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Course outline
Program: BBA 1ST SEMISTER
Course title: COLLEGE ALGEBRA
Course Objective: On successful
completion of this course the students will
be able to handle the algebraic problems
like solving algebraic equations, solving
system of equations, the formation of
quadratic equations, finding the solution of
quadratic equation, and the applications of
all these.

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Algebra

{ The part of mathematics in which


letters and other general symbols
are used to represent numbers and
quantities in formulae and
equations.
z Example:
{x+y=z
{2 + 7 = 9

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ALGEBRA

{ Some Basic Definitions


{ Variable
{ A characteristic ( ‫ )ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬which
changes from one individual to the
other, e.g. the height of a student
in your class, the temperature of
g ,
different cities in Afghanistan,
attitude of a person, etc.
Variable is denoted by the lower case
letters, e.g. x, y, z, etc.
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Constant (‫)ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬

{ A characteristic ( ‫ )ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬which
does not change, e.g. the length of
your class room, the height of a
chair the number of papers in BBA
chair,
1st semester exam, etc.
A constant is denoted by the
alphabets like a, b, c, d, etc.

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Expression(‫)ﻋﺒﺎرت‬
It is the combination of operands
and operators, e.g. x+y, 4-17, etc.
Here x x, y,
y 4 and 17 are called
operands, while the symbols +, -
are called operators. The other
operators are *and ÷.
The expression x+y is called
algebraic expression and 4-17 is
called the arithmetical expression.
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Equation (‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬

An expression which involves the


sign of equality is called equation.
Examples
2x - 5y = 12
x2 + 3x- 5 = 0
x2 + y2 = r2(Equation of circle centered at the
origin having radius r)

1/x + 7 = x/3

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Operations on expressions

{Addition(‫)ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
Add x + 2y and 3x – 7y
x + 2y
3x - 7y
____________
4x – 5y

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Continue….
{ Subtraction(‫)ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬
Subtract 9x – 2.5y from 4x + 5y

4x + 5y
+9x
_ –+ 2.5y
__________
-5x + 7.5y
In addition and subtraction we combine
the similar terms of the expressions.

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Continue….

Ex: Add 7x + 3y + z, -3x + y, and 5x


– 4z
7x + 3y + z
-3x + y + 0z
5x + 0y – 4z
_____________
9x + 4y – 3z

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Distributive (‫ )ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻰ‬property (‫)ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬

{ For any real numbers a, b, c


a(b+c)=ab+ac
Examples
1. 2(3+7)=2*3+2*7=20

2. 4(2x-4y)=4*2x-4*4y=8x-16y
3. -7(3p-5q)=-7(3p)-7(-5q)=-21p+35q
4
4. x(2.3y+1.2z)=2.3xy+1.2zx
x(2 3y+1 2z) 2 3xy+1 2zx
5. 3(x+y+z)=3x+3y+3z

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Group Activity

Simplify
1. 2x2 – 4x +8x2 – 3(x+2) – x2 -2

Sol: 2x2 -4x +8x2 -3x-6-x2 -2


=(2x2 +8x2 –x2)+(-4x-3x)+(-6-2)
= 9x2 -7x-8
2. x2 +2y-y2 +3x+5x2+6y2 +5y

3. 2[3+4(x-5)]-[2-(x-3)]
[ ( )] [ ( )]

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Linear Equation
{ An equation of the form
ax+b=c (1)
where a,b and c, a≠0 are constants (real
numbers) is called a linear equation.
Example
1. x+4=7 (a=1, b=4, c=7)
2. 2x-3=5.4 (a=2, b=-3, c=5.4)
3. -(x+3)-(x-6)=3x-4.5
Though this equation is not of the form (1), but
it is still a linear equation, since it can be
rewritten as
5x-4.5=3 (a=5, b=-4.5, c=3)

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Solution of a linear equation

By the solution of a linear equation


we mean to find that value of the
unknown ‘x’ which satisfies the
equation.
equation
Ex
1. x=3, is the solution of x-2=1
2. x=-6,
x 6, is the solution of 2x+1
2x+1=x-5
x 5
3. x=11/2 is the solution of
3(x+2)=5(x-1)
4. y=9 is not a solution of 2y-3=5 13

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How to solve a linear equation


We can solve a linear equation by
1. Substitution method
2. Graphical method
3. Algebraic method
E h method
Each th d is
i explained
l i db by means off
examples.
The substitution method
In this method we make a guess for the
solution of the linear equation, we then
put the guessed value in the equation
and check whether the guess is correct
or not?

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Continue….

Examples
Let us try to solve the equation
‘4x+2=4’,, An accurate guess
g for
the solution is ‘x=1/2’, we
substitute this value in the given
equation
⁄ ⁄
4*½ +2=4
2 4
2 + 2 =4
4=4 15

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Continue….
The substitution method is generally
a time consuming method, i.e.
sometimes it takes very long time
to find an accurate guess.
g
The graphical method
In this method we sketch the graph
of the linear equation, and then find
the point where the graph cuts the
x-axis, such a point is called the ‘x-
intercept ’. This method is also not
a very good method.
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The algebraic method


In this method we use the algebraic
operations to find the solution. The
method is described in the following
examples.
Examplesp ((Exercise Set 2.3,, p#103)
p )
Solve the following equations and check
your solution.
1. 2x=6
Sol: Given the equation
2x=6
Dividing both sides by 2
2⁄ 6⁄ 3
—x=
2⁄

2⁄

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Continue….
Thus the solution is x=3.
Q16. x/3 = -2
Sol: Multiplying both sides by 3, we get
x = -6,, which is the desired solution.
Q19. -32x = -96
Sol: Dividing both sides by -32, we get
x=3 as the required solution.
Q24. -x = 9
Sol: Multiplying both sides by -1, we get
the solution x = -9.

