IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO.

5, SEPTEMBER 2004

717

A Controller for a Boost Converter

With Harmonic Reduction
G. Escobar, A. A. Valdz, J. Leyva-Ramos, Member, IEEE, and P. R. Martnez

AbstractAn adaptive controller for the compensation of

output voltage ripple due to harmonic distortion in the input
voltage is proposed for a pulse width modulated (PWM) boost
converter. Following the Lyapunov approach, we designed an
adaptive law to cope with uncertainties in the disturbance signals
and parameters. Complexity of the proposed controller is reduced
by rotations which transform the adaptive terms into a sum
of resonant filters tuned at the frequencies of the harmonics
under compensation, and operating on the output voltage error.
To facilitate the implementation, we have tried to preserve the
structure of the proposed controller as close as possible to the
conventional one, which includes a voltage outer loop (basically
a proportional plus integral (PI) control on the output voltage
error) and an inner control loop (basically a proportional control
plus a feedforward term). In the proposed controller, the bank of
resonant filters appears as a refinement term added to the inner
control loop. Indeed, they insert notches in the audio-susceptibility
curve, which are tuned at the harmonics under compensation.
Thus, in addition to the benefits of a conventional feedforward
PWM control, the bank of resonant filters are able to cancel
selected harmonics. Experimental results on a boost converter
board, using a poorly regulated voltage source, are presented to
assess the performance of our approach.
Index TermsAdaptive control, audio-susceptibility, dcdc converters, harmonic compensation, ripple filtering.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE main role of a dcdc boost converter is to keep the

output voltage as close as possible to a desired constant
reference. Although this task may be fulfilled by a simple
open-loop controller, it is usual to aggregate control terms to
alleviate certain drawbacks. For instance, it is well known that
open-loop control is not able to cope for steady-state errors due
to changes in the input voltage and load variations. Usually,
proportional plus integral (PI) controllers have provided a good
answer to the regulation task in dcdc boost converters. Due to
the nonminimum phase nature of this converter [1], the designer
is forced to control the output voltage indirectly by directly
controlling the inductor current, this technique is referred as
current or indirect control in the power electronics literature.
Moreover, to facilitate the design, the designer usually appeals
to the decoupling assumption, out of which the control design is
split in two loops, namely, the inner current loop and the outer

Manuscript received March 27, 2003; revised November 19, 2003. Manuscript received in final form February 4, 2004. Recommended by Associate Editor A. Bazanella.
The authors are with the Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer
Systems (DMASC), Potosinian Institute of Science and Technology (IPICYT),
San Luis Potos, SLP 78216, Mxico (e-mail: gescobar@ipicyt.edu.mx;
avaldez@ipicyt.edu.mx; jleyva@ipicyt.edu.mx; panfilo@ipicyt.edu.mx).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCST.2004.826971

