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Bra-ket notation
(Read pgs. 109-144) The Dirac Bra-Ket notation is a concise and convenient way to describe quantum states. We introduce and
define the symbol
(1.24)

to represent a quantum state. This is called a ket, or a ket vector. It is an abstract entity, and serves to describe the "state" of the
quantum system. We say that a physical system is in quantum state , where represents some physical quantity, such as
momentum, spin etc, when represented by the ket
.
If we have two distinct quantum states

and

, then the following ket

(1.25)

where ci is a complex number, is also a possible state for the system.

In general, the number of linear independent kets required to express any other ket, is called the dimension of the vector space. In
quantum mechanics the vector space of kets is usually non denumerable infinite. We call such a vector space Hilbert space. We
assume that any physical state can be described by a ket in Hilbert space.
Dirac defined something called a bra vector, designated by
has no meaning. However, we assume for every ket
the dual of the ket

. This is not a ket, and does not belong in ket space e.g.
, there exists a bra labeled

. We can ask the question: since

. The bra

is said to be

is a ket, what is the dual (or bra vector) associated with

that vector?
The answer is,

(1.26)

where

signifies a dual correspondence. This is an anti-linear relation.

Dirac allowed the the bra's and ket's to line up back to back, i.e.
(1.27)

The symbol

represents a complex number that is equal to the value of the inner product of the ket

with

. We note,

according to the above definition, that,

(1.28)

Dirac also defined something called an outer product,

(1.29)

An outer product is allowed to stand next to a ket on its left, or next to a bra on the bra's right. Lets define

, then if

is an arbitrary ket, one is allowed to construct

(1.30)

It looks like we have something like an inner product on the r.h.s of this equation. Indeed, according to the associative axiom of
multiplication, we are allowed to put parenthesis around the quantity
and equate it to the value of the inner product
. Or
(1.31)

The outer product X is an operator in Hilbert space. It acts on ket

has no meaning, however

from the left and turns it into another ket

. Be careful! for

does.
(1.32)

If we take operator A and operate on a ket

, is

dual to it? In general it is not, however the dual of

is
(1.33)

where

is called the hermitian conjugate of operator A. Show that the hermitian conjugate of

Sometimes

is

, then A is called an hermitian operator. Hermitian operators play a central role in quantum theory. Show that
, where is a real number, is hermitian. Consider a hermitian operator X, whose eigenstates | a> obey the

eigenvalue equation
(1.34)

where a is an eigenvalue. Suppose these eigenvalues are distinct, then set

are mutually orthonormal and form

a set of basis kets in Hilbert space, provided that

(1.35)

With this set we can express any ket

by

(1.36)

Projection operators
Matrix representation of operators
Unitary operators
next up previous

Next: Projection operators Up: Foundations Previous: Expansion in terms delta

Bernard Zygelman
1999-09-21