Energy Engineering Program

National Graduate School of Engineering

University of the Philippines Diliman

RESIDENTIAL ENERGY AUDIT

The Case of the Madrid Residence

A Paper for the Course:

EgyE 211: Energy Conservation

by
Naason G. Velasco

August, 2013

Auditors Page

The auditor has a degree in Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from Saint Louis
University. The auditor has experience in quality assurance for food manufacturing
specifically in edible oils. The auditor has also been employed in a trading company
specializing in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. He was the Product Scientific Communication
Officer where he conducted research and development activities and relaying it to the sales
team. He also headed the Equipment and Medical Devices section of the said company as
Sales and Marketing Development Officer.
The auditor also worked for the national government at the Philippine Council for Industry,
Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development of the Department of Science
and Technology. He was a Science Research Specialist I at the Material Science Section of
the Emerging Technology Development Division. He provided research management
assistance to approved projects and provided Technical Panels assistance in evaluating
project proposals. He was also part of the monitoring team of several research projects
mainly based at the National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman.

Executive Summary
The eminent problem in energy and climate change is the primary driver of the energy
conservation activities. The activities aim to identify energy conservation opportunities and
formulate sound policies based on energy audits.
The energy audit is conducted using a standard framework where energy cost centers are
identified and simulated. The computed energy consumption where then compared to actual
consumptions based on electric bills. Cost centers where then rank to identify major
contributors. Energy conservation measures were then identified with these cost centers. The
carbon footprint for each process where also identified. The effectiveness of the conservation
measures where measured by different econometrics.
The house has energy intensity of 3696.3 MJ/person and 169.94 MJ/m2 on annual basis. The
major contributors of energy consumption for the area of the study are air conditioning,
refrigeration, lighting and data processing. The energy conservation measures resulted in
135.5664 kWh avoided energy per year that corresponds to 172.9827 lbs of avoided carbon
dioxide emissions per year and yearly savings of P 1,533.26. All of the energy conservation
measures passed the econometrics.

Table of Contents
Auditors Page .. 2
Executive Summary . 3
Section 1 Introduction ... 5
Section 2 Methodology . 7
Section 3 Energy Data Gathered . 12
Section 4 Energy and Environmental Analysis ... 16
Section 5 Energy Conservation Measures ... 18
Section 6 Energy Management Plan ... 22
Conclusions and Recommendation 23
References .. 24
Appendix 25

Section 1 Introduction

The objectives of the audit are as follows:

Identify energy conservation opportunities
Minimize energy consumption without jeopardizing safety and comfort
Minimize carbon footprint
Evaluate economic feasibility of each energy conservation measures

The area of study is the Unit A of Madrid Residences located in the map below
captured via Google Maps.

Figure 1.1: Location of the Madrid residence within Malanday, Marikina City
Unit A of Madrid Residences is located at the most eastern side of the apartment
building shown in Figure 1.2 below.

Unit G

Unit F

Unit E

Unit A
Area of
Study

Figure 1.2: Location of Unit A within the apartment building

The apartment unit has two (2) floors and an attic. The layout of the house is
presented in the figures below.
Terrace

BR 1

T&B
BR 2
(a)

T&B
(b)

(c)

Figure 1.3: (a) 1st floor; (b) 2nd floor; (c) attic
The first floor has 27 square meters in area while the second floor and the attic has 30
square meters in area. It should be noted that the air conditioner has been installed at BR 1.
There are 2 adults and 2 children occupying the said apartment unit. The 2 adults occupy the
air-conditioned bedroom. All of the occupants typically leave the house at 8 a.m. for work or
school and they come back at 4 p.m. They occupied the said unit since late 2010.
The materials of construction are similar with normal concrete apartment buildings.
Table 1.1: Materials of Construction
MOC
Roof

galvanized iron

Ceiling

plywood

Walls

painted concrete

Floor

tiled concrete

Windows

single glass

Doors

wood

All of the energy cost centers are appliances and are listed in Section 3 of the paper.