voltage loop. The former is aimed to guarantee fast regulation

of the inductor current toward its reference, usually composed
of a proportional term operating on the inductor current error
plus either, a feedforward term of the input voltage, or a simple
offset. The outer voltage loop, usually a PI controller operating
on the capacitor voltage error, is aimed to provide an inductor
current reference to the inner current loop.
In this paper, we are especially interested in the compensation of ripple in the output voltage caused by periodic disturbances in the input line voltage at frequencies in the audible
range. This issue arises in applications where the input voltage
may vary on a wide range, such as in power factor correctors
(PFC), where the input voltage is mainly polluted by a second
harmonic component of the line voltage (due to the rectification process in PFC) which is propagated in the form of ripple
at the output voltage. This is an issue of vital importance when
a high-quality dc voltage is demanded, and in addition, it opens
the possibility of reducing the output capacitance, as pointed out
in [2] and [3]. In [4][6], the authors present an interesting solution referred as feedforward PWM for the output ripple reduction issue. The authors show that, by simply feedforwarding the
input voltage signal, the harmonic distortion seen in the output
voltage may be alleviated. Active ripple filtering presented in [2]
and [3] is another technique addressing the problem of ripple reduction in the output voltage. In this case, the authors propose
to sense the output voltage ripple, shift it 180 and inject it to
the output via a transformer connected in series. Active ripple
filtering was originally intended to reduce the ripple due to the
switching process, however, we believe that it can also be useful
in the reduction of ripple due to input voltage harmonic distortion. This technique reaches good ripple rejection, however, requires additional hardware. In [7], the authors present an extensive and very illustrative analysis of an integral-lead controller
for a boost converter in continuous conduction mode using a
small signal model. This voltage-mode controller consists of an
output voltage feedback loop plus an input voltage feedforward
term. It is shown that the integral-lead controller significantly
improves the audio-susceptibility curve.
In this paper, we propose an adaptive controller aimed to reduce the effects, on the output voltage, of harmonic disturbances
present in the input voltage. Specifically, the proposed controller
is aimed to reduce selected harmonics of the output capacitor
voltage, hence, improving the audio-susceptibility curve, while
maintaining an acceptable dynamical performance and without
inclusion of additional hardware. We follow the Lyapunov approach to generate adaptation laws to estimate certain harmonic
components of the disturbance to be compensated. The adaptive
expressions are later reduced, by means of rotations, into a bank

1063-6536/04$20.00 2004 IEEE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2004

Fig. 1. Boost converter circuit.

of resonant filters tuned at the frequencies of the harmonics to

be compensated. We also appeal to the decoupling assumption,
hence, the final expression of the proposed controller includes
an inner and an outer loops. In our case, the former is composed
by a proportional term operating on the inductor current error, a
feedforward term in function of the input voltage and a bank of
resonant filters operating on the voltage error. The outer voltage
loop is formed by a low-pass filter (LPF) plus an integral term,
both operating on the capacitor voltage error. We remark that,
in our proposal, the usual proportional term has been substituted
by a LPF to prevent the reinjection of further harmonics into the
control loop due to the remanent harmonic content in the capacitor voltage. Our controller turns out to be very similar to
the conventional one, where the main difference is the introduction of the bank of resonant filters acting as a refinement to the
final control signal. It could be observed that the conventional
controller and the feedforward control presented in [4] are particular cases of the proposed controller. A slight modification to
the previous proposed controller is then presented for the case
when the input voltage is not available from measurements. This
is specially important in case the sensed input voltage signal
is lost due to a failure and we want the controller to continue
working properly, or simply, because we want to eliminate a
voltage sensor.
Finally, experimental results have been carried out in a boost
converter board to asses the performance of the proposed controller. The converter is fed by a poorly regulated voltage source
polluted by the second harmonic, i.e., 120 Hz. For the sake of
space, we present only the results of the modified version of
the proposed controller, i.e., without feedforward term. For implementation purposes the resonant filters (which have infinite
gain at the resonant frequency) are replaced by bandpass filters
(BPF) to guarantee a safer operation.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A circuit of the boost converter is shown in Fig. 1. We have
neglected, without loss of generality, the equivalent series resistances (ESR) of inductor, capacitor and Mosfet, as well as the
voltage drop in the diode.
The system dynamics of the boost converter shown in Fig. 1
are described by the following expressions:
(1)

tinctly as input voltage or voltage source all along the paper),

is the inductance, is the capacitance and is the load resistance. We assume that parameters , , and are unknown
positive constants. In the discontinuous model, i.e.,
,
corresponds to the situation where the tranthe value
corresponds to the case where
sistor is conducting, while
the transistor is disconnected and thus the diode is conducting.
In the average model [8], used along this paper, it is assumed a
sufficiently large switching frequency, hence, represents the
slew rate of a PWM signal feeding the gate of the boost conwhere is the duty ratio.
verter, i.e.,
We assume that the input voltage , polluted by higher order
harmonics, can be represented as