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Continue….
Q25. -2 = -y
Sol: Multiplying both sides by -1, we get
y = 2 as solution.
Q33.
33 13x = 10
Sol: Dividing both sides by 13, we get
x = 10/13 the required solution.
Q52. -2x = 3/5
Sol: Dividing g both sides by
y -2, we g
get x =
-3/10, which is the required equation.

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A review Session

{ What is a Number?
{ Even no.
{ Odd no.
{ Real no.
z Rational no.
z Irrational no.

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Numbers ...

Positive
integers
Rational
Negative
Real Nos.
integers
Irrational

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Numbers...

{ Integers:
z {∞....-3, -2, -1, 0 1, 2, 3, ....∞}

Negative integer Positive integer

{ Natural no.
z {1,2,3...∞}
{ Whole no.
no
z {0, 1, 2, 3....∞}

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Exercise

{ Divide the following into their


respective set of number.
a) Natural Nos.
b) Whole Nos.
Nos
c) Integers.
d) Rational Nos.
e) Irrational Nos.

⎧ 1 4
⎨− 6,−0.5,4 ,−96, 3, 0.9,− ,−2.9, 7 , − 5 }
⎩ 2 7
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{ Variable
{ Constant
{ Expression
{ Equation
{ Operands
{ Operators
{ Algebraic
l b Expression
{ Linear Expression
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Review...

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Continue….
Q66. When solving the equation 3x = 5. Would you
divide (‫ )ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢآﺮدن‬both sides of the equation by 3
or by 5? Explain.
Q67. When solving the equation -2x = 5. Would
you add 2 to both sides of the equation
y q or divide
both sides of the equation by -2? Explain.
Q69. Consider the equation 4x = 3/5. Would it be
easier to solve this equation by dividing both
sides of the equation by 4 or by multiplying both
sides of the equation by ¼, the reciprocal of 4?
Explain your answer
answer. Find the solution to the
problem.

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Exercise Set 2.4 (9-65), p# 110


Solve each equation.
11. -2x-5=7
Sol: Given
-2x-5=7
Addi
Adding 5 tto both
b th sides
id
-2x-5+5=7+5
-2x=12
Dividing both sides by -2
-2x/2=12/-2
2x/2 12/ 2 => > x=-6
x 6
The desired solution.

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Continue….
25. -4.2 = 2x + 1.6
Sol: We have
-4.2 = 2x + 1.6
Subtractingg 1.6 from both sides
-4.2 - 1.6 = 2x + 1.6 – 1.6
-5.8 = 2x
Now dividing both sides by 2
-5.8/2 = 2x/2 => -2.9 = x (Using calculator)
Or x = -2.9 as desired.

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Continue….
Q33. x + 0.05x = 21
Sol: 1.05x = 21
Dividing both sides by 1.05 (the coefficient of x)
x = 21/1.05 => x = 20 as required.
Q36. -2 3 = -1.4
-2.3 -1 4 + 0.6x
0 6x
Sol: Adding 1.4 to both sides
0.6x = -2.3 + 1.4
0.6x = -0.9
Dividing through out by 0.6
x = -0.9/0.6 => x = -1.5

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Continue….

Q38. 32.76 = 2.45x – 8.75x


Sol: Given
32.76 = 2.45x – 8.75x
=> 32.76 = -6.30x
Dividing both sides by -6.30
x = -32.76/6.30
x = -5.2 the
h answer.

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Continue….
Q46. -2(x+4) + 5 = 1
Sol: Using distributive property
-2x – 8 + 5 = 1
or -2x – 3 = 1
Addi
Adding 3 tto both
b th sides
id
-2x -3 + 3 = 1 + 3
i.e. -2x = 4
Now dividing both sides by -2
x = -4/2
4/2
or x = -2 as desired.

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Continue….
Q58. 0.1(2.4x + 5) = 1.7
Sol: given the equation
0.1(2.4x + 5) = 1.7
Using distributive property
0.24x + 0.5 = 1.7
Subtracting 0.5 from both sides
0.24x = 1.7 – 0.5
⇒ 0.24x = 1.2
Finally dividing both sides by 1.2
x = 1.2/0.24
x=5
the required answer.

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Continue….
Q65. 5.76 – 4.24x – 1.9x = 27.864
Sol: Given that
5.76 – 4.24x – 1.9x = 27.864
⇒ 5.76 – 6.14x = 27.864
Now subtracting 5.76 from both sides
5.76 - 5.76 – 6.14x = 27.864 – 5.76
-6.14x = 22.104
Finally dividing both sides by -6.14
-6.14x/-6.14 = -22.104/6.14
x = 3.454
3 454
Which is the desired result.

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Challenging problems

Solve each equation.


1. 3(x-2) – (x+5) – 2(3-2x) = 18

2. -6 = -(x-5) – 3(5+2x) – 4(2x-4)

3. 4[3 – 2(x+4)] – (x + 3) = 13

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Solving linear equations with the


variable on both sides of the
equation
Hints:
1. Use the distributive property to remove the
parentheses.
2. Combine like terms on the same side of the
equal sign.
3
3. Rewrite the equation with all terms containing
the variable on one side of the equation and all
the terms not containing the variables on the
other side of the equation.
4. Isolate the variable using the multiplication
property, this gives the solution.
5
5. Check your answer
answer, by putting the value of ‘x’
x in
the original equation.

