc polygon list
.............
Thng tin chung ca polygon n
Polygon Header n
Danh sch cc ng ca polygon n
Arc polygon list
Cu trc thng tin m t chung v ton b file :
typedef struct {
char
int
MapName[20];
MapId;
double Xmin;
45
double Ymin;
double Xmax;
double Ymax;
int
char
nPolygons;
Reversed[30];
} POLYGON_FILE_HEADER;
Cu trc thng tin chung ca polygon
typedef struct {
long
PolygonId;
int
MapId;
int
ParcelId;
double Xmin,Ymin;
double Xmax,Ymax;
double XCentroid,YCentroid;
double Area;
double Perimeter;
long
SoQl;
char
TenCSD[30];
char
DiaChi[50];
int
LoaiDat;
char
Mdsd[10];
int
nArcs;
} POLYGON_HEADER;
Cu trc thng tin mt i tng ng thuc ng bao ca polygon:
typedef struct {
long
int
ArcId;
FirstNodeId;
int
LastNodeId;
long
NbPolygonId;
} ARC_POLYGON;
Cu trc thng tin y ca mt polygon
typedef struct {
POLYGON_HEADER
ARC_POLYGON *
PolygonHeader;
lpArcs;
} POLYGON_INFO;
46
V.2.
Cc khun dng d liu cho trao i phn phi thng tin trong FAMIS l cc khun
dng c dng ph bin ca cc h thng phn mm GIS. FAMIS cung cp cc chc
nng nhp/ xut d liu vi cc khun dng d liu khc nhau.
FAMIS cho php xut d liu ra cc dng file DXF (AutoDesk), MIF (MapInfo), SDO
(Oracle)
FAMIS cho php nhp d liu t cc dng file DXF (AutoDesk), MIF (MapInfo),
Coverage (ARC/INFO).
D liu thuctnh ca tha t : s hiu bn , s hiu tha, loi t, din tch, h tn

ch s dng, a chnh c nhp/xut ra di dng file quan h DBF.
Cc chc nng nhp / xut ca FAMIS c chn trn menu <Nhp s liu>
<Nhp/xut bn >
47
VI. Chun ho d liu m t CSDL trong phn mm FAMIS

D liu m t CSDL (metadata) l d liu cha cc thng tin lin quan n CSDL bn
a chnh nh :
M t chung v d liu: C s ton hc, tn, gii hn a l
chnh xc, cht lng d liu
C s php l ca d liu
Ni dung ca CSDL bn
FAMIS chun ho c s ton hc cho tng tnh theo qui phm qui nh, thng nht
vi CSDL bn a hnh
H to , cao Nh nc
Kinh tuyn chnh theo tng tinh
Mi chiu 3
C s ton hc trong FAMIS c th hin qua nh ngha file khi to ban u (Seed
file). Khi to mt file bn mi, ngi s dng nn dng seed file c nh ngha
trc bng FAMIS.
FAMIS qun l cht lng bn qua cc phn vng cht lng. Phn vng cht lng c
th theo mnh hoc theo mt phn vng bt k. ( xem bng phn lp thng tin).
Cc thng tin ca phn vng cht lng l:
Ngun gc v chnh xc ti liu gc.
Phng php thnh lp.
chnh xc khi s ho ( phng php s ho)
qun l d liu m t CSDL ( meta data) cn thit phi xy dng mt phn mm qun
l CSDL v metadata, d liu MetaData lu di dng file MDB ca ACCESS.
Phn mm qun l Metadata ny cn c sm xy dng v ban hnh km theo phn
mm FAMIS. D liu metadata s c giao np km vi d liu bn a chnh s.
48
Phn i. Chun ho bn a chnh........................................................ 1