(3)
where
represents a unitary vector rotating at a frequency
in counterclockwise direction,
and
are the real and
.
is the set of index of the
imaginary parts of the phasor
harmonic components contained in .
The control objective consists in regulating the output capactoward a constant reference
despite of the
itor voltage
harmonic distortion in the input voltage. That is, the controller
should be able to reject harmonic voltage disturbances present
in the power supply. It is well known that, due to the nonminimum phase nature of this converter, it is preferable to indirectly
control the capacitor voltage by directly regulating the inductor
current toward a constant reference (this scheme is referred in
literature as current or indirect control [9]). As it will become
clear later, a solution to our problem treated here is obtained by
forcing the inductor current to track a harmonic distorted reference instead of the usual constant signal. The idea behind this
approach is that, by distorting the inductor current reference,
we incorporate a degree of freedom that allows compensation
of harmonics in the capacitor voltage side.
Thus, we propose the following reference for the inductor
current:
(4)
where is a constant reference, usually obtained (in a conventional controller) from a proportional plus integrative (PI) cona phasor representing the hartroller; and
monic components introduced to be reconstructed in an outer
is the set of index of the harmonic comloop as well.
ponents to be compensated. The time derivative of the inductor
current reference is given by
(5)

(2)
where
is the inductor current,
is the capacitor voltage,
represents the voltage source (this signal is addressed indis-

where we used the fact that

.
For the sake of simplicity, we assume that the inductor current dynamics are faster than the capacitor voltage dynamics.

ESCOBAR et al.: CONTROLLER FOR BOOST CONVERTER

719

This is a usual time scale separation principle advocated in many

converter circuits to facilitate their control design. That is, the
converter can be treated as two decoupled subsystems, a fast
inductor current subsystem and a slow capacitor voltage subsystem, therefore, dividing the control design in a inner current
control loop and an outer voltage control loop.
III. PROPOSED CONTROLLER ASSUMING

IS

Direct substitution of expressions for

and

yields

(12)
Using (3), and after multiplication, we obtain

AVAILABLE

A. Current Control Loop

Let us rewrite the inductor current subsystem dynamics (1) in
terms of its increments as follows:
(6)
Assuming signal
is available from measurements, then a
control law can be proposed as
(7)

where is a positive design constant,

is obtained later in the outer loop.
The closed-loop dynamics yields

, where

(8)
is bounded and positive, the system
We observe that, if
is stable. Moreover, the second term on the right hand side is a
. we conclude
harmonic perturbation which vanishes as
converges to a
(based on the decoupling assumption) that
ball whose radio can be made arbitrarily small by proposing a
(as usual in practice), i.e., we can consider
relatively large
approximately.
that
is considered, instead of diRemark III.1: If division by
strictly, but this will complicate the
vision by , then
implementation, as one more division would be necessary.
B. Voltage Control Loop
As stated before, we can assume that after a relatively short
period of time the following holds:
(9)
Under this assumption, the control law takes the form
(10)
out of which the capacitor voltage subsystem yields
(11)

(13)
From this expression, we highlight the following observations:
1) the third term represents the effects of the harmonic distortion in the voltage source in the case that the inductor
current reference is simply a constant, as in the conventional approach;
2) thanks to the distortion introduced in the inductor current
reference, the second term appears, which gives a degree
of freedom that will be used to alleviate the effects of
can be seen
harmonic distortion in . That is, each
now as a control signal whose purpose is to inject a th
harmonic component that should reduce the effect of the
corresponding harmonic;
3) the fourth term produces higher order harmonics plus a
dc component;
4) the sixth term produces only higher order harmonics.
Remark III.2: The feedforward PWM, containing only the
as reported in [4] and [5], is indeed an open-loop
term
controller producing a distortion in . Thanks to the system
structure, this distortion somehow opposes the output voltage
ripple (just as the second term opposes the third term in our
analysis above) improving the ripple rejection as observed in the
associated audio-susceptibility curve. Following the same idea,
we are proposing a method to compute, with a higher degree of
that should cancel a set
accuracy, the required distortion on
of selected harmonic components of the voltage ripple, while
keeping an acceptable dynamic performance.
We conclude that introduction of harmonic distortion in the
inductor current reference allows compensation of harmonic
distortion in the capacitor voltage and, at the same time, introduction of higher order harmonics in the capacitor voltage response. Fortunately, as observed in practice, and thanks to the
system parameters, the contribution of these higher harmonics is
considerably smaller than the benefits obtained by the compensation algorithm. Moreover, the harmonic components just created can be treated in their turn by the introduction of more and
more compensating harmonic components into the inductor current reference . Thus, to consider all these effects and for ease
of presentation, we lump together all unknown harmonic components and consider only the harmonics that will be treated.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2004