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Exercise Set 2.5(9-54), p#118/119


Solve each equation.
9. 4x = 3x + 5
Sol: Given the equation
4x = 3x + 5
Combining the terms involving
variables on one side if the equation
4x – 3x = 5
x=5
Which is the required answer.

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Continue….
15. 15 – 3x = 4x – 2x
Sol: Given that
15 – 3x = 4x – 2x
Shifting 3x to the right side of the
equation.
equation
15 = 4x – 2x + 3x
⇒ 15 = 5x
Isolating ‘x’ using the multiplication
property
15/5 = x
or x = 3 as required.

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Continue….
25. x – 25 = 12x + 9 + 3x
Sol: We have
x – 25 = 12x + 9 + 3x
Shifting ‘x’ to the right & 9 to left of the
equation
ti
-25 – 9 = 12x + 3x – x
-34 = 14x
Using multiplicative property
-34/14
34/14 = x
or x = 2.428 as required.

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Continue….
28. 4r = 10 – 2(r-4)
Sol: Given that
4r = 10 – 2(r-4)
Using distributive property
4r = 10 – 2r + 8
Shifting 2r to the left of the equation
4r + 2r = 10 + 8
6r = 18
Dividing both sides by 6
r = 18/6
or r=3
as required.

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Continue….
34. 3y – 6y + 2 = 8y + 6 – 5y
Sol: Given the equation
3y – 6y + 2 = 8y + 6 – 5y
⇒ -3y + 2 = 3y + 6
Shifting -3y to the right & 6 to the left of the
equation
2 – 6 = 3y + 3y
-4 = 6y
Dividing both sides by 6
-4/6
4/6 = y
or y = -2/3 or y = -0.667

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Continue….
33. 0.1(x + 10) = 0.3x -4
Sol: Given
0.1(x + 10) = 0.3x -4
Using the distributive property
0.1x + 1 = 0.3x - 4
Combining the terms involving the variable on one
side of the equation & constant on the other side
0.3x – 0.1x = 4 + 1
0.2x = 5
Using multiplicative property to isolate ‘x’
x = 5/0.2
or x = 25
Which is the required solution.

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Continue….
36. 5(2.9x - 3) = 2(x +4)
Sol:We are given that
5(2.9x - 3) = 2(x +4)
By the use of distributive property, we have
14.5x – 15 = 2x + 8
Shifting 2x to the left & -15 to the right of the
equation
14.5x – 2x = 8 + 15
12.5x = 23
Isolating ‘x’
x = 23/12.5
23/12 5
or x = 1.84 as desired.

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Continue….
37. 9(-y + 3) = -6y + 15 – 3y + 12
Sol: Given
9(-y + 3) = -6y + 15 – 3y + 12
Using the distributive property
-9y + 27 = -9y + 27
Since the same expression
appears on both sides of the equation,
therefore the statement is true for all real
values of y. If we continue to solve this
equation further, we arrive at
0 = 0.

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A difference

Note that an equation is true only


for a specific value(s) of the
variable, while the identity is true
for all values of the variable
variable. In the
previous question the given
equation is an identity as it is true
for all values of ‘x’. Further, every
identity is an equation but not
every equation is an identity.

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Continue….
39. -(3 - p) = -(2p + 3)
Sol: Given that
-(3 - p) = -(2p + 3)
Using distributive property
-3 + p = -2p – 3
Shifting 2p to the left(???) & -3 to the right
of the equation
p + 2p = -3 + 3
3p = 0
=> p=0
Which was required.

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Continue….
51. 5 + 2x = 6(x + 1) – 5(x - 3)
Sol: We have
5 + 2x = 6(x + 1) – 5(x - 3)
Using distributive property, we have
5 + 2x
2 = 6x
6 + 6 – 5x 5 + 15
Or 5 + 2x = x + 21
Shifting x to the left & 5 to the right
2x – x = 21 – 5
x = 16
as required.

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Challenging Problems

1. Solve
-2(x+3)+5x=-3(x-3)+4x-(4-x)
2. Solve
4(2x-3)-(x+7)-4x+6=5(x-2)-3x+7(2x+2)
3. Solve
4 - [5 - 3(x + 3)]= x - 3

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Ratio and Proportion


Definition
A Ratio is a quotient of two
quantities. Ratios provide a way of
comparing two numbers or
quantities. The ratio of ‘a’ and ‘b’ is
written as
a to b, a:b or a/b
a and b are called the terms of the
ratio.

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EXAMPLES

1. If an algebra class consists of 32


males and 13 females, find
(a) The ratio of males to females.

(b) The ratio of females to the entire


class.
Sol: (a) 32:13
(b) 13:45

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Exercise Set 2.6, p#127


The results of an English examination are 5
A’s, 6 B’s, 8 C’s, 4 D’s and 2 F’s. Write
the following ratios.
1. A’s to C’s.
2
2. A’s
A s to total grades
grades.
3. D’s to F’s.
4. Grades better than C to total grades.
5. Total grades to D’s.
6. Grades better than C to grades less than
C
C.
(Try these!)