Section 2 Methodology
The audit conducted is functional as it is expected with residential audits. The audit
was conducted on walk-through basis but developed into energy survey and analysis when
the owner of the house became more comfortable on the process. The data gathering however
was still difficult as the owner of the unit was hesitant in giving information. Several
assumptions were then made while doing the audit, which will be discussed in the succeeding
sections.
The building envelope audit was done very conservatively and assumptions such as
desired room temperature and temperature of rooms affected in the computations were also
assumed.

Area of study
MOC
Appliance
ElectricCost
bill
Energy
Centers
Computed and
actual
Consumption
Conservation
Policies
Current
Consumption

Set system
boundary
Data gathering
Modeling
Validation of
model
Implementation

Forecasting

Figure 2.1: Flowchart of the energy audit

Energy
balance
R-values
Wattage
Actual
Computed
Consumption
Consumption
Corrected
Computed
Consumption
Savings
Forecasted
Consumption
(with or without
conservation)

The system boundary was defined and the area of study was delineated. The
dimensions of the house, materials of construction, appliance list, hours of operation, and bill
data were gathered. R-values, area and wattage were then identified to be used in modeling.

For modeling, the following equations were utilized:

7

Computed Monthly Power Consumption

where:
P - calculated monthly power consumption in kWh
Pi - monthly power consumption for each process in kWh
n - number of processes

where:
Pi - monthly power consumption for each process in kWh
pi - monthly power consumption for each appliance in kWh
n - number of appliances for each process
In computing for the monthly power consumption, the power company MERALCO
provides an easy to use appliance calculator that involves inputting the type of appliance,
wattage, number of hours used per day, number of days per week, and number of week per
month. The appliance calculator will give an estimate of monthly consumption for each
appliance.
The formula used by MERALCO appliance calculator in estimating monthly power
consumption for each appliance has been utilized in this energy audit because of its
simplicity and its compatibility with the gathered data.
Air Conditioning

where:
pAC - monthly power consumption for air conditioning in kWh
WAC - power rating of air conditioning unit in watts (W)
HAC - number of hours of air conditioning per month

Refrigeration

where:
pR - monthly power consumption for refrigeration in kWh
WR - power rating of refrigeration unit in watts (W)
HR - number of hours of refrigeration per month
Other Appliances

where:
pO - monthly power consumption for other appliances in kWh
WO - power rating of other appliances in watts (W)
HO - number of hours the other appliances were used per month
For the computation of cooling load the figure below is considered:
30 C

24 C
27 C

27 C

3m

27 C

3m
Figure 2.2: Layout of 2nd floor with adjacent unit
It was assumed that 30 C was the outside temperature and the temperature inside the
house is 27 C while the desired temperature of the room to be air-conditioned is 24 C. The
heat gained by the building envelope was then computed using the standard equation for heat
conduction
. The effects of convective-radiative heat transfer were accounted by
integrating the convective-radiative R-values in the equation. The internal heat gains were
also computed accounting appliances and persons occupying the air-conditioned room.
In determining the carbon footprint, the carbon emissions were computed using the
Philippine Power Mix for 2010 provided by the Department of Energy as basis. After
9

determining the national average carbon emission per MWh of electricity (1276 lbs/MWh),
the carbon emissions of the house was then computed. The same basis was also used in
computing for the avoided carbon emissions for each energy conservation measures.
Table 2.1: Carbon Emissions by Energy Source
Source

GWh

MWh

lbs CO2/MWh

CO2, lbs

oil

7101

7101000

1672

11872872000

hydro

7803

7803000

geothermal

9929

9929000

coal

23301

23301000

2249

52403949000

other RE

90

90000

natural gas

19518

19518000

1135

22152930000

Total

67742000

86429751000

The model was validated by comparing to the actual energy consumption, which was
determined by averaging monthly consumptions based on MERALCO metering.
Using Pareto analysis, the major energy consuming centers that consume 80% of the
total consumption were determined. Energy conservation measures were then provided for
each process basing on the cause-effect diagram. Energy avoided, carbon emissions avoided,
and cost savings were then identified for each process. Each energy conservation measures
were evaluated using economic analysis of energy systems. Several equations were used in
the process.
Simple Payback Period

where:
IC initial capital cost
AES annual energy savings
Pr price of energy
Return on Investment

Cost of Conserved Energy

10

where:
CRF capital recovery factor
O&M cost of operations and maintenance
Present Value Savings

where
UPVF uniform present value factor
Net Present Value

Benefit-Cost Ratio

For an energy conservation measure to be acceptable SPP should be lesser than n,

CCE should be lesser than Pr, PVS should be greater than IC, NPV should be greater than
zero, and B/C should be greater than 1.