Moreover, to simplify the notation in the sums we use instead

in what follows. Then, the expression (13) is reduced
of
to

(14)

whose equilibrium point given by

(24)
is stable provided that all design parameters are chosen positive.
2) ac component: For the sake of clarity, let us define the
following transformation
(25)

where represents the introduced dc component, and

concentrates the contribution of all unknown harmonics.
We can further reduce the expression above by neglecting
the fifth term in (13). If this term is considered, then a linear
(which is required
transformation is necessary to extract
to reconstruct ). Nevertheless, its effect is negligible since
is much smaller than for the harmonics of
the term
interest.
The expression above can then be reduced to the following
linear time invariant (LTI) system:

(26)
represents the th control input for this subRecall that
represents the th harmonic component of
system, while
the perturbation.
The subsystem is now rewritten as
(27)
.
where
Following the Lyapunov approach, we propose the following
storage function:

(15)
We observe that this LTI system is perturbed by two unknown
signals of different nature, i.e., a dc and a harmonic disturbance.
Following the descriptive function technique (also referred
as harmonic decomposition) we can split the system response
in two parts
(16)

(28)
whose time derivative given by
(29)
is made negative semidefinite by proposing the following adaptive laws:
(30)

(17)

where
is the dc component of , i.e.,
, and
is the ac component of , i.e.,
, where
is the th harmonic component of , i.e.,
.
1) dc component: Subsystem (16) represents the convenis considered the
tional capacitor voltage dynamics, where
control input. For this subsystem, we propose the following
controller composed by a LPF plus an integral term
(18)

where
are positive design constants representing the adaptation gains, and we used the fact that
since
are constants, for all
. This yields the time derivative
, out of which
is bounded and goes to zero
asymptotically. Moreover, following the Lassalles invariance
implies
.
principle,
C. Implementation Discussion
Using the descriptions of and (4), (5), and the transformations (26), then the controller given in (7) can be rewritten in
terms of the estimate
as follows:

(19)
(20)
, ,
where
parameters.
The error dynamics yield

, , and

are positive design

(21)
(22)
(23)

(31)

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721

Notice that the controller above requires the generation of

vectors , which might complicate its physical implementation. To overcome this problem, we propose the following transformations:
(32)
which yields the following expression for the controller
(33)
with adaptive expressions given by
(34)
(35)
which expressed in the form of transfer functions are
(36)
(37)
for every
.
Thus, the controller is rewritten as

Fig. 2.

(38)
where
and
.
and
are not available from measureIt is clear that
ments. Fortunately, thanks to the selective nature of the resonant
filters we can assume
(39)
and leaning on the LPF capability of the proposed controller
(20) we can assume
(40)
In conclusion, the final expressions for the controller are

Block diagram of proposed controller measuring v .

benefits of a conventional feedforward PWM control, the bank

of resonant filters are able to cancel selected harmonics, and preserve a good dynamic performance.
IV. PROPOSED CONTROLLER ASSUMING