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Continue….
Determine the following ratios. Write each ratio
in lowest term.
7. 5 feet to 3 feet.
8. 60 dollars to 80 dollars.
9. 20 hours to 60 hours.
10. 100 peoplel to
t 80 people.
l
11. 4 hours to 40 minutes.
12. 6 feet to 4 yards. (1yard=3feet)
13. 26 ounces to 4 pounds. (1pound=16 ounces)
14. 7 dimes to 12 nickels. (1dime=10cents,
1nickle=5cents,
1nickle 5cents,
1dime=2nickle)

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Gear Ratio
Gear Ratio= (Number of teeth on the driving
gear)/
(Number of teeth on the driven gear)
….(1)
Find the gear ratio.
15. Driving gear, 40 teeth; driven gear, 5 teeth
Sol: Using eq. (1)
Gear ratio = 40/5
= 8/1 i.e. 8:1
16. Driven
D i gear, 8 teeth;
t th driving
d i i gear, 30 teeth.
t th
(Try this)

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Proportion
A proportion is a special type of equation.
It is a statement of equality between two
ratios.
How to denote a proportion?
A proportion is denoted as a:b=c:d (read
as ‘a is to b as c is to d’). We can also
denote a proportion as
a/b = c/d, a and d are referred as the
extremes,, and the b and c are referred as
the means of the proportion.

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Cross Multiplication
If a/b = c/d then ad = bc
Note that the product of means equal to the product of
extremes.
If any three of the four quantities of a proportion are
known, the fourth can easily be found.
Example
p
Solve for ‘x’ using cross multiplying x/3 = 25/15.
Solution
Given that
x/3 = 25/15
Using cross multiplication
x.15 = 3*25
x = 75/15
x=5 (Check the answer!!!!!!!!)

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Exercise Set 2.6 (21-32) p#128


Solve for the variable by cross multiplying.
21. 4/x = 5/20
22. x/4 = 12/48
23. 5/3 = 75/x
24. x/32 = -5/4
25
25. 90/x = -9/10
26. -3/8 = x/40
27. 1/9 = x/45
28. y/6 = 7/42
29. 3/z = 2/-20
30. 3/12 = -14/z
31
31. 15/20 = x/8
32. 12/3 = x/-100

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To Solve Problem Using


Proportion

1. Represent the unknown quantity by a


variable (a letter).
2. Set up the proportion by listing the
given ratio on the left side of the equal
sign and the unknown and other given
sign,
quantities on the right side of the equal
sign. When setting up the right side of
the proportion, the same respective
quantities should occupy the same
respective positions on the left and
right.

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Exercise Set 2.6, P#127


18.In 1970 in the United States, 72,700
metric tons of aluminum was used for
soft-drink and beer containers. In 1990
this amount had increased to 1,251,900
metric tons. Find the ratio of the amount
of aluminum used for beer and soft-drink
containers in 1990 to the amount used in
1970.
Sol: (Try!!!!!!!!).
(Try!!!!!!!!)

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Continue….
33. A car can travel 32 miles on 1 gallon of gasoline.
How far it can travel on 12 gallon of gasoline?
Ans: Let the distance covered in 12 gallon gasoline
be x miles.
Now
miles/gallon = miles/gallon
Or 32/1 = x/12
Using cross multiplication
x . 1 = 32 * 12
Or x = 384 as required.

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Inequalities in One Variable


An inequality in one variable is the
Mathematical statement in which one or
more of the following symbol are used
<, less than symbol
>, greater than symbol
≤, less than or equal to symbol
≥, greater than or equal to symbol
The direction of the symbol is sometimes
called the sense or order of the
inequality.

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Examples of inequalities in one


variable
1. x+3<5 (x+3 is less than 5)
2. x+4≥2x-6 (x+4 is greater than or equal to 2x-6)
3. 4>-x+3 (4 is greater than-x+3)
4. 2x+6≤-2 (2x+6 is less than or equal to -2)
Properties Used to Solve Inequalities
For real numbers a, b, and c
1. If a>b, then a+c>b+c.
2. If a>b, then a-c>b-c.
3. If a>b and c>0, then ac>bc
4. If a>b and c>0, then a/c>b/c
5. If a>b and c<0, then ac<bc
6. If a>b and c<0, then a/c<b/c
Similarly we can state the properties for the symbol ‘<‘

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Exercise Set 2.7 (1-40), p#137


Solve the inequality and graph the
solution on the real line.
8. -4≤-x-3
Sol: Given
-4≤-x-3
4≤ x 3
Adding 3 to both sides
-4+3≤-x-3+3
-1 ≤-x
Multiplying
p y g both sides by y -1
or x ≤ 1 (as -1<0, the inequality
reverses the order).

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Continue….
12.6≥-2x
Sol: This inequality can also be
written as
-2x≤6
2x≤6
Dividing both sides by -2
-2x/-2 ≥ 6/-3
Or x ≥ -3
Which is the desired answer.

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Continue….
15. 12x + 24 < -12
17. 4 – 6x > -5
19. 15 > -9x + 50
24. -2x - 4 ≤ -5x + 12
28. 2(x - 3) < 4x + 10
29. -3(2x - 4) > 2(6x - 12)
32. x+5≥x–2
33. 6(3 - x) < 2x +12
35. -21(2-x) + 3x > 4x + 4
38. -2(-5-x) > 3(x+2) +4 –x
39
39. 5(2x + 3) ≥ 6 + (x + 2) - 2x
40. -3(-2x +12) < -4(x+2) - 6

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Think!!!!!!!!!!!!!
41. When solving an inequality, if you obtain the
result 3 < 5, what is the solution?
42. When solving an inequality, if you obtain the
result 4 ≥ 2, what is the solution?
43. When solving g an inequality,
q y, if you
y obtain the
result 5 < 2, what is the solution?
44. When solving an inequality, if you obtain the
result -4 ≥ -2, what is the solution?
45. When solving an inequality, under what
conditions will it be necessary to change the
direction of the inequality symbol?
Practice Test (1-20), p#141

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3.1 Formulas
Definition:
A formula is an equation commonly
used to express a specific relationship
mathematically.
Examples:
p
1. The formula for the area of a rectangle is
area = length . Width or A = lw
2. The formula for the perimeter of a square is
perimeter = 4. one side or P=4s
3. The formula for the area of a triangle is
area = ½.base . Height or A=½bh

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Simple Interest Formula


A formula used in banking is the simple
interest formula, which is given by
interest = principal . rate . Time
Or i = prt
Here ‘p’
p is the principal (the amount
invested or borrowed), ‘r’ is the interest
rate, and ‘t’ is the amount of time of the
investment or loan.
This formula is used to determine the
simple interest, i , earned on some
savings accounts, or the simple interest
an individual must pay on certain loan.