Section 3 Energy Data Gathered

11

Electric Bills

Figure 3.1: Printed bills of Unit A

Figure 3.2: Billing history of Unit A (MERALCO)

Materials of Construction

12

Table 3.1: Materials of Construction of Unit A

MOC
Roof

galvanized iron

Ceiling

plywood

Walls

painted concrete

Floor

tiled concrete

Windows

single glass

Doors

wood

Occupancy
Entire house:
Air-conditioned room:

4 persons
2 persons

Energy Cost Centers

Table 3.2: Ventilation and Airconditioning
Energy Cost
Centers

Quantity

Brand/
Type/
Model

Power
Rating
(W)

Usage
(hrs/mo)

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

VAC

Total
154.326

Aircon

Carrier
(window)

855

180

129.276

Electric
fan1

Mikata

65

150

9.75

Electric
fan2

Mikata

65

180

11.7

Exhaust
fan

Standard

30

60

3.6

Table 3.3: Lighting

13

Energy Cost
Centers

Quantity

Brand/
Type/
Model

Power
Rating
(W)

Usage
(hrs/mo)

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

Lighting

Total
36.076

CFL1

Philips

150

3.75

CFL2

Osram

20

360

7.2

LED1

Landlite

0.016

CFL3

Osram

23

210

4.83

CFL4

Osram

23

60

1.38

CFL5

Osram

23

270

6.21

LED2

Omni

0.5

180

0.09

CFL6

Osram

20

45

7.2

CFL7

Osram

20

270

5.4

Table 3.4: Entertainment

Energy Cost
Center

Quantity

Brand/
Type/
Model

Power
Rating
(W)

Usage
(hrs/mo)

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

Entertainment

Total
21.42

TV1

Devant
40" LCD

115

120

13.8

TV2

TCL
32" LCD

95

60

5.7

Cable Box

Cignal

120

1.92

Table 3.5: Communications and Data Processing

14

Energy Cost
Center

Brand/
Type/
Model

Quantity

Power
Rating
(W)

Usage
(hrs/mo)

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

0.375

Communications

mobile
phone

Total

assorted

15

0.375

Data
Processing

32.7

desktop

200

150

30

broadband
modem

Globe

18

150

2.7

Table 3.6: Laundry and Refrigeration

Energy Cost
Center

Quantity

Brand/
Type/
Model

Power
Rating
(W)

Usage
(hrs/mo)

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

Laundry

Total
11.62

washing
machine

Sharp

380

24

9.12

flat iron

Fine
Elements

500

2.5

Refrigeration

65.1

ref1

National

85

720

35.7

ref2

Sanyo

70

720

29.4

Table 3.7: Cooking and Beautification

Energy Cost
Center

Quantity

Brand/
Type/
Model

Power
Rating
(W)

Usage
(hrs/mo)

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

Cooking

23.775

rice cooker

Carribean

700

30

21

electric
kettle

Kyowa
1.7L

1850

1.5

2.775

Beautification
blow dryer

Total

12
1

Fuller
Home

1200

10

12

Section 4 Energy and Environmental Analysis

15

Current House Profile

Energy Per Occupant:
Energy Per Area:

3696.3 MJ/person (annual basis)

169.94 MJ/m2 (annual basis)

Table 4.1: Actual Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions

Year

Energy, kWh/yr

CO2, lbs/yr

2011

3432

4379.232

2012

4019

5128.249

2013

4107

5240.532

The energy consumptions are based on Meralco bill of Unit A. The carbon emissions
were computed for each year using 1,276 lbs/MWh as basis (as per 2010 Philippine Power
Mix).
Table 4.2: Computed Energy Consumption per Process
Process

Consumption
(kWh/mo)

VAC

154.326

Refrigeration

65.100

Lighting

36.076

Data Processing

32.700

Cooking

23.775

Entertainment

21.420

Beautification

12.000

Laundry

11.620

Communications

0.375

Total

357.392

The computed monthly energy consumption is 4.424% overestimation of the actual

monthly energy consumption. Since the difference between estimated and actual
consumption is less than 5%, the computed consumption was then accepted.