IS NOT AVAILABLE

In this section, we present a controller that does not require

measurements of
for its implementation. This is specially
useful in case the sensed input voltage signal is lost due to a
failure and we want the controller to continue working normally,
or simply, because we want to eliminate the input voltage sensor.
As will be shown next, this modification reduces to the introduction of a simple integral term in the original controller, in the
place of the input voltage. The development of this controller
follows a similar procedure to the previous section, and thus we
present only the most relevant steps.
A. Inner Control Loop

(41)

Consider the dynamics of the inductor current subsystem

written in terms of the increments

(42)
where
. A block diagram of controller (41), (42)
is shown in Fig. 2.
Remark III.3: Notice that this controller is composed by a
plus a proportional term
,
feedforward term
which are the same terms appearing in the conventional approach, and thus a similar improvement on the audiosusceptibility can be expected. Moreover, our proposed controller includes, as well, a bank of resonant filters appearing as a refinement term added to the inner control loop. Indeed, they introduce notches in the audio-susceptibility curve, which are tuned
at the harmonics under compensation. Thus, in addition to the

(43)
where we have developed
according to (3),
,
as described in (4). Moreover, we concentrate only on
with
the harmonics
.
For this system we propose the following controller:

(44)
where

are design parameters.

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Notice that, by decomposing

written as

, this controller can also be

, i.e.,
reduced to

, then the controller can be

(53)

(45)

As before, we substitute these conditions in the capacitor

voltage equation, which yields

(46)
Remark IV.1: Notice that we could have proposed a nonlinear control that completely decouples this subsystem from
instead of
in
the capacitor voltage subsystem by using
the controller above, but we have preferred to propose the linear
controller in order to stay closer to the conventional one.
The closed-loop dynamics are given by

(47)
(48)
Based on the time scale separation assumption we can con, out of which we obtain
sider

(54)
which, after simple manipulations, and neglecting the higher
order harmonics, is reduced to

(55)
represents a dc component created by the products
where
represent the contribution
between harmonics, and vectors
plus the harmonics created. As before,
of harmonics due to
all these parameters are considered unknown constants.
Again, we can decompose the response of this system in two
parts, namely, the dc component and the periodic (or ac) component
(56)
(57)

(49)
which is a stable system perturbed by a harmonic disturbance,
is bounded
provided all design parameters are positive, and
and positive. Moreover, let us suppose that in the steady-state
, then the error dynamics above are reduced to

where
is the dc component of , i.e.,
, and
is the ac component of , i.e.,
, where
is the th harmonic component of , i.e.,
.
Notice that these expressions coincide with the previous (16),
(17). Now, we propose the following controller for the dc component:

(50)
We observe that this system converges to a ball centered in the
origin whose radio can be made very small for a good selection
and . That is
of the parameters
(51)
,
are vectors of very small amplitude.
where
Moreover, it can be shown that

(58)
(59)
(60)
where
, , , and are positive design
parameters.
Notice that the implementation of controller (45), (46) re. This term is reconstructed in
quires the term
the ac component dynamics as follows:

(52)
where

are vectors of a very small amplitude.

(61)

B. Outer Control Loop

Let us consider that parameters and are selected appropriately in such a way that after a relatively short period of time
and
is negligible. That is,
the contribution of vectors

We now define the following transformation:

(62)

ESCOBAR et al.: CONTROLLER FOR BOOST CONVERTER

723

(63)
out of which we obtain the system
(64)
.
where
Similar to the previous section, and following the Lyapunov
approach, we propose the adaptive laws
(65)
Using transformations (32), i.e.,
,
, we can express the adaptive laws in the
form of a transfer functions as follows:
(66)
(67)
The controller expression can be rewritten as
Fig. 3.

(68)

Block diagram of proposed controller without measuring of v .

TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE BOOST CONVERTER

(69)
Thanks to the selective nature of the resonant filters and to the
LPF capability of the controller (58)(60), the final expression
for the proposed controller is reduced to

(70)
(71)
where

,
,
and
. A block diagram of controller (70), (71) is shown in
Fig. 3.
from
Remark IV.2: Notice that the feedforward term
controller (41), (42) has been replaced by an integral term
. The latter provides the dc component of the
original feedforward term, and thus letting the resonant filters
to exclusively handle the harmonic compensation, with the
advantage that, the steady-state performance is preserved.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A boost converter and controller (70), (71) have been implemented. The converter parameters are given in Table I. The inductor current is sensed via a precision resistor of 0.05 connected in series with the inductor. A typical circuit SG3524 is
used to generate the PWM signal. A conventional nonregulated
power supply using a full bridge diode rectifier with a 4700-

capacitor filter is used as a voltage source. The voltage provided

by this source is polluted mainly by a second harmonic, i.e., at
120 Hz, which, as expected, increases for a higher current demand. To guarantee a safer operation, we have preferred to use
BPFs instead of resonant filters (ideally, resonant filters have infinite gain at the resonant frequency, while BPFs have a limited
gain at the resonant frequency). In our implementation only a
single BPF tuned at 120 Hz was included. This BPF has been
implemented following the guidelines in [10], whose transfer
function is given by
(72)
where the design parameter
is the desired gain of the
. Notice that, in the case of an
BPF at the resonant frequency
ideal resonant filter
.
The tests performed include:
1) enabling and disabling the harmonic compensation. That
is, connecting and disconnecting the BPF contribution,
respectively, while keeping a constant load resistance
;
2) step changes in load resistance between 18 and 36
are presented to show the robustness of the proposed controller against load variations.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2004

Fig. 4.

Transient responses after enabling the harmonic compensation, with

, inductor current x , and
dc component of the inductor current reference I .
R

= 18
. From top to bottom: capacitor voltage x

Fig. 5. Frequency spectrum of capacitor voltage x , with R = 18

. Top:
without harmonic compensation. Bottom: under harmonic compensation.

Fig. 4 shows the responses of capacitor voltage , inductor

and the dc component of the inductor current refercurrent
ence (from top to bottom). In this figure, the harmonic compensation is enabled after a given period of time. We observed
that after a relatively short transient, the distortion in the output
voltage capacitor is considerably reduced.
without and
Fig. 5 shows the frequency spectrum of
during compensation (from top to bottom). We observed that
the second harmonic component (the one under compensation)
decreases almost 30 dB, while the rest of harmonics are
maintained almost unchanged.
Fig. 6 shows the responses of capacitor voltage , inductor
and dc component of the inductor current reference
current

Fig. 6. Transient responses after disabling the harmonic compensation, with

R = 18
. From top to bottom: capacitor voltage x , inductor current x , and
dc component of the inductor current reference I .

Fig. 7. Frequency spectrum of inductor current x , with R = 18

. Top:
without harmonic compensation. Bottom: under harmonic compensation.

(from top to bottom), when the compensation is disable after

a certain period of time.
Fig. 7 shows the frequency spectrum of the inductor current
without and under compensation (from top to bottom). As
predicted by theory, the harmonic content of the inductor current increases, roughly speaking, it is necessary to distort the
inductor current in such a way to allow compensation in the capacitor voltage .
Once the system is operating under compensation, i.e., with
the BPF connected, we proceed to change the load from 36
to 18 . Fig. 8 shows the transient response of voltage
and
inductor current (from top to bottom). We observed that after
a small transient the voltage recuperates its desired value 24 V,
in average. In Fig. 9, the inverse process is performed, that is,
we switch the load resistance from 18 to 36 .

ESCOBAR et al.: CONTROLLER FOR BOOST CONVERTER

725

for the case when the input voltage is not measured. A set of
tests have been carried out in an experimental prototype to
assess the performance of the proposed controller. To guarantee
a safer operation in the real implementation we have preferred
to use BPFs instead of pure resonant filters. In the experimental
results we compare the responses obtained with and without the
aforementioned harmonic compensation. Transient responses
to step changes in the load are also presented to exhibit the
robustness of the proposed controller against load variations.
REFERENCES

Fig. 8. Transient response for a load step change from R = 36

to R =
18
. From top to bottom: capacitor voltage x , inductor current x , and dc
component of the inductor current reference I .