I. Nhu cu v ni dung ca chun ho bn a chnh
1
I.1.
nhu cu chun ho bn a chnh ..................................................................... 1
I.2.
Ni dung chun ho bn a chnh.................................................................... 2
Chun v d liu bn (Cartography Data Standard) ............................................ 2
Chun v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard) ......................... 2
Chun v khun dng file (Data format and data exchange standard ). ............... 2
Chun ho v d liu m t CSDL (metadata) cho bn a chnh (Metadata
Standard): ........................................................................................................................... 2
II. chun ho v d liu bn ..................................................................................... 3
II.1. Chun v m hnh d liu.......................................................................................... 3
1. Khi nim m hnh d liu ............................................................................................. 3
2. La chn m hnh d liu cho c s d liu bn a chnh ............................... 3
3. Ni dung ca chun m hnh d liu.......................................................................... 5
4. p dng chun m hnh d liu ................................................................................ 12
II.2. chun v ni dung c s d liu bn a chnh ............................................. 14
Khi nim chung .............................................................................................................. 14
Chun v Phn lp thng tin ......................................................................................... 14
2.1. Nguyn tc nh chun ni dung c s d liu ................................................... 14
2.2. Ni dung Bng phn loi cc i tng trong CSDL bn a chnh ........... 15
3. p dng chun Bng phn lp thng tin ................................................................ 20
Chun v chi tit k thut............................................................................................... 23
3.1. Ni dung chun chi tit k thut............................................................................. 23
3.2. Ni dung chun chi tit k thut............................................................................. 24
III.
CHun v th hin i tng bn (cartographic reprentation
standard) ............................................................................................................................... 25
III.1.
chun ho th hin cc i tng bn di dng s .............................. 25
III.2.
chun ho th hin cc i tng bn di dng analog....................... 25
IV.
Chun v khun dng d liu (format Data Standard) .............................. 27
V.1. gii thiu cc chun chung .................................................................................... 27
V.2. xc nh chun cho CSDL bn a chnh ........................................................ 28
1. Chun format d liu lu tr trong c s d liu .................................................. 28
2.
Chun khun dng format d liu phc v cho trao i, phn phi d liu
28
3.
Chun khun dng format d liu phc v cho tra cu, hin th trn mng
28
p dng chun v khun dng d liu........................................................................ 28
V. CHun ho MetaData .................................................................................................. 29
VI.1.
Khi nim Meta Data ............................................................................................ 29
VI.2.
Ni dung Meta Data............................................................................................. 29
VI.3.
chun ho meta data........................................................................................... 30
Phn II. Chun ho bn a chnh bng phn mm FAMIS.........31

I.
phn mm FAMIS cng c chun ho ................................................................... 31

I.1.
Gii thiu phn mm FAMIS .................................................................................... 31
I.2.
ni dung chnh ca chun ho bn a chnh ............................................... 31
II. chun ho m hnh d liu trong phn mm FAMIS .......................................... 33
Ii.1. phn loi i tng hnh hc .................................................................................. 33
49
Ii.2. M hnh topology trong phn mm FAMIS ............................................................ 33

Ii.3. Qui trnh to m hnh Topology cho tha t. ...................................................... 34
III.
chun ho v ni dung bn a chnh s trong phn mm FAMIS ... 37
III.1.
xc nh ng i tng ...................................................................................... 37
III.1.
phn lp ng i tng...................................................................................... 40
IV.
chun ho v trnh by bn a chnh trong phn mm FAMIS.......... 42
IV.1.
Cc th vin chun trong FAMIS......................................................................... 42
IV.2.
chun ho trnh by cc i tng bn ...................................................... 42
IV.3.
chun ho khi in bn ra cc thit b lu tr lu di.................................... 43
V. chun ho v khun dng d liu trong phn mm FAMIS............................ 45
V.1. Chun khun dng d liu khi lu tr trong CSDL ................................................ 45
V.2. Chun khun dng d liu khi trao i, phn phi d liu. ............................... 47
VI.
Chun ho d liu m t CSDL trong phn mm FAMIS ................................. 48
50

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Phn i.