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How to use the simple interest


formula?
Example1: Avery borrows $2000 from a bank for 3
years. The bank charges 12% simple interest per year
for the loan. How much the interest will Avery owe the
bank?
Sol: Given that
The principal, p, is $2000
The rate, r , is 12% = 12/100=0.12
and the time, t , is 3 years
Using the formula i = prt
Putting the corresponding values
i = 2000(0.12)(3)
i = 720
The simple interest is $720. Thus Avery will pay
$2720, after 3 years. (the principal, $2000 + the
interest, $720).

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Continue….
Example: Amber invests $5000 in savings account which
earns simple interest for 2 years. If the interest earned from
the account is $800, find the rate.
Sol: Here
Principal (investment) =p=$5000
Time =t =2years
Interest =i=$800
rate =r=?
Using the simple interest formula
i=prt
Solving for ‘r’, we get r = i/pt
Putting the values
r = 800/[(5000)(2)]
r = 800/10000
800/ 0000
r = 0.08
Thus the simple interest rate is 0.08, or 8% per year.

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Exercise Set 3.1, p#153


In Exercise 73 through 76, use the simple interest formula.
73. Mr. Thongsophapporr, borrowed $4000 for 3 years at 12%
simple interest rate per year. How much interest did he
pay?
74. Ms. Rodriguez lent her brother $4000 for a period of 2
years. At the end of the 2 years, her brother repaid the
$4000 plus $640 interest. What simple interest rate did her
b h pay?
brother
75. Ms. Levy invested a certain amount of money in a savings
account paying 7% interest per year. When she withdrew
her money at the end of 3 years, she received $1050 in
interest. How much money did Ms. Levy place in the
savings account?
76. Mr. O’Connor borrowed $6000 at 7½% simple interest per
year. When he withdrew his money, he received $1800 in
interest. How long had he left his money in the account?

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Geometric Formulas
Perimeter: The perimeter, P, is the sum of
the lengths of the side of a figure.
Perimeters are measured in the same
common units as the sides. For example
the perimeters may be measured in
centimeters,
ti t iinches,
h or ffeet.
t
Area: The area, A, is the total surface
within the figure’s boundaries. Areas are
measured in square units. For example,
area may be measured in square
centimeters square inches
centimeters, inches, or square
feet.

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Formula for Areas and Perimeters of


Quadrilaterals and Triangles
Figure Sketch Area Perimeter
Square A = s2 P = 4s
s

Rectangle w
A = lw P =2l+2w
l
Parallelogram h A = lh P =2l+2w
w
l
T
Trapezoid
id a d c A ½h(b+d)
A= h(b d) P=
P a+b+c+d
b d
h b

Triangle a
h
c A =½bh P=a+b+c
b
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Formula for Circles

Circle Area Circumferenc


e
r
A = πr2 C = 2πr

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Formula for the Volumes of Three


Dimensional Figure
Figure Sketch Volume
h
Rectangular V=lwh
Solid l w
Right Circular
r
V=πr2h
C linde
Cylinder h

Right Circular h r
Cone V=(1/3)(πr2h)

Sphere r
V=(4/3)(πr3)

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Formula for finding number of


diagonals of a polygon
To find the number of diagonals ‘d’ in a polygon of ‘n’ sides,
the following formula may be used
d=(1/2)n2 – (3/2)n.

1 2

Example: How many diagonals does an octagon(8 sides) have?


Solution: n=8
therefore, d=(1/2)82 – (3/2)8
=(1/2)64 – 12
= 32 – 12
= 20

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Exercise 3.1, p#151


Use the formula to find the value of the variable
indicated. Use a calculator to save time. Round
answers off to hundredths.
1. A=s2; find A when s=5
2. P=a + b + c; find P when a = 4, b = 3, and c =
7
3. P=2l + 2w; find P when l = 6 and w = 5
4. A=(1/2)bh; find A when b = 12 and h = 8
8. p=i2r; find r when p = 4000 and i = 2
11. V=lwh; find l when V = 18, w = 1, and h = 3
22
22. A=P(1
A P(1 + rt); find r when A
A=1500
1500, t = 1,
1 and
P=1000
(try the rest of the questions up to 24)

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Continue….
Solve each equation for y; then find the value of y for
the given value of x.
25. 2x + y = 8, when x = 2
28. -3x – 5y = -10, when x = 0
30. 15 = 3y – x, when x = 3
34. -12
12 = -2x
2x – 3y, when x = -4
4
36. 2x + 5y = 20, when x = -5
Solve for the variable indicated.
38. d = rt, for r
42. V = lwh for w
47. 4n + 3 = m, for n
50. Y = mx + b, for x
57. ax + by = c, for y

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Continue….