Fig. 9. Transient response for a load step change from R = 18

to R =
36
. From top to bottom: capacitor voltage x , inductor current x , and dc
component of the inductor current reference I .

VI. CONCLUSION
We have presented a controller for the boost converter whose
structure is very close to the conventional one. The main
difference consists in the introduction of a bank of resonant
filters aimed to compensate for a selected group of harmonic
components (in the audible range) contained in the output
capacitor voltage. This type of disturbance is mainly due to a
voltage source polluted by harmonics in the audible range. The
idea behind the proposed approach is that, by distorting the
inductor current reference, we incorporate a degree of freedom
that allows compensation of harmonics in the capacitor voltage
side. Implementation of the controller requires the measurement
of the inductor current, capacitor voltage and input voltage. A
slight modification to the proposed controller is also presented

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G. Escobar received the Ph.D. degree from the Signals and Systems Laboratory, LSS-SUPELEC, Paris,
France, in May 1999.
He has worked as a Technical Assistant in the
Automatic Control Laboratory, Graduate School
of Engineering, National University of Mexico,
Mexico City, from 1990 to 1991. From 1991 to
1995, he was an Assistant Professor in the Control
Department of the Engineering School National
University of Mexico. He was a Visiting Researcher
at Northeastern University, Boston, MA, from
1999 to 2002. In 2002, he joined the Research Institute of Science and
Technology, San Luis Potos, San Luis Potos, Mxico (IPICyT), where he
holds a Professor-Researcher position. His main research interests include
modeling and control of power electronic systems, specially the control of
active filters, inverters, and electrical drives using linear and nonlinear control
design techniques.

A. A. Valdz was born in San Luis Potos, Mxico, in

1978. He received the degree (with honors) in electronic engineering from the Technological Institute of
San Luis Potos, San Luis Potos, Mxico, in 2003.
He is currently working toward the M.S. degree in
control and dynamical systems in the Applied Mathematics Department of the Research Institute of Science and Technology, San Luis Potos IPICYT.
He worked as a Technician of Maintenance from
2000 to 2002. His main interest is the control of
power electronic systems.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 12, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2004

J. Leyva-Ramos (M78) received the B.S. degree

in electrical and mechanical engineering from the
Universidad Autnoma de San Luis Potos, San
Luis Potos, Mxico, in 1975, the M.S. degree in
electrical engineering from the California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, in 1978, and the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Houston, Houston, TX, in 1982.
He was an Associate Professor at the Iberoamericana University, a Radio Frequency and Microwave
Engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a Teaching
Fellow at the University of Houston, Dean of Professional Studies and Engineering at the Instituto Tecnolgico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey,
San Luis Potos Campus, and a Professor of Engineering at the Universidad
Autnoma de San Luis Potos. He has held visiting appointments at Brown University, Texas A&M University, and Rice University. Currently, he is the Head of
the Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Instituto Potosino
de Investigacin Cientfica y Tecnolgica IPICYT, San Luis Potos, Mxico. His
research interests are in the areas of modeling of switch-mode dcdc converters,
robust control, and linear systems.
Dr. Leyva-Ramos is a member of Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, The
Mexican Academy of Sciences, and Mexican Academy of Engineering.

P. R. Martnez was born in San Luis Potos, Mxico,

in 1977. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical
and mechanical engineering and the M.Sc. degree in
electrical engineering from the Engineering School
of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potos
(UASLP), in 2001 and 2003, respectively. He is
working toward the Ph.D. degree at the Institute of
Science and Technology, San Luis Potos (IPICyT).
His main research interest include linear and nonlinear control design, study of switching power converts, PFCs and dcdc converters.