Table 4.3: Building Envelope Heat Gain

16

Area,
ft2
north
wall
south
wall
east
wall
west
wall
floor
(2nd)
floor
(attic)

100.98
112.98
91.98
112.98
96.84
96.84

window

12.00

door

21.00

MOC
painted
concrete
painted
concrete
painted
concrete
painted
concrete
tiled
concrete
tiled
concrete
single
glass
wood

R-value,
h.ft2.F/Btu

Toutside, F Tinside, F Q, Btu/h

1.96

86.00

75.2

556.42

163.07

1.96

80.60

75.2

311.27

91.23

1.96

80.60

75.2

253.41

74.27

1.96

80.60

75.2

311.27

91.23

2.01

80.60

75.2

260.17

76.25

2.01

80.60

75.2

260.17

76.25

0.91

86.00

75.2

142.42

41.74

2.17

80.60

75.2
Total

52.26
2147.39

15.32
629.34

Q, W

It should be noted that most of the heat gained through the building envelope was
from the north wall because it is the only wall exposed to the outside environment. The
window is also located on the north wall.
Table 4.4: Internal Heat Gains
Appliances
Q, W
light bulbs
2.50
TV
7.92
Occupants
2 adults
47.62
Total

58.04

The cooling load is 687.39 W.

Section 5 Energy Conservation Measures

17

Pareto Analysis

Monthly Consumption
350

100
90

300

kWh

250
200

80
70
60
50

150

40

100

30
20

50
0

10
0

Figure 5.1: Pareto diagram

The processes that encompassed the 20%-80% criterion were air-conditioning,
refrigeration, lighting, and data processing.
Cause and Effect Analysis

Figure 5.2: Ishikawa diagram for air-conditioning

18

Figure 5.3: Ishikawa diagram for refrigeration

Figure 5.4: Ishikawa diagram for lighting

Figure 5.5: Ishikawa diagram for data processing

19

Energy Conservation Measures

Air-conditioning
As it is imperative that the construction materials and layout of the room that is
affected should not be altered, the easiest way to conserve energy when using air-conditioned
is to install blinds on windows. Blinds add insulation (R-value = 0.29 h.ft2.F/Btu) to the
building envelope decreasing energy consumption.
Conservation Measure: Install blinds
Current: 41.74 W (Qwindow)
After conservation measure: 31.65 W (Qwindow)
Energy avoided: 1.8162 kWh per month
CO2 avoided: 2.3175 lbs per month (Basis: 1276 lbs per MWh national average)
Cost Savings: P 20.54 per month (Basis: P 11.31 - Meralco rate)
Refrigeration
Clean the condenser coils at the back or underneath the fridge or freezer 2-3 times a
year as dust and dirt causes the fridge to work harder and run for longer cycles. The energy
consumption can be reduced by 6% per year.
Conservation Measure: Clean condenser coils thrice a year.
Current: 65.1 kWh per month = 781.2 kWh per year
After conservation measure: 734.328 kWh per year
Energy avoided: 3.906 kWh per month
CO2 avoided: 4.9841 lbs per month (Basis: 1276 lbs per MWh national average)
Cost Savings: P 44.18 per month (Basis: P 11.31 - Meralco rate)
Lighting
Most exhaustive: CFL6 (20 W) = 7.2 kWh w/ 1100 lm
Conservation Measure: Replace CFL6 with 25 W LED (1800 lm)
8 CFL6 = 5 LED
Energy avoided: 1.575 kWh per month
CO2 avoided: 2.0097 lbs per month (Basis: 1276 lbs per MWh national average)
Cost savings: P 17.81 per month (Basis: P 11.31 - Meralco rate)
Data Processing
There is a power surge when turning on computer but this is very minimal as
compared to running computer when not needed. It should also be noted that screen savers
are not energy savers. It is recommended then to do the following:

Turn off the monitor if not using PC for more than 20 minutes.
Turn off both the CPU and monitor if not using PC for more than 2 hours.