Use the formula d = (1/2)n2 – (3/2)n, to find


the number of diagonals in a figure with the
given number of sides.
61. 10 sides
62. 6 sides
Use the formula C = (5/9)(F - 32) to find the
Celsius temperature (C) equivalent the given
Fahrenheit temperature (F).
63. F = 500
64. F = 860

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Continue….
In chemistry the ideal gas law is P = KT/V, where
P is the pressure, T is the temperature, V is the
volume, and K is a constant. Find the missing
quantity.
67. T = 10, K = 1, V = 1
68
68. T= 30
30, P = 3,
3 K = 0.5
05
69. P = 80, T = 100, V = 5
70. P = 30, K = 2, V = 6
The sum of the first n even numbers can be found
by the formula S = n2 + n. Find the sum of the
numbers indicated.
71
71. First 5 even numbers.
numbers
72. First 10 even numbers.

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Continue….
Use the formulas given in the tables to work
exercises 77-90.

GROUP ACTIVITY
1. (a) Use the formulas presented in this
section, write an equation in d that can be
used to find the shaded area in the figure
shown.
(b) Find the shaded area when d = 4 feet.
(c) Find the shaded area when d = 6 feet

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Continue….
2. A cereal box is to be made by folding the cardboard along the
dashed lines as shown in the figure.
(a) Using the formula
volume = length . width . Height
Write an equation for the volume of the box.
(b) Find
d the
h volume
l off the
h box
b when
h x = 7 cm.
(c) Write an equation for the surface area of the box.
(d) Find the surface area when x = 7 cm.
3x cm x
(6x-1) cm

Back

x
(6x-1) cm

Front
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Continue….
3. Earth’s diameter is 3963 miles and the
moon’s diameter is 2160 miles. The
moon travels in an elliptical orbit around
the Earth. From the center of Earth to
the center of the moon the minimum
di t
distance iis 221,463
221 463 miles
il and d the
th
maximum distance is 252,710 miles.
Assuming that Earth and moon are
spheres, find (a) the nearest approach
of their surfaces, (b) the farthest
approach to their surfaces, and (c) the
circumference of the moon.

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Continue….
4. The Pantheon is an ancient building in Rome
constructed about A.D. 126. It is shaped like a
circular cylinder with a dome on top. The
outside circumference of the cylinder is about
446 feet.
((a)) Find the radius and diameter of the cylindrical
y
part of the Pantheon.
(b) If the walls of the Pantheon are 4 feet thick, find
the inside diameter of the floor of the pantheon.
(c) Find the surface area of the marble floor inside
the Pantheon.
(d) If the height of the cylindrical part of the
Pantheon (excluding the domed portion) is 120
feet, find its inside volume.

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Changing Application Problems into


Equations
Verbal Algebraic
5 more than a number x+5
A number increased by 3 x+3
7 less than a number x-7
A number decreased by 12 x-12
Twice a number 2x
The product of 6 and a number 6x
One-eighth of a number (1/8)x or x/8
A number divided by 3 (1/3)x or x/3
4 more than twice a number 2x+4
5 less than three times a number 3x-5
3 times the sum of a number and 8 3(x+8)
Twice the difference of a number and 4 2(x-4)

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Express Relationships between


Two Related Quantities
Verbal One number Second number
Two Numbers differ by 3 x x+3
John’s age now and x x+6
john’s age in 6 years
One number is six times x 6x
the other
One number is 12% less x x – 0.12x
than the other

A 25 foot length of wood x 25 - x


cut in two pieces

The sum of two x 10 - x


numbers is 10

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Exercise Set 3.2, p#162/163


Write as an algebraic expression.
1. Five more than a number.
2. Seven less than a number.
3. Four times a number.
4. The product of a number and eight.
5. 70% of a number x.
6. 8% off a number
b y.
8. A 7½% sales tax on a car costing p dollars.
9. The 16% of the U.S population, p, who do not receive
adequate nourishment.
10. Only 7% of all U.S tires, t, are recycled.
11. Three less than six times a number.
12. Six times the difference of a number and 3.
13. Seven plus three-fourths of a number.
14. Four times a number decreased by two.
15. Twice the sum of a number and 8.
16. Seventeen decreased by x.

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Continue….
17. The cost of purchasing x rolls of electrical tape at $4 each.
18. The rental fee for subscribing to home box office for x
months at $12 per month.
19. The cost in dollars of traveling
g x miles at 23 cents pper mile.
20. The distance covered in t hours when traveling 30 miles per
hour.
22. The cost of waste disposal for y months at $16 per month.
23. The population growth of a city in n years if the city is
growing at a rate of 300 persons per year.
24. The number of calories in x g gram of carbohydrates
y if each
gram of carbohydrates contains 4 calories.
25. The number of cents in x quarters. (Quarter=a fourth of a
dollar)
26. The number of cents in x quarters and y dimes.
27. The number of inches in x feet.
28. The number of inches in x feet and y inches.
29. The number of ounces in e pounds.
31. An average chicken egg contains 275 milligram of
cholesterol and an ounce of chicken contains about 25 mg of
cholesterol. Write the amount of cholesterol in x chicken
eggs and y ounces of chicken.
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Continue….
Express as a verbal statement. (There are many acceptable
answers.)
33. x–6 ((six less than a number))
34. x+3 (three more than a number)
35. 4x + 1 (one more than four times a number)
36. 3x – 4 (four less than three times a number)
37. 5x – 7 (seven less than five times a
number)
38
38. 2x – 3 (three less than twice a number)
39. 4x – 2 (two less than four times a number)
40. 5–x (a number subtracted from five)
41. 2 – 3x (three times a number subtracted
from two)
42. 4 + 6x (four more than six times a number)
43
43. 2(x - 1) (twice the difference of a number and
one)
44. 3(x + 2) (three times the sum of a number
and two)