Nhu cu v ni dung ca chun ho bn a chnh

nhu cu chun ho bn a chnh

Xc nh chun d liu thng nht cho bn a chnh.

Ni dung chun ho bn a chnh

Chun v m hnh d liu dng m t cch thc m t v lu tr cc i tng bn di

Chun v ni dung d liu l chun m t nhng i tng no cn thit lu tr trong c s d

Chun v th hin bn (Cartographic Represetation Standard)

Chun v khun dng file lu tr vt l trong c s d liu.

Chun ho v d liu m t CSDL (metadata) cho bn a chnh (Metadata

trong CSDL (m hnh d liu ) v ni dung ca CSDL bn a chnh. Chun ho d liu bn

Chun v m hnh d liu.

Chun v ni dung d liu.

Chun v m hnh d liu

1. Khi nim m hnh d liu

Tnh cht ch v mt ton hc.

Tnh ph bin, c s dng rng ri trong cc c s d liu bn Vit nan v th gii.

Th hin c cc tnh cht mang tnh c th ca bn a chnh Vit nam.

M hnh d liu VECTOR

M hnh d liu RASTER

M hnh d liu QUATREE

M hnh d liu M hnh s cao (Digital Elevation Model DEM)

2. La chn m hnh d liu cho c s d liu bn a chnh

ng ranh gii tha c th l tham gia vo ng bao ca tha t vi cc i tng khc

Tha t l i tng bn chnh tham gia vo qu trnh bin ng t ai. Tha t c th

CSDL bn a chnh c c im l khi lng d liu rt ln, m hnh d liu c kh nng

(Vector Topology Data Model) l m hnh ph hp nht m t cc i tng bn a chnh

CSDL bn a chnh l CSDL c cc dng ngi s dng rng ri v a dng: t nhng c

p dng c 2 m hnh d liu TOPOLOGY v SPAGHETTI cho c s d liu bn a

D liu trong c s d liu chnh c m t bng m hnh VectorTopology. D liu m t

Cc i tng c m t bng m hnh Topology c s dng cho cc ng dng cc b

Ngi dng cui

Bo tr, cp nht d liu

Phn phi d liu

3. Ni dung ca chun m hnh d liu

Thng tin v v tr khng gian (Spatial data)

Thng tin v quan h khng gian (Relational Spatial data)

Thng tin thuc tnh, phi khng gian (Attribute data)

im (Point). V d : mc a gii, mc qui hoch

ng (Line). V d : ng ranh gii tha, knh 1 nt

Vng (Polygon, Area). V d : tha .ng

Ch thch, m t (Annotation, Text). V d : s hiu tha, tn ph

3.1. M hnh d liu vector Spaghetti

Id: ch s ca i tng ( ch s lin kt )

Id: ch s ca i tng ( ch s lin kt )

Bng d liu thuc tnh

i tng kiu vng

Id: ch s ca i tng ( ch s lin kt )

Bng d liu thuc tnh

Lin thng vi nhau: th hin di dng file ng - im ni (ARC _ NODE)

K nhau: th hin di dng file m t ng bao (ARC_POLYGON)

Thng tin v v tr khng gian

Cc i tng a l ch c mt v tr n, c lp s c phn nh nh i tng kiu im

Cc i tng a l c dng tuyn, hoc mng s c phn nh nh i tng kiu

Cc i tng a l l mt vng lin tc c xc nh bi mt ng bao c phn nh

D liu khng gian: d liu khng gian ca cc i tng vng c nh ngha l mt tp

Cc c tnh khng gian

Cc ng (arc) ni vi nhau ti cc Tnh ni nhau (Connectivity)

M hnh ng-im nt (Arc-node topology)

M hnh ng-im nt (Arc-node topology) nh ngha mi quan h gia cc i tng ng

M hnh Vng-ng (Polygon-arc topology)

Danh sch Tri/phi

M hnh Vng-ng (Polygon-arc topology) nh ngha mi quan h gia cc i tng ng