The Labour Department of Hong Kong recommends taking 15-minute breaks

between 1-2 hours of continuous computer work to avoid eyestrain. It is therefore assumed

20

that the user of computer in the household takes 20-30 minute breaks for every 2 hours in the
span of his/her usage.
Conservation Measure: Turn off monitor when not using for 20 minutes or above.
Current: 30 kWh per month
After conservation measure: 26 kWh per month
Energy avoided: 4 kWh per month
CO2 avoided: 5.1040 lbs per month (Basis: 1276 lbs per MWh national average)
Cost Savings: P 45.24 per month (Basis: P 11.31 - Meralco rate)
Econometrics
Table 5.1: Econometrics
IC,
Php

Process

Airconditioning 750.00

O&M, AESxPr, SPP,

Php
Php/yr
yr

ROI

CRF

CCE,
UPVF
Php/kWh

PVS

NPV

0.00

246.49

3.04

32.87

0.15

5.13

6.71

1653.97 903.97

B/C
2.21

Remarks
ok

Refrigeration

0.00

0.00

530.12

0.00

infinite 0.15

0.00

6.71

3557.15 3557.15 infinite very ok

Lighting

1000.00 0.00

213.76

4.68

21.38

0.15

7.89

6.71

1434.35 434.35

Data
Processing

0.00

542.88

0.00

infinite 0.15

0.00

6.71

3642.77 3642.77 infinite very ok

0.00

1.43

ok

Projection

400

Projected Average Monthly Consumption

350
300

kWh

250
200
Baseline
150
100
After
Conservation

50
0
2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Figure 5.6: Projected monthly average consumption on or before conservation

To establish baseline, the annual average monthly consumption for the 3 succeeding
years were projected using two period moving average method.

21

Section 6 Energy Management Plan

The energy conservation measures were drafted with the consideration that no
changes on the structure of the house will be made. The resulting energy conservation
measures can be implemented immediately. The blinds can be purchased and installed within
a day so as replacing the concerned light bulbs to LED. Cleaning of refrigeration should be
scheduled every 4 months. The energy conservation measure for data processing is a
behavioral change.

22

Conclusions and Recommendation

The area of study is a apartment unit with 4 occupants. Their average monthly
consumption is 342.25 kWh per month. The biggest contributor to energy consumption is airconditioning. The energy savings per process is presented in the table below:

Energy
avoided,
Process
kWh
Airconditioning 1.8162
Refrigeration 3.9060
1.5750
Lighting
Data Processing 4.0000
Total
11.2972

per month
CO2
Cost
avoided, Savings,
lbs
Php
2.3175
20.54
4.9841
44.18
2.0097
17.81
5.1040
45.24
14.4152 127.77

Energy
avoided,
kWh
21.7944
46.8720
18.9000
48.0000
135.5664

per year
CO2
Cost
avoided, Savings,
lbs
Php
27.8097 246.49
59.8087 530.12
24.1164 213.76
61.2480 542.88
172.9827 1533.26

All of the energy conservation measures are cost effective.

For future studies, it is recommended to use survey equipment e.g. lux meter,
wattmeter if it is permissible. The predicted model would be more accurate and energy
conservation measures can be easily drafted and energy savings can be easily computed.

23

References
Occupational Safety and Health Branch (2010). A Guide to Work with Computers. Labour
Department, Hong Kong.
Randolph, J. and Masters, G. M. (2008). Energy for Sustainability: Technology, Planning,
Policy. USA: Island Press.
Websites:
https://e-services.meralco.com.ph/cmsweb/billing/billslist.jsp
http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/energy-efficient-computer-use
http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/tips-kitchen-appliances
http://www.allwallsystem.com/design/RValueTable.html
http://www.horizonservicesinc.com/reference/tips-articles/refrigerator-maintenance-saveenergy
http://www.meralco.com.ph/appcal/formula.html

24

Appendix Sample Computations

Heat Transfer through North Wall

Outside temperature = 86
Inside temperature = 75.2

Cost of Conserved Energy for Air-conditioning

d = 8%
n = 10 years

IC = P 750.00
O&M = P 0.00
AES = 21.7944 kWh

Since 5.13 Php/kWh is lesser than current energy price (11.31 Php/kWh), energy
conservation measure is cost effective.

25