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Continue….
Select a variable to represent one quantity and state what
that variable represents. Then express the second quantity
in terms of the variable.
45. Eileen’s salary
y is $45 more than Martin’s salary.
y
46. A boy is 12 years older than his brother.
47. A number is one-third of another.
48. Two consecutive integers.
49. Two consecutive even integers.
50. One hundred dollars divided between two people.
51. Two numbers differ by y 12.
52. A number is 5 less than the four times another number.
53. A number is 3 more than one-half of another number.
54. A Cadilac costs 1.7 times as much as a Ford.
55. A number is 4 less than three times another number.
56. An 80-foot tree cut into two pieces.
57. Two consecutive odd integers.
58. A number and the number increased by 12%.
59. A number and the number decreased by 15%.
60. The cost of an item and the cost increased by a 7% sales
tax.
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HOME WORK
From
Question 61
to
Question 68
Q
On page # 163
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Continue….
Express as an equation.
69. One number is five times another. The sum of two numbers is
18.
70. Marie is 6 years older than Denise. The sum of their ages is
48.
71. The sum of two consecutive integers is 47.
72. The product of two consecutive even integers is 48.
73. Twice a number decreased by 8 is 12.
74. For two consecutive integers, the sum of the smaller and
twice the larger is 29.
75. One-fifth of the sum of a number and 10 is 150.
76. One train travels six times as far as another. The total
distance traveled by both trains is 700 miles.
77. One train travels 8 miles less than twice the other. The total
distance traveled by both the trains is 1000 miles.
79. A number increased by 8% is 92.
80. The cost of a car p
plus a 7% tax is $$13,600.
,
81. The cost of a jacket at a 25%-off sale is $65.
82. The cost of a meal plus 15% tip is $18.
83. The cost of a videocassette recorder reduced by 20% is $215.
84. The product of a number and the number plus 5% is 120.
90

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CHALLENGE
In Exercises
93-104,(p#164)
express each
equation as a
verbal statement.
statement
Bring books in next class 91

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3.3 Solving Application problems


To solve the word problem
1. Read the question carefully.
2. If possible draw a sketch to help visualize the
problem.
3. Determine which quantity you are being asked to
f d Choose
find. Ch a letter
l to represent this
h unknown
k
quantity. Write down exactly what this letter
represents. If there is more than one quantity,
represent all unknown quantities in terms of this
variable.
4
4. Write the word problem as an equation.
equation
5. Solve the equation for the unknown quantity.
6. Answer the question or questions asked.
7. Check the solution in the original stated problem.
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Exercise Set 3.3 p# 174

DISCUSSION
ON
EXERCISES
93

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Group Activity/Challenging
Problems
1. To find the average of a set of values,
you find the sum of the values and
divide the sum by the number of values.
((a)) If Paul's first three test g
grades are 74,,
88, and 76, write an equation that can
be used to find the grade that Paul must
get on his fourth exam to have an 80
average.
(b) Solve the equation from part (a) and
determine the grade Paul must receive.

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Continue….
2. At a basketball game Duke
university scored 78 points. Duke
made 12 free throws (1-point
) Duke also made 4 times as
each).
many 2-points field goals as 3-
points field goals (field goals made
from more than 18 feet from the
basket). How many 2-point field
goals
l andd how
h many 3-points
3 i t fi
field
ld
goals did Duke made?

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EXPONENTS
In the expression xn, x is called
the base and n is called the
exponent. xn is read as “x to the
nth power.”

BASE
S
xn EXPONENT

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What an exponent represents??

An exponent tells us how many


times a number is multiplied with
itself.
F example
For l 105 means
105 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
= 100000
Similarly
73 = 7 x 7 x 7 = 343

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Continue….
EXPANDED FORM

4
6 =6x6x6x6

EXPONENTIAL FORM
36
STANDARD FORM

216
1296 98

98
2/14/2010

LAWS OF EXPONENTS
Certain mathematical operation can be
done whenever we have variables which
contain exponents and equal bases. These
operations are called “laws of exponent”.
These laws are
{ Product Rule for Exponents
{ Quotient Rule for Exponents
{ Zero Exponent Rule
{ Power Rule for Exponent
Each one is explained as under

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Product rule for exponents

xn . xm = xn+m
Thus when same bases are
multiplied, the exponents are added

x .x
n m n+m
= x
Bases are same Exponents are Added
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Examples (Exercise Set 4.1, p# 195)


Simplify.
1. x2 . x4 = x6
2. x5 . x4 = x9
3. y . y2 = y3
4. 42 . 4 = 43 = 64
5. 32 . 33 = 35 = 243
6. x4 . x2 = x6
7. y3 . y2 = y5
8. x3 . x4 = x7
9. y4 . y = y5

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Quotient Rule for Exponents

xm m−n
n
= x ,x ≠ 0
x
Since division by “0” is not
allowed

Bases are same

Exponents are subtracted

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Continue….

EXAMPLES ON
Q
QUOTIENT
RULE
(EXERCISE SET 4.1, P#195)
(10 - 20)

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Power Rule for Exponents

(xm)n = xm.n
Keeping
p g the base & multiplying
p y g the exponents
p

Exponential expression raise to a power

The power rule indicates that when we raise an


exponential expression to a power, we keep the
base and multiply the exponents.

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Expanded Power Rule for Exponents

m
⎛ ax ⎞ am xm
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = m m , b ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
⎝ by ⎠ b y
(As division by zero is not allowed)

This rules illustrates that every factor within the


parenthesis is raised to the power outside the
parenthesis.
p

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Zero Exponent Rule

x = 1, x ≠ 0
0
By the
B th zero exponentt rule,
l any reall number,
b exceptt 0,
0
raised to the zero power equals 1.

NOTE: 00 is not a real number.


This is called the undetermined
form.

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Continue….

DISCUSSION ON
EXERCISE
R 4.1
PAGE #
195/196
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2/14/2010

Negative Exponents
We will develop this rule as follows:
1. Using Quotient rule we have

x3 3− 5 −2
= x = x
x5
2. Again by dividing out common factors,

x3 x.x.x 1
= =
x5 x.x.x.x.x x2
x −2 & 12 x −2
3
x
We see that 5 is equal to both . Therefore
x
1 x
must equal
x2 108

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Negative Exponents Rule


−m 1
x = m ,x ≠ 0
x
It means that when a variable or a number is
raised to a negative exponent, the expression
may be rewritten as 1 divided by the variable
or number to the positive exponent.
Note: When we are asked to simplify an exponential
expression,
p , our final answer should contain no negative
g
exponent.
Also when a factor is moved from the denominator to the
numerator or from numerator to the denominator, the sign
Of the exponent changes.
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Continue….

DISCUSSION
ON EXERCISE
4.2,
P#202/203 110

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System of Linear equation


By the system of linear equations we mean a group
of linear equations.
Sometimes in business we deal with many
variables and unknown quantities. For example a
company consider overhead cost, cost of material,
labor cost,
cost maximum possible production
production, selling
price of the item, and a host of other items when
seeking to maximize their profit. The business may
express the relationship between the variables in
equation or inequalities. These equations or
inequalities form a system of linear equations or
inequalities. The solution of the system of
equations or inequalities gives the values of the
variables for which the company can maximize
profit. 111

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EXAMPLES
2 x + 7 y = 10 4x −17y + 6z = 0
− 3x + y = 6 3x + 2y − z =1
(2 variables, 2 equations) (3variables, 2 equations)

x 1 + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 = 12 2 x1 + 3 x 2 = 1
x2 − 4 x3 = 5 − 4 x1 + 7 x 2 = 0
x 1 + 5 x 3 = − 10 3 x1 − 5 x 2 = − 6
x1 + 3 x 2 = − 2
(3 variables, 3 equations) (2 variables, 4 equations)

In this course we will study linear system of equations in two variables


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Solution of System of Equations


By the solution of linear system we mean the
order pair(s), which satisfy all the equations in
the system simultaneously.
e.g Consider the system
y = x+5
y = 2x + 4

It has the solution ((1,6),


, ), since this order pair
p
satisfy both the equations in the system. But
(2,7) is not a solution to the system as it satisfy
the first equation but not the second.
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Continue…
A system can be solved by the following
methods:
1. The graphical method
2. The substitution method
3. The addition method
While solving a linear system, we face
one of the following three situations:
a) The system is consistent (sol: exists)
b) Th system
The t is
i inconsistent
i i t t (no
( sol:)
l )
c) The system is dependent (infinite sol:)

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Continue….
Consistent, Inconsistent, Dependent system
y

. Solution y

x y

Line 1 Line 2 Line 1


x Line 2
Line 2
(a) x
Consistent System
(b) Line 1

Inconsistent System
(c)
Dependent System
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Solution by Graphical Method

To solve a linear system of equations


graphically, we graph each equation and
determine the point(s) of intersection.
We will not present here the solution by
graphical method, because often the
solution by this method may be
incorrect since we have to estimate the
coordinates of the point of intersection
intersection.
Thus we follow the other two methods.

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Solution of System of equations by


Substitution

To solve a system of equations by


substitution
1. Solve for a variable in either equation. (To avoid
working with fractions, prefer to solve for the
variable
i bl with
ith the
th numerical
i l coefficient
ffi i t off 1).
1)
2. Substitute the expression found for the variable
in step 1 into the other equation.
3. Solve the equation in step 2 to find the value of
one variable.
4. Substitute the value found in step 3 into the
equation found in step1 to find the other
variable.
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Exercise Set 8.2 (p# 454)


1. Solve the system of equations by substitution
x+ 2y = 4 (1)

2x − 3y = 1 (2)

Sol: Solving (1) for x


x = −2 y + 4 (3)

Putting this value of x in (2)


2 (4 − 2 y ) − 3 y = 1
8 − 4 y − 3 y = 1
8 − 7 y = 1
y = 1
Putting y =1 in (3), we get x=2
Thus the solution is (2,1) 118

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Continue….

DISCUSSION ON
EXERCISE SET
8.2
(P#454/455) 119

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Solution by Addition
Method
{ This method is also called the
elimination method.
{ This is often an easier method to solve
y
a linear system of equations.
q
{ In this method we add or subtract the
given equations to get a third equation
which contains only one variable.
{ Note that our immediate goal is to
obtain one equation containing only
one unknown.
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The Method
1
1. If necessary
necessary, shift all the terms containing
variables to the left side of the equal sign and
the constants to the right side of the equal sign.
2. If necessary, multiply one or both equations by
a constant(s) so that when the equations are
added the resulting sum will contain only one
variable.
3. Add the equations. This gives a single equation
which contains only one variable.
4. Solve the equation obtained in step 3.
5. Put the value obtained from step 3 into either of
the original equation. Solve this equation for the
remaining variable.
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SET 8.3,,
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